IEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY

GXEST 104
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
(MODULE-1-THEORY)
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MODULE 1
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IEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY

ELECTRIC CHARGE: Workdone(W)

❖ Electric charge is the basic property of material EMF=
particles, just like its mass. Charge(q)
❖ Two types: +ve charge & -ve charge.
❖ A body can be positively charged by removing ❖ SI unit : Volts
electrons from it. ❖ Source of EMFs:
A body can be negatively charged by adding electron a. Batteries
to it. b. Solar cells
❖ SI unit: Coulomb (C) c. Generators
❖ Charge of electron = -1.6× 10-19C
Charge of proton = +1.6× 10-19C VOLTAGE:
❖ It is the measured potential difference or EMF.
ELECTRIC CURRENT: ❖ Symbol: V or E
❖ It is the rate of flow of electric charge.
ie, ELECTRICAL ENERGY:
Charge(q) ❖ It is the capacity for doing work.
Current(I) = ❖ It is the energy derived from the electrical potential
time (t)
energy.
❖ Flow current: ❖ SI unit: Joule.
▪ If charge carriers move from A to B, the flow ❖ Practical unit: “Unit or kWh”
current is from A to B. ❖ Note:
▪ It is independent of the polarity of charge carriers. 1000 W used for 1 hour
Conventional current: 2000 W used for 0.5 hour 1
▪ If electrons(-ve charge) move from A to B, the 100W used for 10 hour unit
conventional current is from B to A. 10W used for 100 hour
▪ If protons(+ve charge) move from A to B, the
conventional current is from A to B. ELECTRICAL POWER:
▪ It depends upon the polarity of charge carriers. ❖ It is the rate of doing work when electrons move from
one point to another point.
POTENTIAL: Workdone(W)
❖ Power (P) =
❖ Potential at a point P in an electric field is the amount Time(t)
of workdone in bringing a unit positive charge of one Vq VIt
= =
coulomb from infinity to that point against the electric t t
field. =VI
= I2R
Workdone(W) V2
Potential(V) = =
Charge(q) R

❖ SI unit: Volt ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:

❖ At infinity, Potential = 0V ❖ Any combination of circuit elements connected together
to permit electrons to flow in a continous stream is
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: called an electric circuit.
❖ It is the difference in potential between two points of ❖ An electric circuit must be a closed path.
a conductor. ❖ The essential components are:
❖ It is the workdone in carrying a unit positive charge of 1) Source of EMF : Supplies energy
one coulomb between two points of a conductor. 2) Conductors : Transfers energy
3) Load : Absorbs energy
Workdone(W)
Potential difference (V)=
Charge(q)

❖ SI unit: Volt

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE(EMF):
❖ EMF is the cause of potential difference
❖ EMF of a source is the workdone in carrying a unit
positive charge of one coulomb through the source.

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❖ DC circuits:
In direct current (dc) circuits, the current always Req = R1 + R2
flow in the same direction.
AC circuits:
In alternating current(ac) circuits, the current Note : If ‘n’ equal resistors of resistance ‘R’ are connected
reverses its direction periodically. in series, Req = nR

OHM’S LAW: Voltage Divider Rule: (***NB***)

❖ Ohm’s law states that “At constant temperature current ❖ Voltage across R1
flowing through a conductor is proportional to voltage” V1 = I R1
❖ Mathematically, V
= R R1
I𝛼V eq
𝑉 V
I=𝑅 =R +R
R1
1 2
Where R = Resistance of the conductor R1
V1 = V x R1 +R2
❖ Resistance(R):
• Measure of opposition to the flow of electric
❖ Voltage across R2
current.
𝜌𝑙 V2 = I R2
• R= 𝐴 V
= R R2
Where, 𝜌 = resisitivity of the material eq
V
l = length of the conductor = R2
R1 +R2
A = Area of Cross section R2
V2 = V x
• SI unit =Ohms(Ω) R1 +R2

❖ Conductance(G): RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL:

• Reciprocal of Resistance ❖ Consider two resistances R1 and R2 connected in
• Measure of ease with which electric current parallel across a DC voltage Source of Voltage ‘V’.
flows through a conductor.
1
• G= 𝑅
• SI unit = Siemens(S) or mho (Ω−1 )

RESISTANCES IN SERIES:
❖ Consider two resistances R1 and R2 connected in series
across a DC voltage Source of Voltage ‘V’.

❖ In parallel connection, Current through the two

resistances may not be same, but the voltage across the
two resistances will be the same.
𝑉
❖ Current through R1 , I1 =
𝑅1
𝑉
❖ Current through R2 , I2 =
𝑅2
❖ I = I1+I2
❖ In series connection, Current through the two 𝑉 𝑉
= +𝑅
resistances is same, but the voltage across the two 𝑅1 2
resistances will be different. 1 1
=V[ + ]…………….(1)
❖ Voltage across R1 , V1 = I R1 𝑅1 𝑅2
❖ Voltage across R2 , V2 = I R2 ❖ If Req is the equivalent resitance of the two resistances,
❖ V = V1+V2 then
𝑉
= I R1 + I R2 I = 𝑅 ………………(2)
𝑒𝑞
= I [ R1 + R2 ]…………….(1)
❖ Equating (1) and (2),
❖ If Req is the equivalent resitance of the two resistances, 𝑉 1 1
then =V[𝑅 +𝑅 ]
𝑅𝑒𝑞 1 2
V =I Req ………………(2)
❖ Equating (1) and (2),
I Req = I [ R1 + R2 ]
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𝟏
=
𝟏
+
𝟏 ….ELECTRIC NETWORK….
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
❖ An electrical network is a combination of various circuit
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 elements connected in any manner what so ever.
Req = 𝑹
𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 ❖ An electrical network need not necessarily be a closed
path.
Note : If ‘n’ equal resistors of resistance ‘R’ are connected
𝑅
in series, Req = 𝑛 IMPORTANT TERMS:
Consider a network:
Current Divider Rule: (***NB***)
❖ Current through R1 ,
𝑉
I1 =
𝑅1
𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞
=
𝑅1
I R R
= × R 1+R2
R1 1 2
R2
I1 = I x
R1 +R2

❖ Current through R2 ,
𝑉 1. NODE:
I2 =
𝑅2 An equipotential surface where two or more circuit
𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞
= elements are connected together.
𝑅2 Eg: A, B, C & D
I R R
= × R 1+R2
R2 1 2
R1 2. PRINCIPAL NODE OR JUNCTION:
I2 = I x R A junction is that point in a network where three or
1 +R2
more circuit elements are connected together.
STAR –DELTA TRANSFORMATION Eg: A & D

3. BRANCH:
A branch is a part of the network lying between two
junctions.
Eg: BAD, BD & BCD

4. LOOP:
Any closed path of a network is called a loop.
Eg: ABCDA, ABDA & BCDC

5. MESH:
R 12 R 31 R 1 R 2 +R 2 R 3 +R 3 R 1 The most elementary form a loop which cannot be
R1 = R12 = further divided into any other loop is called a mesh.
R 12+R 23 +R 31 R3
All meshes are loops but all loops are not meshes.
Eg:ABDA & BCDC
R 12 R 23 R 1 R 2 +R 2 R 3 +R 3 R 1
R2 = R23 =
R 12+R 23 +R 31 R1 ….KIRCHOFF’S LAWS….
R 23 R 31 R 1 R 2 +R 2 R 3 +R 3 R 1
R3 = R31 = KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW(KCL):
R 12+R 23 +R 31 R2 In DC circuits, KCL states that “The algebraic sum of
currents meeting at a junction is zero”

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IEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY

ie,… -I1+I2 +I3 +I4-I5=0

I2 +I3 +I4-I5= I1+I5 ….MESH ANALYSIS….
Outgoing currents = Incoming currents
STEPS:
VOLTAGE SIGN CONVENTIONS: 1. Identify all meshes
1. SIGN OF BATTERY 2. Assign mesh currents.
3. Apply KVL in every mesh.
4. Solve for mesh currents

Rise in Voltage = +E Fall in Voltage = -E

Note:
Current direction is not taken into account.

2. SIGN OF IR/IZ DROP

Fall in Voltage = -IR Rise in Voltage = +IR

Note:
Current direction is taken into account.
If travelling direction & current direction are same,
then fall in voltage.(-VE)
If travelling direction & current direction are different,
then rise in voltage.(+VE)

KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW(KVL):

In DC circuits, KVL states that “The algebraic sum of
products of currents and resistances in a closed path
in a network plus the algebraic sum of the EMFs in
that path is zero..”
ie.., ∑ IR + ∑ EMFs = 0

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MODULE 1
PLAYLIST
▪ Applying KVL in Loop ABCDEFA,
E-R1I1-R2I2-R3I2 = 0

▪ Applying KVL in Loop ABCFA,

E-R1I1-R4I3 = 0

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IEE MODULE 1 SHASTRA ACADEMY, ANTHIKAD & KANJANY

MAGNET:
❖ A magnet is a material or object that produces a MAGNETIC FLUX(𝝓):
magnetic field. ❖ The total number of magnetic lines of force in a
❖ Two types: magnetic field is called magnetic flux.
1) PERMANENT MAGNET: ❖ Analogous to current in electric circuit.
▪ Permanent magnet is an object made from a ❖ SI unit: Weber(Wb)
material that creates its own persistent
magnetic field.
▪ Made of Iron, Nickel, Cobalt.

2) ELECTROMAGNET:
▪ An Electromagnet is a kind of magnet whose
magnetic field is created by the flow of electric
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT:
current.
❖ The magnetic flux lines always form a closed path.
▪ It is made by passing electric current through a
❖ The closed path followed by the flux lines is called a
coil of wire.
magnetic circuit.
▪ Electromagent is wrapped around a core of
ferrromagnetic material like steel. This
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B):
enchances the magnetic field.
❖ Magnetic flux density is the number of flux lines
passing through unit area which is at right angles to the
direction of flux.
❖

❖ SI unit: Weber/m2 (or) TESLA(T)

MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE(MMF):

❖ Magneto motive force is the force which establishes the
magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.
❖ The product of current(I) and the number of turns(N) of
the coil gives the MMF.
❖ Analogous to EMF in electric circuit.
❖ MMF= N I
NORTH POLE AND SOUTH POLE: ❖ SI unit: Amphere Turns(AT)
❖ When a magnet is suspended horizontally by a thread, it
comes to rest along North-South direction, with a MAGNETO FIELD INTENSITY/STRENGTH
particular end pointing to North. (OR)
❖ NORTH POLE(N):The pole near the end which points MAGNETISING FORCE(H)
towards north. ❖ Magnetizing Force is the magneto motive force per unit
❖ SOUTHPOLE(N):The pole near the end which points length of the magnetic circuit.
towards south. ❖ Magnetizing Force at a point in a magnetic field is
numerically equal to the force experienced by a N pole
MAGNETIC FIELD: of one Weber placed at that point.
❖ The space around a magnet where magnetic influence MMF NI
exists is known as a magnetic field. ❖ H = =
Length 𝑙

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❖ SI unit: AT/m (or) Newton/ Weber

ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY(𝝁):
❖ The ability of a material to conduct magnetic flux
through it is called permeabilty of that material.
❖ Flux density(B) is proportional to the magnetising
Force(H),
ie, B 𝛼 H
B=𝜇H
B = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 H
❖ Permeability of free space = 4𝜋 × 10-7 Henry/metre
(𝜇0 )

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY(𝝁𝒓 ):
❖ The ratio of absolute permeability of a material to the
permeability of free space is called the relative
permeability of that material. FRINGING EFFECT:
𝜇
❖ 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇 ❖ In the air gap, a part of the flux diverges outside the
0 main airgap.As a result, the effective cross sectional
area of the airgap increases and the flux density in the
𝝁 =𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 air gap decreases. This spreading of magnetic flux at the
edges of the air gap is called Fringing effect.

RELUCTANCE(S):
❖ Reluctance is the opposition offered by the magnetic
circuit to the establishment of magnetic flux.
❖ Analogous to resistance in electric circuit.
𝑙
❖ S𝛼
𝐴
𝑙
S=
𝜇𝐴
SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT:
S=
𝒍 ❖ Consider a magnetic circuit made up of four materials
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝑨 having different dimensions.

(or)
MMF
S =
Flux
Hl
=
𝛟
NI
=
𝛟
❖ SI unit = AT/Weber

LEAKAGE FLUX:
❖ The magentic flux that does not follow the intended path ❖ The above circuit is analogous to
in a magentic circuit is called leakage flux.
❖ Leakage flux depends upon,
1) Geometry of the magentic circuit.
2) Relative Permeablities of the medium.
❖ Let 𝛟 = Useful flux
𝝓 𝒍 =Leakage flux
𝝓 𝒕 = Total flux
Then, 𝝓 𝒕 =𝝓 𝒍 + 𝛟
❖ Total reluctance (S) = S1 +S2 +S3 +Sg
❖ Leakage factor is the ration of total flux to the useful MMF
flux. ❖ Flux (∅ ) = S
𝝓𝒕
Leakage factor =
𝛟

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COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND

MAGNETIC CIRUITS

SIMILARITIES:

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

The closed path for electric current is called electric The closed path for magnetic flux is called magnetic
2
circuit. circuit.
3 Current = EMF/ resistance Flux = MMF/reluctance
4 Current I is measured in amperes Flux φ is measured in weber (Wb)
Electromotive force is the driving force and Magnetomotive force is the driving force and is
5
measured in volts (V) measured in Ampere turns (AT)
Resistance opposes the flow of current Reluctance opposes the flow of magnetic flux and
6
and measured in (Ώ) measured in (AT/Wb)
7 Conductance = 1/ Resistance Permeance = 1/Reluctance

8 Conductivity Permeability

9 Resistivity Reluctivity

10 Current density J = I/a Flux density B = φ/a

11 Electric density E = V/d Magnetic intensity H = NI/l

12 Total EMF =IR1+IR2+IR3+……. Total MMF = 𝛟 S1+ 𝛟 S2+ 𝛟 S3+…….

DISIMILARITIES:

1 Electric curent actually flows in an electric circuit. Magnetic flux doesnot actually flow in a magnetic
circuit.
2. If temperature is held constant, then the resisitance of Reluctance of magnetic circuit is not constant. It
an electric circuit is constant. It is independent of depends upon the flux density in the material.
current density.
3. In order to maintain current flow, a continous In magnetic circuit, energy is required only for creating
expenditure of energy is required. This energy is the flux. But energy is not required for maintaining the
dissipated in the form of heat. flux.
4. For electric circuit there are a large number of perfect For magnetic flux, there is no perfect insulator. It can
insulators like glass, air, rubber, PVC and synthetic set up even in the non magnetic materials like air,
resin which do not allow it to flow through them. rubber, glass etc.

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