Here are the answers for **Unit 1** and **Unit 2** Part A questions from your *Robotics

and
Automation* question bank:

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### **Unit 1: Data Network Fundamentals**

1. **Robot Anatomy**: It refers to the physical structure of a robot, including its body, joints,
actuators, sensors, and control systems.
2. **Asimov’s Laws of Robotics**:
1. A robot may not harm a human or, through inaction, allow a human to be harmed.
2. A robot must obey the orders given by humans, except when such orders conflict with the
First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the
First or Second Law.
3. **Why a robot is used**: Robots are used for automation to improve efficiency, reduce human
error, perform tasks that are dangerous or repetitive, and increase productivity.
4. **Origin of Robots**: The term "robot" was first used by Karel Čapek in 1920 in his play
*R.U.R* (Rossum's Universal Robots), and it comes from the Czech word “robota,” meaning
forced labor.
5. **Actuators**: Actuators are mechanical devices that convert energy into motion. They are
the "muscles" of a robot and include devices like electric motors, pneumatic cylinders, and
hydraulic pistons.
6. **Benefits of Industrial Automation**: It increases efficiency, improves precision, reduces
labor costs, and enhances safety in hazardous environments.
7. **Need for Automation**: Automation is essential to meet the demands of high production
rates, reduce labor costs, and improve product quality.
8. **Work Volume**: It is the three-dimensional space within which a robot can manipulate the
end-effector.
9. **Features of IIoT 4.0**: Integration of smart sensors, data collection, and analysis to improve
automation, predictive maintenance, and system efficiency in industrial settings.
10. **Precision of Robot**: It refers to the accuracy and repeatability of a robot's movements
and operations.
11. **Types of Automation**: Fixed automation, programmable automation, and flexible
automation.
12. **Types of Robots & Classifications**: Robots can be classified based on configuration
(cartesian, cylindrical, spherical, articulated), degrees of freedom, and control systems (manual,
automatic).
13. **Sub-systems of Industrial Robots**: These include the mechanical structure, drive system,
sensors, controllers, and end effectors.
14. **Applications in Manufacturing**: Robots are used for welding, painting, assembly, material
handling, and quality control.
15. **World vs. Joint Reference Frame**: The world reference frame is fixed and independent of
the robot, while the joint reference frame changes with the movement of the robot’s joints.
16. **Tactile vs. Force Sensors**: Tactile sensors detect surface characteristics like texture,
while force sensors measure the amount of force exerted by or on a robot.
17. **Advantages & Disadvantages of Robots**: Advantages include increased efficiency,
reduced human error, and the ability to work in hazardous environments. Disadvantages include
high initial costs and the need for skilled maintenance.
18. **Degrees of Freedom**: This statement is true. The degrees of freedom in a robot depend
on the number of actuators used.
19. **Limitations of Robots**: Robots lack flexibility in terms of adapting to changes, can be
expensive to install, and require specialized programming and maintenance.
20. **Robot Specification**: It includes payload capacity, work volume, degrees of freedom,
accuracy, repeatability, and speed.
21. **3 Degrees of Freedom in Arm and Body Motion**: The three degrees of freedom typically
refer to rotation around the base, forward/backward movement, and up/down motion.
22. **Payload**: It refers to the maximum weight a robot can handle without affecting its
performance.
23. **Ethical Issues in the Medical Field**: Ethical issues include concerns about job
displacement and the safety of humans when robots are used for medical tasks.
24. **Platform for Mobile Robots**: A platform is essential for stability and mobility in mobile
robots, ensuring it can handle various terrains.

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### **Unit 2: Building Blocks of a Robot**

1. **Actuator**: An actuator is a device that converts energy (electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic)
into mechanical motion.
2. **Internal vs. External Sensors**: Internal sensors measure the robot's own state (e.g., joint
angles), while external sensors measure the environment (e.g., object position).
3. **Gripper**: A gripper is an end-effector used to grasp objects. Types include mechanical
grippers, vacuum grippers, magnetic grippers, and adhesive grippers.
4. **Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Drives**: Advantages include high force and
precise control. Disadvantages include leaks and maintenance complexity.
5. **Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Actuators**: Advantages include fast
response and simplicity. Disadvantages are limited force and less precision compared to
hydraulic systems.
6. **Micro Machines in Robotics**: Micromachines are miniature robots used in precise
applications like surgery and electronics manufacturing.
7. **Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Actuators**: Advantages include precise
control and energy efficiency. Disadvantages are lower force output compared to hydraulic
actuators.
8. **Why Servo Motors are Preferred with Stepper Motors**: Servo motors are preferred for
high-precision applications where closed-loop control is necessary.
9. **Drive System for Heavy Load Robots**: Hydraulic systems are more suitable due to their
ability to handle large forces.
10. **End Effector**: An end effector is a device attached to the robot's arm, used for interacting
with objects, such as grippers or welding torches.
11. **Open vs. Closed-Loop Control Systems**: Open-loop systems do not use feedback, while
closed-loop systems use feedback to adjust performance.
12. **End Effectors vs. Human Hands**: End effectors are designed for specific tasks (e.g.,
gripping, welding) and lack the dexterity and sensitivity of a human hand.
13. **Internal Grippers vs. External Grippers**: Internal grippers expand within a hollow object to
grasp it, while external grippers close around the object’s outside.
14. **Factors in Gripper Design**: Factors include the size and weight of the object, material of
the object, required precision, and speed of operation.
15. **Unique Features of Stepper Motors**: Stepper motors provide precise incremental control
and maintain position without power.
16. **Limitations of Magnetic Grippers**: Magnetic grippers can only handle ferromagnetic
materials and may require precise alignment.
17. **Types of Mechanical Grippers**: These include parallel grippers, angular grippers, and
three-fingered grippers.
18. **Types of Drive Systems in Robots**: The main types include hydraulic, pneumatic, and
electric drive systems.
19. **Characteristics of Actuating Systems**: Characteristics include precision, speed, force
output, and response time.
20. **Application of Stripping Device**: Stripping devices are used in tasks like wire stripping
and removal of coatings in industrial applications.
21. **Velocity Measuring Systems in Robots**: These include encoders, tachometers, and
accelerometers.
22. **Why Servo Motors are Used**: Servo motors offer precise control of position and speed,
making them ideal for robotic applications.
23. **Importance of RCC Devices**: RCC (Remote Center Compliance) devices allow robots to
perform tasks requiring flexibility, such as inserting parts.
24. **Characteristics of Actuating Systems**: Important characteristics include reliability,
precision, and the ability to handle different loads and speeds.

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Let me know if you need further clarification or help with Part B or other sections!