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Lecture 3

The document discusses problem-solving and decision-making skills, highlighting their importance in various contexts such as social, political, and economic issues. It outlines the characteristics of problems, the process of problem-solving, and the relationship between decision-making and problem-solving. Additionally, it presents a structured approach to problem-solving that includes defining the problem, gathering information, developing and weighing alternatives, and implementing solutions.

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6 views

Lecture 3

The document discusses problem-solving and decision-making skills, highlighting their importance in various contexts such as social, political, and economic issues. It outlines the characteristics of problems, the process of problem-solving, and the relationship between decision-making and problem-solving. Additionally, it presents a structured approach to problem-solving that includes defining the problem, gathering information, developing and weighing alternatives, and implementing solutions.

Uploaded by

supercellplayer221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBLEM SOLVING&

DECISION MAKING
SKILLS

BY DR
Lecture: 3
Instructor at the Egyptian Academy of
Engineering and Technology
- A review of the above
The scope of Problem-solving
Social problems
Political problems
Economic problems
Problem solving development
skills:
analysis
Synthesizing
Valuing
what is The Problem
A problem is a situation that confronts
an individual or group of individuals,
that requires resolution, and for which
the individual sees no apparent path to
obtaining the solution.
4
Characteristics of Problems
• Problems are problems only when we are aware
of them.
• A problem is a problem if you believe it to be one.
• Don't accept the original problem statement.
• Solutions often become problems.
• Problems and values change over time.
5
Concept of problem solving

•Problem solving is a process in which


we perceive and resolve a gap
between a present situation and a
desired goal, with the path to the goal
blocked by known or unknown
obstacles
6
Concept of problem solving

•It is a mental process in psychology and a


computational process in the field of
computer science. There are two different
types of problems, ill-defined and well-
defined problems: each with different
methods of solving.

7
Concept of problem solving

•problem solving in the field of psychology refers to


the process of finding solutions to the problems we
face in life. Solutions to these problems are usually
case- or context-specific. The process begins with
finding and formulating the problem, thus discovering
the problem and simplifying it. The next step is to
come up with possible solutions and then evaluate
those solutions. Finally, the solution is chosen to be
applied and validated.
8
Concept of problem solving

Problem solving has been defined as a


higher-level cognitive process and
mental function that requires further
adjustment and tuning of basic or
routine skills

9
Definitions of problem solving

• Problem solving is a set of


activities designed to Analyze a
situation systematically and
Generate, Implement, and
Evaluate solutions.
10
Concept of Decision making

•Decision making is a selection process


where one of two or more possible
solutions is chosen to reach a desired
goal

11
Concept of Decision making
In psychology, decision making is the
cognitive process resulting from
choosing a belief or action among
several possible possibilities. Each
decision-making process presents a
final choice, which may lead to action
and which may or may not prompt
action. 12
Concept of Decision making

Decision making is the process of


identifying and selecting alternatives
based on the values, preferences and
beliefs of the decision making.

13
Definitions of Decision making

Decision making is a mechanism


for making choices at each step
of the problem-solving process.

14
Problem-Solving vs. Decision-Making

Decision making is a part of


problem solving, and decision
making occurs at every step of
the problem-solving process

15
Problem-Solving vs. Decision-Making

Decision making is about


deciding what action to
take; it usually involves
choice between options.
16
Problem-Solving vs. Decision-Making
*The object of problem solving
is usually a solution, answer or
conclusion

17
Problem-Solving vs. Decision-Making
Most models of problem solving and decision
making include at least three phases:
*An Input phase in which a problem is perceived and an
attempt is made to understand the situation or problem;

*A Processing phase in which alternatives are generated


and evaluated and a solution is selected;
*A Review phase in which the solution is evaluated and
modifications are
made, if necessary

18
Problem-Solving vs. Decision-Making
Decision-making and problem-solving
skills are the basis for ensuring the success
of any organization. Problem-solving
skills can be categorized as strengths,
which in turn distinguish organizations
from each other and ensure their success
in overcoming obstacles. In addition to
giving flexibility in dealing with different
variables, and thus better ability to adapt
and succeed 19
Problem-Solving vs. Decision-Making
Problem-solving and decision-making is
the process of selecting a specific solution
from among two or more solutions
available in the work environment, and
ends with preferring an alternative from
among a number of alternatives or
solutions available to solve the problem,
and this is usually done after the person
who wants to make decisions is
identified. The problem and solutions or
alternatives to solve it.
20
Problem solving perspectives
Problem solving is usually looked at from
two perspectives.
*The first perspective is that there is only one
solution to the problem that is at hand.
Mathematical problems are a classic example of
such problems.
*The second perspective is problems that have
solutions that constantly change. These are
usually socio-emotional problems. For example,
your favorite color is a problem since it changes
almost every day and it might sometimes depend
on your mood 21
Problem solving process steps
Define the problem
 Gather information
 Develop alternatives
 Weigh alternatives
 Select the best alternative
 Implement the solution
 Monitor progress and follow up
22
DR

Instructor at the Egyptian Academy of Engineering and


Technology 23

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