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Lect26

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19 views

Lect26

Uploaded by

Artecor
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© © All Rights Reserved
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• Recap: Lecture 24, 8th October 2024, 1135-1230 hrs.

– Brayton cycle
– Brayton cycle performance with pressure ratio and Tmax
– Brayton cycle
• Regeneration
• Intercooling
• Reheating
• Lecture 25/Tutorial # 4: Thursday, 11-October
• Quiz # 3: 22-October-2024, during lecture hours
– Syllabus: Otto and Diesel cycles
– Open notes, open books
Brayton cycle

qin Isobaric 3
P Isentropic
2 3 T qin

2 4
qout

1 4 1
qout

v s

Brayton cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams


Brayton cycle

• Substituting these equations into the thermal


efficiency relation and simplifying:
1
hth , Brayton = 1 - ( g -1) / g
rp
P2
where, rp = is the pressure ratio.
P1
• The thermal efficiency of a Brayton cycle is therefore
a function of the cycle pressure ratio and the ratio of
specific heats.
Brayton cycle with regeneration

3
qin
T

qregen 5’ 4
5
Regeneration
2
6 qsaved=qregen

1 qout
s

T-s diagram of a Brayton cycle with regeneration


Brayton cycle with regeneration

• The extent to which a regenerator approaches an ideal


regenerator is called the effectiveness, ε and is defined as
ε = qregen,act / qregen,max = (h5 - h2)/(h4 - h2)
• Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal
efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle with regeneration is:
æ T1 ö
hth ,regen = 1 - çç ÷÷(rp ) (g -1) / g
è T3 ø
• The thermal efficiency depends upon the temperature as
well as the pressure ratio.
Brayton cycle with intercooling,
reheating and regeneration
Polytropic
process paths
P
D C Work saved as
a result of
intercooling
B A
Intercooling
Isothermal
process path
1

v
Work inputs to a single-stage compressor
(process: 1AC) and a two-stage compressor
with intercooling (process: 1ABD).
Brayton cycle with intercooling,
reheating and regeneration
6 8
For best performance, it can
qin
T be shown that
P2 P4 P P
qregen = and 6 = 8
5 9 P1 P3 P7 P9
7

4 2
10
qsaved=qregen

3 1 qout
s

T-s diagram of an ideal gas-turbine cycle with


intercooling, reheating, and regeneration
Brayton cycle with intercooling,
reheating and regeneration

T
TH,avg

P=const

TL,avg

As the number of compression and expansion stages increases, the


Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration
approaches the Ericsson cycle.
Actual/Real Brayton cycle

• Actual Brayton cycles differ from the ideal cycles in all the
four processes.
• The compression process and expansion processes are
non-isentropic.
• Pressure drop during heat addition and heat rejection.
• The presence of irreversibilities causes the above
deviations.
Actual/Real Brayton cycle

Pressure drop
T
3
qin

2a 4a
4s
2s
qout
1
s

Actual Brayton cycle T-s diagram


Actual/Real Brayton cycle

• The deviation of actual compressors and turbines from


the isentropic versions can be accounted for by using
the isentropic efficiencies.
Isentropic work h2 s - h1
hC = @
Actual work h2 a - h1
Actual work h3 - h4 a
hT = @
Isentropic work h3 - h4 s
• Where, 2a and 4a are the actual states at the
compressor and turbine exit and 2s and 4s are the
corresponding isentropic states.
Actual/Real Brayton cycle

• As a result of non-isentropic compression and expansion,


the compressor needs more work than the ideal cycle and
turbine generates less work.
• Isentropic efficiencies reflect the amount of deviation of
the actual compression/expansion processes from the
ideal.
• Total pressure losses in the heat addition/rejection
processes also need to be considered.
Actual/Real Brayton cycle

• Other differences between ideal and actual Brayton


cycles
– Change of specific heats with temperature
– Heat exchanger effectiveness (in case of regenerative cycles)
– Mass flow rate of fuel
– Combustion efficiency
• These parameters are often used in actual cycle analysis.
Actual/Real Brayton cycle

• Actual Brayton cycle with intercooling


– Isentropic efficiencies of each stage of intercooling
– Heat exchanger effectiveness of the intercooling duct
• Actual Brayton cycle with reheating
– Isentropic efficiencies of each stage of reheating
– Total pressure loss and combustion efficiency during
reheating
• Actual Brayton cycle with regeneration
– Heat exchanger effectiveness
• Actual Brayton cycle with all three of these modifications need
to be analysed considering the above discussed
irreversibilities.
• Ideal Jet Propulsion cycles
– Slightly different from the ideal Brayton cycle
• Gases are not completely expanded in a turbine
• Partly in turbine and remainder in nozzle
• Net work output of the jet propulsion cycle is zero
– thrust developed in a turbojet engine is the
unbalanced force that is caused by the difference in
the momentum of the low-velocity air entering the
engine and the high-velocity exhaust gases leaving
the engine
Types of jet engines
• Ramjet:
– Mach number range 1.5-3.0,
– Application: Military
• Scramjet:
– Mach 3.0-10.0
– Application: Military, civil
• Turbojet:
– Mach 0-2.5
– Application: Military, civil?
• Turbofan:
– Mach 0-0.85
– Application: Civil, military?
• Turboprop:
– Mach 0-0.75
– Application Civil, military
• Turboshaft:
– Mach 0-0.55
– Application: Civil, military
A Comparison between gas turbine engine and a piston
engine
Gas turbine cycles

• Gas turbine engines operate on Brayton cycles.


• Ideal Brayton cycle is a closed cycle, whereas gas
turbines operate in the open cycle mode.
• Ideal cycle assumes that there are no irreversibilities
in the processes, air behaves like an ideal gas with
constant specific heats, and that there are no
frictional losses.

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