FlyNas interview Q:-

Q1/Talk about your self in 2-3 minutes, Why you choose flynas not SAUDIA, what you have
done since your flight training?

Q2/What are Flaps , slats , spoiler , stall and spin definition’s ?

Flaps: allows the A/C to have same amount of lift at slower airspeed and gives you more drag
and increase lift. (Flap panel under the trailing edge that just extend down)

Slats: thin narrow flat strip (more camber more lift)/ allow the a/c wing to operate at a higher
AOA.
(Are the entire leading edge of the wing extend forward and down)

spoiler: reduce the lift component of an airfoil in controlled way.

Stall: Exceed critical AOA , when AOA super high will loss left

Spin: un coordinated stall , because the high wing have more lift than the lower wing and at the
same time the lower wing produce more drag because it’s at a higher AOA.

Q3/ Precision and non-precision approach differences and definitions?

Precision: (Lateral + Vertical course guidance) *600 ft - 2SM*

ILS

non-precision: (Lateral course guidance only) *800 ft - 2 SM*

VOR , NDB , RNAV , LOC

Q4/ ILS definition, deflection and components? Glide slope and marker definition?

ILS: instrument landing system.

ILS component: Localizer , glide slope, marker beacons and ALSF

Deflection:-
Width : between 3-6 degrees at the threshold would be 700 ft.
Usually 5 degrees total width (2.5 full deflection to each side).

Coverage range: First 10NM 35 degrees each side up to 18 NM 10 degrees each side and it’s up
to an altitude of 4500 ft.
*antenna is located at the end of the runway.(the senior of loc is located at 1000ft in the opposite
direction of landing rwy).

Glide Slope:-
Width: 1.4 degrees ( full deflection is 0.7 degrees either direction).
Range: up to 10 nm.
Slope: 2.5 - 3.5 degrees.
Errors: false the gs above normal gs.

Marker beacons:-
Provides range information over specific points along the approach.

Outer marker (OM): 4-7 miles out. Indicate the position at which the a/c should intercept the gs
at +- 50 ft. *Blue “- - -“
Middle marker (MM): 3500ft from the runway. Indicate the point where the gs meets the decision
hight (DH) usually 200ft above the touchdown zone elevation. (Amber) “-.-“

Inner marker (IM): between the MM and runway threshold. Indicate the point where the gs ON
CAT II meet the DH on ILS APP . (white)”…”

ALSF
Approach light system with sequence flashing.

Q5/ What is the speed limit for class B?

250 kt
200 kt underneath the airspace

Q6/What is temperature inversion? Weather phenomenal is associated with it?

It’s increase the temperature with hight by 2 degrees every 1000ft

Low level wind shear/ micro-burst

Q7/ What is the wing tip vortex (wake turbulence)?

When high pressure in the bottom of the wing rejoined the low pressure in the upper side of the
wing.
(Heavy- clean-slow)

Q8/ read metar and taf codes?

Q9/ What are the different between TEMPO , BECOM , FM , NO SIG?

TEMPO: fluctuation expected for less than 1HR and half of the period. If tempo end returns to the
original weather or next TAF if published.

BECOM: gradual change with in 2HR.

FM: Indicates a permanent change to the weather forecast from the indicated time and date.

NOSIG: No significant change is expected to the reported condition within next two hours.

Q10/ What are the different between CAVOK , 9999 ,9900 ,SKC and CLR in metar ?

CAVOK: visibility more than 10 km, no clouds. No clouds below 5000ft , no CB.

9999: visibility greater than 10 km.

9900: wind verbal less than 5 Kt.

SKC: (sky clear) is the abbreviation used by Manuel stations to indicate no layers are present.

CLR: (clear) is the abbreviation used by Automated stations to indicate no layers are detected at
or below 12,000ft .

Q11/ What are the VOR deflection and distance off course formula ? VOR distance range?
Very high frequency omni-directional range
Enabling A/C receiving unit to determine its position and stay on course by receiving radio
signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons.

Deflection: 10 degrees
Distance off course: 60:1 every 60 miles 1 nm width for the redial

Distance range :-

Q12/ What is HSI?

( Horizontal situation indicator )

It’s combines a place of a heading indicator with VOR and ILS .
It’s work by combining a VOR/DME receiver and an electrically-slaved heading indicator.

Q13/ What are the jet engines types and what they used for A320?

1- Turbojet 100% airflow entry ( all intake goes to the engine)

2- Turboprop
3-Turbofan (80% airflow entry) ((there is a bypass that goes around the engine, benefits of that
to cool the engine and gives thrust at lower speeds)) (A320) Pratt & Whitney’s PurePower
PW1100G-JM
Turbofan works by 1- bray ton cycle 2- constant pressure
Bray ton cycle

Bypass: The secondary air of the jet engine is the bypass air and is responsible for producing
maximum thrust from a jet engine.

Q14/ What are the TCAS, GPWS, RVSM?

TCAS: Traffic collision avoidance system. Designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collision
between a/c.

GPWS: Ground proximity warning system. It’s advisory alert and mandatory response warning to
the flight crew in respect of their proximity to terrain.

RVSM: Reduce vertical separation minimum. From 2000 to 1000 required between FL 290 - FL
410 to increase the number of a/c that can fly in a particular volume of class A airspace.
1-Airworthiness Approval from GACA. If the equipment from 2- 6 are available with out AA you
cannot operate under RVSM.
2-Tow independent altitude measurement system.
3-An altitude alerting system.
4-An automatic altitude control system.
5- A second surveillance radar (SSR).
6- Transponder with altitude reporting system. That can be connected to the altitude
measurement system in use for altitude keeping.
Q15/ What is Fly by wire means?

It’s flight control system which use computer to process the flight control input made by pilot or
autopilot, and send the electrical signal To the flight control surface.

Q16/ What are the meaning for MSA, MEA, MOCA, MORA , DA, DH and LAHSO ?

MSA: Minimum safe altitude. Altitude depicted on approach chart or DP provide at least 1000ft of
obstacles clearance within 25 miles radius of navigation facilities.

MEA: Minimum en route Altitude. Is the lowest published altitude between radio navigation fixes
that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meet obstacles clearance requirement.

MOCA: Minimum obstacles clearance. That meet obstacle clearance requirements.22NM from
VOR. ( We can fly it with in 22 NM From VOR)

MORA: Minimum off route altitude. Which provides 2000ft of terrain clearance in mountains
areas and 1000ft in non-mountains areas. And with in 10 nm on both sides

GRID MORA: provides an obstacles clearance altitude within latitude and longitude grid block,
usually of one degrees by one degrees.

DA: Which give a hight above (MSL) Is a specified altitude or hight in (Precision Approach) at
which a Missed Approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the
approach has not been established.

DH: (AGL) Is a specified altitude or hight in (Precision Approach) at which a Missed Approach
must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been
established.

LAHSO: Land and hold short of an intersection runway or any point in the runway. You can reject
the clearance. Ceiling at least 1000ft and visibility at least 3SM.

*What is the difference between MDA And DA/DH?

MDA: Minimum Descent Altitude.(MSL)
Is a specified altitude or height in a (Non-Precision Approach). Or Circling Approach below which
descent must be made without the required Visual reference.
*What is the difference between MAP and MDA?
MAP: Missed Approach Point. Could be ( Time, Fix, VOR Radial).
Is the furthest altitude can go before landing or beginning the missed approach.
MDA is the lowest altitude we can descent to.

Q17/ What is NOTAM stand for and types?

Notice to Air missions

1- Domestic, NOTAM(D) provide info for the airport (Taxi close)
2- Flight data Center (FDC) NOTAMS type regarding to ifr (VASI - LOC)
3-International NOTAMS (contrary)
4- Special activity airspace (SAA) NOTAMS (TFr)
5-Military NOTAMS
6-pointer notams type of notams put to a others notam(other airport)

Q18/ What are the different between PAPI and VASI?

PAPI: obstruction clearance to roughly 3.4 miles, within 10 degrees of runway centreline.
(precision approach path indicator)

VASI: obstruction clearance to roughly 4 miles, within 10 degrees of runway centreline.(visual

approach slope indicator)
*Read AIRPORT SIGNS SYSTEM*

Q19/ How can TS Formation? Cycle of TS?

1- Water vapour.
2- An unstable temperature laps rated.
3-An initial uplifting force. (Front passage, heating exchange)
Cycle:-
1- cumulus stage: (3-5 miles height) (updraft) lifting action of the air begins. Updraft by
3000FPM

2- Mature stage: (5-10 miles height) (up+down draft) rain begin or start up 6000FPM down
2500FPM *its the greatest hazard

3-Dissipating stage: (5-7 miles height) (strong downdraft) the cell is dying rapidly.

*you need to be at least 20nm from the TS.

Q20/ What are the different between prevailing visibility & vertical visibility?

Prevailing: is the greatest horizontal distance over which objects or bright light can be seen and
identified.

Vertical: vertical distance that an observer or some remote sensing device can see into the
cloud.

Q21/ What are the IFR T/O MINIMUM?

Prescribed T/O minimum for specific RWY, if none:-

1SM for 1-2 engines
1/2 SM for more than 2 engines

Q22/ the cloud base in metar AGL or MSL?

AGL

Q23/What will you do if you have communication failure? For VFR and IFR

IFR: M.E.A (Altitude) what’s higher

M: max altitude prescribed for ifr.
E: Expected.
A: last assigned altitude by ATC

A.V.E.F (Route)
A: assigned route if none:-
V: vectored if none:-
E: last expected route from ATC if none:-
F:Filled Route.

VFR: Squawk 7600 and wait for gun light.

Q24/ V SPEEDS?
*Engine failure procedure ( Check list)
1- best glide speed(Vg).(Feather)
2- best area to land.
3-squawk 7700 and follow the check list.
4- if the engine didn’t start agin call 121.5 and fuel selector off and land ASAP.

Q25/ What are the classes requirements? VFR WEATHER MINIMUM:-

Q26/ If your speed 240 knots how what is the total distance in 6 hr?
240*6= 1440

Q27/ Types of airspeeds:-

Indicated A/S: indicated on the a/s indicator.

Calibrated A/S: IAS corrected for instrument & position error.
Equivalent A/S: CAS corrected for compressibility error.
True A/S: Actual speed through the air. EAS corrected for nonstandard temperature and
pressure.
Mach Number: The ratio of TAS to the local speed of sound.
Ground speed: Actual speed over the ground. TAS corrected for wind condition.

Q28/ What is the standard rate of turn?

3 degrees.

Q29/ What are the altitude types? QNH-QFE-QNE

Indicated altitude (QNH): uncorrected altitude indicated on the dial when set to local pressure
setting (QNH)
Pressure altitude: Altitude above the standard 29.92 hg (QNE)
Density altitude: pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. Used for performance
calculations.
True altitude: Actual altitude above mean sea level (MSL).
Absolute altitude(QFE): Height above airport elevation.
Q30/ What are the types of drag?

1-Parasite drag: the drag that not associated with production of lift.
(When the A/C airspeed increase the amount ofPD increase)
A-Form drag: From cowling, Antennas, aerodynamic shape of other component.
B-Interference drag: From the fuselage of the a/c if isn’t straight.
C-Skin friction drag: From the surface of the a/c if it’s not smooth.

2-Induced drag: an inevitable consequence of lift.(Any time you creating lift, you will create
induced drag) (When the A/C airspeed increase the amount of ID decrease)

Q31/ What are the axis’s for the A/C?

1-Lateral axis (pitch).

2-Longitudinal axis (roll).
3-Vertical axis (yaw).

Q32/ What are the primary and secondary control surface of the A/C?

Primary: ailerons, rudder and elevator.

Secondary: flaps, spoilers and slats.

Q33/ What give’s the A/C lift?

Bernoullis Principle and relative wind and thrust.

Q34/ What give’s the A/C thrust ?

Thrust is generated by the engine of the aircraft through some kind of propulsion system.

*Read Part 61/142 FARAIM and VFR CHART

Q35/ What is Microburst?

Strong downdraft cloud by 6000 FPM

Duration: 5-15 minutes.
Q36/ What’s wind share?

Sudden change in wind speed or wind direction.

*RERA : Recent rain.

*-RA: LIGHT RAIN.
BLSA: BLOWING SAND.
VCTS: THUNDER STORM IN THE VICINITY.

https://meteocentre.com/doc/metar.html
● What are SID and STAR?
● SID: STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE , PROVIDES OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE
REDUCING RADIO CONGESTION AND WORK LOAD BY SIMPLIFYING ATC CLEARANCE.
● STAR: STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL, SEREVE AS TRANSITION FROM THE EN-ROUTE
STRUCTURE TO A POINT FROM WHICH AN APPROACH CAN BEGIN.
● THE KEY FOR A/C TO FLY IS LIFT *
● CFIT controlled flight into Terrain
● Air craft is under positive control. And the pilot made accident with a terrain.
● METAR. AVIATION routine WEATHER REPORT (55min)
● SLP SEA LEVEL PURSUER (SLP201 = 1020.1 MB)
● Coordinate turn
● Fronts : airmass have a vertical and horizontal property.
● Occluded Front: Fast moving of cold front caches up slow moving of warm front .
● Sitionry front: tow air masses is relatively equal .
● Cold front: replaces mass of warm air.
● Warm front: mass of warm air flows over a mass of cold front .
● Magnetic course: True course corrected for magnetic variation.
● Magnetic heading: True heading corrected for magnetic variation.
● True course: the aircraft course over the ground relative to true north.
● True heading : True course corrected for wind.
● Vor errors

Q36/ If you arrived at airpot at day time and you saw the beacon light on what did this
mean?

It’s mean visibility less than 3 miles and ceiling less than 1000ft.
Q37/ When you entered spin which wing will stall?

Both wings are in a stalled condition but one wing will be deeper stall than the other.
The drag is greater on the more deeply stalled wing causing the a/c autoroute (yaw) toward that
wing.
Recovery:-
P: Power to idle.
A: Ailerons neutral.
R: Rudder opposite spin yawing.
E: Elevator forward.

Q38/ You are at FL330 and you need to decent to FL200 And the rate of decent is 600 FPM
How long will it take to reach FL200?

33000-20000=13000
13000/600=22 minutes.

Q39/ What’s the left turning tendency?

1-Torque: (Roll-bank) (Newton) (prop clockwise).
2-Precession: (yaw) (alt change climbing right descending left).
3-P-Factor: (yaw) (prop blade) (descending blade have more thrust than ascending blade).
4-Spiralling slipstream: (yaw) (rudder) (prop airflow around v stabiliser *rudder* it’s yawing left.

Q40/ What’s MEL?

Minimum equipment list.

Where the A/C allowed to fly with current inoperative equipment that listed by manufacturers.

Q41/ What are the Compas errors?

Magnetic variation: it’s the different between true north and magnetic north.
Magnetic deviation: it’s because the metals and instrument wares .
Mag dip: when you get closer to the north or south pole.
Acceleration n / deceleration s
Undershot N: Turning north will go to left / overshot S: south right

Q42/ What is the ground effect?

Air and pressure between the a/c wings and ground will create more lift , and at the same time it
will reduced the a/c drag.

Q43/ What is isogonal?

It’s mean equal magnetic variation.

*VFR CHART
https://thelegaldrone.com/how-to-read-a-sectional-chart/

What’s TIBS ?

Telephone information briefing services.

Q45/ What the propeller gives you?

Thrust, A/C is able to move Forward through the air.

Q46/ What is centrifugal force?

The equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction, and it acts equal and
opposite to the horizontal component of lift.

Q47/ What’s is a squall ?

Line off thunder storm

A sudden increase in wind speed by at least 15 kt to peak of 20 kt or more and lasting for at least
one minute.
You can’t fly through the line.

Q48/ What special VFR?

VIS at least 1SM and remain clear of clouds.

At least at night PPL/IR Day PPL - class A prohibited. And depicted in airport chart.
Requested by a pilot.

Q49/ What is the difference between Visual app and contact app?

CA: must be specifically requested by a pilot

require at least 1SM reported ground visibility and clear of cloud.
Available only at airport with approved inst. app. Procedures.

VA: Initiated by ATC or Pilot.

Requires at least 1000ft ceiling and 3SM visibility (ifr under vmc)
Pilot must have either the airport or the traffic to follow in sight.
Q50/ What’s RNP?

Required Navigation Performance.

Q51/ What’s magnetic field?

The area around a magnet that has magnetic force.

Q52/ What are the AOA , AOI and cord line?

AOA: The angle between the wing chord line and the direction of the relative wind.

AOI: The angle between the aircraft longitudinal axis and the chord of the wing.

Cord line: it’s a line between the leading edge and trailing edge.

Q52/ What are the VFR AND IFR REQUESTED EQUIPMENT ?

Q53/ If you encounter gusty wind, which kind of approach are you going to perform?

Power On Approach, power ON landing.

Q54/ What’s Wind ?

Movement of air in the atmosphere.

Q55/ What’s Heat?

It’s form energy.
Q56/ What is GNSS?

Global navigation satellite system.

GPS(USA)
Galileo(EU)
Glonass(Russia)

Q57/ What are the types of clouds? Low Med High?

Q58/ What is AFIS?

Aerodrome Flight Information Service (Wind, Rwy in use, Advisory)

Q59/ What things increase drag and lift at the same time?

Slats and Flaps .

Q60/ What are the types of clouds that has Turbulence on wind-shear?

Cumulonimbus and cumulus cloud .

Q61/ What is Hypoxia? Types and Exhaust lack?

From 10,000 at day 6000 at night

Lack of oxygen in the body.
1- Hypemic: When your blood isn’t able to carry enough oxygen to the cells because of disease
like Anaemia.
2- Stagnant: It’s oxygen deficiency in the body due to poor circulation of blood because of
cooled temperature.
3- Histotoxic: The cells can’t use oxygen because of drugs, alcohol, poisoning.
4- Hypoxic: Lack of oxygen in the Atmosphere due to High altitude.

Exhaust lack: Carbon Monoxide poisoning.( odourless, colourless gas comes through faulty
cabin heat)
Hyperventilation: Lack of Carbon Dioxide or excess of oxygen in the body.
Special disorientation: when you fly in IMC condition.
Motion sickness: It’s cause by brain receiving conflicting information.

Q62/ Pilot decision making? DECIDE, 5P , 3P, PAVE, 5 hazardous attitudes …….
DECIDE
D: Detect a change needing attention.
E: Estimate the need to react to a change.
C: Chose the action .
I: identify action to successful control the change.
D: Do the action .
E: Evaluate the action.

5P
P: plan (weather route….)
P: plane (Mechanical…)
P: pilot ( IMSAFE)
P: passenger (nerves…)
P: programming (auto pilot, question to ask…)

3P
P: perceive ( PAVE checklist)
P: process (think of each hazard, alternative….)
P: perform (determine the best course of action)

PAVE
P: pilot in command (IMSAFE).
A: Aircraft (AROW, AVIATE).
V: Environment ( Weather hazards, airport, runway).
E: External pressure (Meeting, people waiting at destination).
NWKRAFT
N: Notams.
W: weather.
K: known ATC delays.
R: Runway length.
A: Alternates available.
F: Fuel requirement.
T: take off and landing distance.

5 hazardous attitudes

Q63/ How long dose it take to make 102 degrees in standard rate of turn?

Standard turn to 360 is taking 2 minutes.

3 degrees 1 second
102/ 3 = 34 seconds.

Q64/ What is Fog? Types?

Fog: Cloud that began with in 50 FT of the surface.
(Air temp. Near the ground rashes it’s dew point, dew point is raised to the existing temp. By
adding moisture)

1- Radiation Fog: Occurs at calm,clear night when the ground cools rapidly due to the release of
ground radiation.

2-Advection Fog: Warm moist air move’s over a cold surface, Wind required.

3-Ice Fog: Forms When the temp. Is much below freezing and water vapour turn directly into Ice
crystal.
4-UpSlope Fog: Moist, stable air is forced up a terrain Slope and cooled down to its dew point by
cooling.

Q65/ What’s ice? Types?

Ice: moisture and below freezing temperature.
1- Structural Ice: A- Visible moisture. B- A/C Surface temp. Below freezing.
2- Instrument Ice: Structural Ice forming over A/C inst. and sensors. (Pitot and Static) .
3- Induction Ice: Ice reducing the amount of air for the engine intake.
4- Intake Ice: Blocks the engine intake.
5- Carburettor Ice: May form due to the steep temp. Drop in carburettor ventory .
6- Frost: Ice crystal caused when both temp. And dew point are below freezing.

*Type of Structural Ice?

1- Clear Ice: (The must dangerous type) Heavy, hard to remove. Forms when water drops freeze
slowly as a smooth sheet of solid ice. Usually occurs at temp. Close to freezing by large super
cooled drops of water.
2- Rime Ice: Opaque, White, Rough ice formed by small supercooled water drops Freezing
quickly (At lower temp. Than clear ice).
3- Mixed Ice: Clear and Rime ice Formed together.

Q66/ What’s dew point?

Air got cooled to be saturated.

Q67/ Why TAS is higher than IAS?

Pressure decreases with higher altitude. So for any given true airspeed, as you climb, fewer and
fewer air molecules will enter the pitot tube.

Q68/ How dose cloud form?

1- Adequate water vapour.

2- condensation nuclei
3- Away for the air to be cooled
Q69/What’s the difference between fog and mist?
Fog and mist they are the same
Fog: you can see to 1000m
Mist: More than 1000m

Q70/ Holding pattern entry?

Inbound leg, Fix end , outbound leg, outbound end
1 min , FL140 msl and below
1.5 min , above FL140
Draw the line from the clearance then see your heading then enter the hold
70 degrees for teardrop entry
110 degrees for parallel entry
180 degrees for direct entry

200 kt from minimum holding altitude to 6000 ft msl

230 kt from 6001 to 14000ft
265 kt from 14001 and above

5 T’s before any turn in the holding patterns

Turn
Time
Twist
Throttle
Talk

Q71/ What is endurance meaning in Flight Plan?

It’s mean total fuel (HHMM).

Q72/ IFR Fuel requirements?

Q73/ When can you descend below MDA/DA?

1- The aircraft is continuously in a position, descent to landing at normal rate of descent using
normal manoeuvres speed.
2- The flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument
approach being used.

Q74/ CG;

**************************************
DL distance lighting (10 to 12 miles from TS)
CG cloud to ground lighting
PRFG Partial Fog (Fog that has little vertical extent)
MI Shallow, PR Partial, BC Patches, all it comes with Fog
NCD No cloud detected.
The descriptors low drifting (DR) and blowing (BL) shall only be coded with dust (DU), sand
(SA), and snow (SN), e.g., BLSN or DRSN. DR shall be coded for DU, SA, or SN raised by the
wind to less than six feet above the ground.
**************************************
Q75/Minimums vectoring altitude if ATC told you go below it what will you do?

Q76/When true altitude lower than indicated altitude?

Temperature colder than standard.

Q77/ IFR Minimum altitude?

Mountainous area: 2000FT above the highest obstacle located 8KM.

Non-Mountainous area: 1000FT above the highest obstacle located 8KM.

Non-Mountainous area: 1000FT above the highest obstacle located 8KM.

Q78/ VFR Weather above 10,000FT?

5SM visibility, 1000ft below, 1000 above, 1SM horizontally.

Q79/ When we will use MORA?

If you change your route we will use MORA Minimum’s. Or Emergency .

Q80/ When we will use MOCA?

If we fly below MEA I will use MOCA.(like if we near of our distinction)

Q81/ Difference between MEA and MOCA?

MOCA Guaranty to you the communication with in 22NM and obstacles clearance.
MEA Guaranty to you the communication all the time and obstacles clearance.

Q82/ If you approach to land in ABHA airport WHICH Airspeed will be higher IAS or TAS? and
why?
TAS, because abha is high city and the Pressure decreases with higher altitude. So for any given
true airspeed, as you climb, fewer and fewer air molecules will enter the pitot tube.

Q83/ What are the special squawk codes?

7500: Hijacking.
7600: Lost communication.
7700: Emergency.

Rami Q 9999 , BR,SS, GR, FU, CODE INVETY (8)(HAZE), TRIANGLE (SH), FOG - - -, MIST - -,
MAGNETIC COURSE. VFR CHART YELLOW AREA ( CITY)., CAVOK.

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