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iot internship report

The report provides an in-depth analysis of the 8051 microcontroller architecture, highlighting its key components such as the CPU, memory organization, I/O ports, timers, and serial communication interface. It details the instruction set, memory addressing modes, and concludes that the 8051 remains a popular choice in embedded systems due to its robustness and versatility. Despite the emergence of advanced microcontrollers, the 8051's simplicity and reliability continue to make it relevant in the industry.

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5 views

iot internship report

The report provides an in-depth analysis of the 8051 microcontroller architecture, highlighting its key components such as the CPU, memory organization, I/O ports, timers, and serial communication interface. It details the instruction set, memory addressing modes, and concludes that the 8051 remains a popular choice in embedded systems due to its robustness and versatility. Despite the emergence of advanced microcontrollers, the 8051's simplicity and reliability continue to make it relevant in the industry.

Uploaded by

pramodkaushik6455
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plasmid Innovation

Internship
REPORT
Report on “Architecture of 8051microcontroller”
Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller

Introduction
The 8051 microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that contains a CPU,
RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers, and serial communication interfaces. It was
introduced by Intel in 1980 and has since become one of the most
popular microcontrollers in the embedded systems industry. The 8051
architecture is based on the Harvard architecture, which separates the
program memory and data memory, allowing for simultaneous access to
both. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the architecture of the
8051 microcontroller, covering its key components, memory
organization, and instruction set.

Key Components of the 8051 Microcontroller


The 8051 microcontroller consists of several key components that work
together to execute instructions and control external devices. These
components include:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the core of the 8051 microcontroller and is responsible for
executing instructions. It consists of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), a
control unit, and a set of registers. The ALU performs arithmetic and
logical operations, while the control unit manages the flow of data and
instructions within the microcontroller. The registers include the
Accumulator (A), B register, Program Counter (PC), Data Pointer (DPTR),
and Stack Pointer (SP).

2. Memory Organization

The 8051 microcontroller has a Harvard architecture, which means it has


separate memory spaces for program memory (ROM) and data memory
(RAM). The memory organization of the 8051 is as follows:

• Program Memory (ROM): The 8051 has 4 KB of on-chip ROM


(program memory) that stores the program code. This memory is
non-volatile, meaning it retains its contents even when the power
is turned off. The program memory is addressed using the 16-bit
Program Counter (PC).

• Data Memory (RAM): The 8051 has 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (data
memory) that is used for storing data and variables during program
execution. The RAM is divided into three sections: the lower 32
bytes are used as general-purpose registers, the next 16 bytes are
bit-addressable memory, and the remaining 80 bytes are used for
general-purpose data storage.

• External Memory: The 8051 can also access up to 64 KB of external


program memory and 64 KB of external data memory using the Port
0 and Port 2 pins for address and data bus.

3. Input/Output (I/O) Ports

The 8051 microcontroller has four 8-bit I/O ports (Port 0, Port 1, Port 2,
and Port 3) that can be used to interface with external devices. Each port
can be configured as an input or output port, and each pin can be
individually controlled. Port 0 is also used as a multiplexed address/data
bus when accessing external memory.

4. Timers/Counters

The 8051 microcontroller has two 16-bit timers/counters (Timer 0 and


Timer 1) that can be used for various timing and counting applications.
These timers can be configured to operate in different modes, such as
timer mode or counter mode. In timer mode, the timers increment at a
rate determined by the microcontroller's clock frequency. In counter
mode, the timers increment in response to external pulses applied to the
T0 and T1 pins.

5. Serial Communication Interface

The 8051 microcontroller has a built-in serial communication interface


that allows it to communicate with other devices using the RS-232
protocol. The serial communication interface consists of a Serial Data
Buffer (SBUF) and a Serial Control Register (SCON). The 8051 supports
both synchronous and asynchronous serial communication, and it can
operate in full-duplex mode, allowing simultaneous transmission and
reception of data.

6. Interrupts

The 8051 microcontroller supports five interrupt sources: two external


interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timer 0 and Timer 1),
and one serial communication interrupt. Each interrupt can be
individually enabled or disabled using the Interrupt Enable (IE) register.
When an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller saves the current program
counter value to the stack and jumps to a specific memory location
(interrupt vector) to execute the interrupt service routine (ISR).
Instruction Set
The 8051 microcontroller has a rich instruction set that includes 111
instructions. These instructions can be broadly classified into the
following categories:

1. Data Transfer Instructions: These instructions are used to move


data between registers, memory locations, and I/O ports. Examples
include MOV, MOVX, and MOVC.

2. Arithmetic Instructions: These instructions perform arithmetic


operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. Examples include ADD, SUBB, MUL, and DIV.

3. Logical Instructions: These instructions perform logical operations


such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. Examples include ANL, ORL, XRL,
and CPL.

4. Branch Instructions: These instructions are used to alter the flow


of program execution by jumping to a different memory location.
Examples include JMP, JZ, JNZ, and CALL.

5. Bit Manipulation Instructions: These instructions are used to


manipulate individual bits in the bit-addressable memory space.
Examples include SETB, CLR, and CPL.
6. Control Instructions: These instructions are used to control the
operation of the microcontroller, such as enabling or disabling
interrupts. Examples include RET, RETI, and NOP

Memory Addressing Modes


The 8051 microcontroller supports several addressing modes that
determine how the operands for an instruction are accessed. These
addressing modes include:
1. Immediate Addressing: The operand is specified directly in the
instruction. For example, MOV A, #25H loads the value 25H into the
Accumulator.
2. Direct Addressing: The operand is specified by a memory address.
For example, MOV A, 30H loads the contents of memory location
30H into the Accumulator.
3. Register Addressing: The operand is specified by a register. For
example, MOV A, R0 loads the contents of register R0 into the
Accumulator.
4. Register Indirect Addressing: The operand is specified by a register
that contains the memory address. For example, MOV A,
@R0 loads the contents of the memory location pointed to by R0
into the Accumulator.
5. Indexed Addressing: The operand is specified by the sum of a base
register (DPTR or PC) and an offset. For example, MOVC A,
@A+DPTR loads the contents of the memory location pointed to by
the sum of the Accumulator and DPTR into the Accumulator
Conclusion
In summary, the 8051 microcontroller's architecture is a well-balanced
combination of processing power, memory organization, and peripheral
integration, making it an ideal choice for many embedded applications.
Its continued relevance in the industry is a testament to the robustness
and versatility of its design.
The 8051 microcontroller is a versatile and powerful microcontroller that
has been widely used in embedded systems for decades. Its architecture,
based on the Harvard model, provides separate memory spaces for
program and data, allowing for efficient execution of instructions. The
8051's rich instruction set, flexible memory addressing modes, and
integrated peripherals make it suitable for a wide range of applications,
from simple control systems to complex communication devices. Despite
the emergence of more advanced microcontrollers, the 8051 remains a
popular choice due to its simplicity, reliability, and extensive support in
the embedded systems community.

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