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Differentiate the eye defects: Myopia and Hypermetropia

Myopia Hypermetropia

Myopia, also known as Hypermetropia, also

Short sightedness, known as long
sightedness, occurs
occurs due to the
due to the shortening
lengthening of eye of eyeball.
ball.
Nearby objects can be Distant objects can be
seen clearly but seen clearly but
nearby objects cannot
distant objects cannot
be seen clearly.
be seen clearly.
The focal length of The focal length of eye
eye lens is reduced or lens is increased or
the distance between
the distance between
eye lens and retina
eye lens and retina decreases.
increases.
Due to this, the image Due to this, the image
of distant objects are of nearby objects are
formed behind the
formed before the
retina
retina.
This defect can be This defect can be
corrected using a corrected using a
convex lens.
concave lens.
State and prove the law of conservation of
linear momentum.
● The principle of conservation of linear
momentum states that "There is no change
in the linear momentum of a system of bodies as
long as no net external force acts on them"
● Let us prove the law of conservation of linear
momentum with the following illustration:
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● The above equation confirms in the absence
of an external force, the algebraic sum of
the momentum after collision is numerically
equal to the algebraic sum of the momentum
before collision.
● Hence the law of conservation of linear
momentum is proved.
Describe rocket propulsion.
(i) Propulsion of rockets is based on the law of
conservation of linear momentum as well as
Newton's III law of motion.
(ii) Rockets are filled with a fuel (either liquid or
solid) in the propellant tank.
(iii) When the rocket is fired, this fuel is burnt
and a hot gas is ejected with high speed from
the back nozzle producing a huge momentum.
(iv) To balance this momentum, an equal and
opposite reaction force is produced which
makes the rocket project forward.
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Proof:
● Let two bodies A and B having masses m1 and
m2 move with initial velocity u1 and u2
in a straight line.
● Let the velocity of the first body be higher
than that of the second body.
i.e., u1>u2
● During an interval of time t second, they tend
to have a collision. After the impact, both of
them move along the same straight line with
a velocity v1 and v2 respectively.
(v) While in motion, the mass of the rocket
gradually decreases until the fuel is completely
burnt out. Since there is no net external force
acting on it, the linear momentum of the system
is conserved.
(vi) The mass of the rocket decreases by
altitude that results in a gradual increase in
velocity of the rocket.
(vii) At one stage, it reaches a velocity which is
sufficient to just escape from the gravitational
pull of the Earth. This velocity is called escape
velocity.
a) State Joule’s law of heating.
b) An alloy of nickel and chromium is used as
the heating element. Why?
c) How does a fuse wire protect electrical
appliances?
a) Joule's law of heating states that the heat
produced in any resistor is:
(i) Directly proportional to the square of the
current passing through the resistor.
(ii) Directly proportional to the resistance of the
resistor.
(iii) Directly proportional to the time for which
the current is passing through the resistor.
b) Alloy of nickel and chromium have the
following properties:
(i) It has high resistivity,
(ii) It has a high melting point,
(iii) It is not easily oxidized.
So it is used as the heating element.
c) The fuse wire is connected in series, in an
electric circuit. When a large current passes
through the circuit, the fuse wire melts due to
Joule's law of heating and hence the circuit gets
Disconnected. Therefore, the circuit and the
electric appliances are saved from any damage.
Explain the experiment of measuring the real
and apparent expansion of a liquid with a neat
diagram.
(i) The liquid whose real and apparent
expansion is to be determined is poured in a
container up to a level. Mark this level as L1
(ii) Now, heat the container and the liquid
using a burner. Initially, the container receives
the thermal energy and it expands.

(iii) As a result, the volume of the liquid appears

to have reduced. Mark this reduced level of liquid
as L2
(iv) On further heating, the thermal energy is
supplied to the liquid resulting in the expansion
of the liquid. Hence, the level of liquid rises to L3

(v) Now, the difference between the levels L1 and

L3 is called apparent expansion, and the
difference between the levels L2 and L3
is called real expansion
(vi) The real expansion is always more than the
apparent expansion.

(vii) Real expansion = L3- L2

Apparent expansion = L3 - L1
a) What are the advantages of LED TV
over the normal TV?
b. List the merits of LED bulb.

a) Advantages of LED TV :
(i) It has brighter picture quality.
(ii) It is thinner in size
(iii) It uses less power and consumes very less
energy.
(iv) Its life span is more.
(v) It is more reliable.

b) Merits of LED bulb :

(i) As there is no filament, there is no loss of
energy in the form of heat.
It is cooler than the incandescent bulbs.
(ii) In comparison with the fluorescent light, the
LED bulbs have significantly low power
requirements.
(iii) It is not harmful to the environment.
What is a nuclear reactor? Explain its
essential parts with their functions.

● A Nuclear reactor is a device in which the

nuclear fission reaction takes place in a self -
sustained and controlled manner to produce
electricity.
The essential components of a nuclear reactor
are
(i) fuel,
(ii) moderator,
(iii) control rod,
(iv) coolant and
(v) protection wall.
(i) Fuel:
● A fissile material is used as fuel.
● The commonly used fuel material is
uranium.
(ii) Moderator:
● A moderator is used to slow down the high
energy neutrons to get slow neutrons.
● Graphite and heavy water are the
commonly used moderators.
(iii) Control rod:
● Control rods are used to control the number
of neutrons in order to have a sustained
chain reaction.
● Mostly boron or cadmium rods are used as
control rods.
(iv) Coolant:
● A coolant is used to remove the heat produced
in the reactor core to produce steam.
● This steam is used to run a turbine to
produce electricity, Water, air and helium
are some of the coolant materials
(v) Protection wall:
● A thick concrete lead wall is built around
the nuclear reactor in order to prevent the
harmful radiations from escaping into the
environment
Compare the properties of alpha, beta and
gamma radiations
How does pH play an important role
in everyday life?

● Living organisms can survive only in a

narrow range of pH change. Different body
fluids have different pH values.
● Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid
which helps in the digestion of food without
harming the stomach.
● During indigestion, the stomach produces too
much acid and this causes pain and
irritation. pH of the stomach fluid is
approximately 2.0.
● pH of the saliva normally ranges between 6.5
to 7.5.
● When the pH of the mouth saliva falls below
5.5, the enamel gets weathered.
● Toothpastes, which are generally basic, are
used for cleaning the teeth that can
neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth
decay.
● In agriculture, the pH of the soil is very
important.
● Citrus fruits require slightly alkaline soil,
while rice requires acidic soil and sugarcane
requires neutral soil.
● The pH of rain water is approximately 7,
which means that it is neutral and also
represents its high purity.
● If the atmospheric air is polluted with oxide
gases of sulphur and nitrogen, they get
dissolved in the rain water and make its pH
less than 7.
● Thus, if the pH of rain water is less than 7,
then it is called acid rain.
● When acid rain flows into the rivers it lowers
the pH of the river water also.
● The survival of aquatic life in such rivers
becomes difficult.
Write notes on various factors affecting
solubility.
● There are three main factors which govern
the solubility of a solute.
● They are:
a) Nature of the solute and solvent
b) Temperature
c) Pressure
a) Nature of the solute and solvent:
(i) The nature of the solute and solvent plays
an important role in solubility.
(ii) Solubility is based on the phrase “like
dissolves like”.
The expression means that dissolving occurs
when similarities exist between the solvent and
the solute.
For example: Common salt is a polar compound
and dissolves readily in polar solvent like water.
(iii) Non-polar compounds are soluble in
non-polar solvents.
For example: Sulphur dissolves in carbon
disulphide.
b) Effect of Temperature :
Solubility of Solids in Liquid:
(i) Generally, solubility of a solid solute in a liquid
solvent increases with increase in temperature.
(ii) In the endothermic process, solubility
increases with increase in temperature.
(iii) In the exothermic process, solubility
decreases with increase in temperature.
Solubility of Gases in liquid : Solubility of
gases in liquid decreases with increase in
temperature.
c) Effect of Pressure :
● When the pressure is increased, the solubility
of a gas in liquid increases.
● When pressure is increased, more gas
molecules strike the surface of the liquid and
mix into the solution.
With the help of a circuit diagram derive the
formula for the resultant resistance of three
resistances connected:
a) in series and
b) in parallel
Answer :
a) Resistors in series
● R1 , R2 and R3 are connected in series.
● Here current through them is the same, but
voltage is different
● When a number of resistors are connected in
series, their effective resistance is equal to
the sum of the individual resistances.
i.e., RS=nR
● The effective resistance in a series
combination is greater than the highest of
the individual resistances.
b) Resistors in parallel
● R1,R2 and R3 are connected in parallel. Here
current through them is different, but
voltage is the same.
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● When a number of resistors are connected in
parallel, the reciprocal of the effective
resistance is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances
● The equivalent (or) effective resistance in a
parallel combination is less than the lowest
of the individual resistances.
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