National Higher School of Technology and Engineering

Department of Process Engineering and Energy

5d class chemical engineering

Technical Thermodynamics

Dr. CHAOUCHI S 2023/2024

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Gas Turbine Cycle: Brayton, Reheat
Regeneration

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Gas generator The compressor module, combustor module and turbine module connected by one
or more shafts are collectively called the gas generator

Gas generator

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Introduction

The gas turbine is a power plant, which produces a great amount of energy for its size and weight. The aerospace engines

have been the leaders in most of the technology in the gas turbine. The design criteria for these engines was high

reliability, high performance, with many starts and flexible operation throughout the flight envelope.

The design of any gas turbine must meet essential criteria based on operational considerations : High efficiency….

The two factors, which most affect high turbine efficiencies, are pressure ratios and temperature.

The increase in pressure ratio increases the gas turbine thermal efficiency when accompanied with the increase in turbine

firing temperature. The increase in the pressure ratio increases the overall efficiency at a given temperature.

The effect of firing temperature is very predominant. Higher-pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures improve

efficiencies on the simple-cycle gas turbine.

Another way to achieve higher efficiencies is with regenerators.

The thermodynamic analysis presented here is an outline of the air-standard Brayton cycle and its various modifications.

These modifications are evaluated to examine the effects they have on the basic cycle. 5
Gas Turbine

The gas turbine is an internal combustion

engine that uses air as the working fluid.

The engine extracts chemical energy from

fuel and converts it to mechanical energy

using the gaseous energy of the working fluid

(air) to drive the engine

the turbine has engine sections called:

ⴔ The inlet section

ⴔ The compressor section

ⴔ The combustion section (the combustor)

ⴔ The turbine (and exhaust) section.

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Gas Turbine

Open cycle gas turbine Closed cycle gas turbine

Working on Joule cycle or Brayton cycle Working fluid air or other gas is circulated
Air is compressed in a rotary compressor and passed
into a combustion chamber where fuel is burnt, the continuously inside the machine
products of combustion are made to impinge over Working fluid does not come in contact with the
rings of turbine blades with high velocity and work is
produced. atmospheric air or fuel
60% of work produced is used to drive the Heat to working fluid is given externally by the
compressor and rest is available as useful power
About 5% power output by the motor is used to burning of the fuel that is why it is external
start the turbine To improve the turbine combustion engine
performance intercooler, heat exchanger and reheat
cycles are used with simple gas turbine cycle. Turbine exhaust rejects heat in a cooler

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The Brayton Cycle

Brayton cycle, popularly used for gas turbine power plants comprises of:
(1-2) Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
(2-3) Constant-pressure heat addition
(3-4) Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
(4-1) Constant-pressure heat rejection.

the energy balance for a steady-flow process can

be expressed, on a unit–mass basis, as

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Therefore, heat transfers to and from the working fluid are

Analyzing the cycle thermodynamically the efficiency of the cycle can be written as

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒉
𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝜼𝒕𝒉,𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝜼 = 𝜼𝒕𝒉,𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 =?
𝑸𝒊𝒏 𝑸𝒊𝒏

and

from isentropic processes 𝟏 → 𝟐 and 𝟑 → 𝟒, we have : Let the pressure ratio be,

so
from above

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Making substitution for in cycle efficiency :

𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝜸 𝟏
𝜼𝒕𝒉 𝑩𝒓𝒒𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 =𝟏− =𝟏− =𝟏− 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐
𝒓 𝜸

the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle depends on the pressure ratio of the gas turbine and the specific heat
ratio of the working fluid.
The thermal efficiency increases with both of these parameters,
which is also the case for actual gas turbines.

In gas-turbine power plants, the ratio of the compressor work to the

turbine work, called the back work ratio, is very high

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Actual Gas-Turbine Cycle

The actual gas-turbine cycle differs from the ideal Brayton cycle on several
accounts. For one thing, some pressure drop during the heat-addition and heat-
rejection processes is inevitable. More importantly, the actual work input to the
compressor is more, and the actual work output from the turbine is less because
of irreversibility's. The deviation of actual compressor and turbine behavior from
the idealized isentropic behavior can be accurately accounted for by utilizing the
isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and compressor as :

and

where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the compressor and the turbine, respectively, and 2s and 4s are the
corresponding states for the isentropic case 11
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

for the maximization of specific work output the gas turbine

exhaust temperature should be equal to compressor exhaust
temperature.
The turbine exhaust temperature is normally much above the
ambient temperature. Thus, their exist potential for tapping the
heat energy getting lost to surroundings with exhaust gases. Here it
is devised to use this potential by means of a heat exchanger called
regenerator, which shall preheat the air leaving compressor
before entering the combustion chamber, there by reducing the
amount of fuel to be burnt inside combustion chamber (combustor).
the high-pressure air leaving the compressor can be heated by
transferring heat to it from the hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow
heat exchanger, which is also known as a regenerator or a
recuperator
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Air normally leaves the regenerator at a lower temperature,
T5. In the limiting (ideal) case, the air exits the regenerator
at the inlet temperature of the exhaust gases T4.
Assuming the regenerator to be well insulated and any
changes in kinetic and potential energies to be negligible, the
actual and maximum heat transfers from the exhaust gases
to the air can be expressed as :

The extent to which a regenerator 𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 approaches an ideal regenerator

is called the effectiveness
When the cold-air-standard assumptions are utilized, it reduces to :

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Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle with regeneration is :

𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟏 𝜸
𝜼𝒕𝒉 𝑩𝒓𝒒𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 =𝟏− × 𝑟𝑝
𝑻𝟑

Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle with

regeneration depends on the ratio of the minimum to maximum

temperatures as well as the pressure ratio. The thermal efficiency is

plotted in this figure, for various pressure ratios and minimum-to-maximum

temperature ratios. This figure shows that regeneration is most effective

at lower pressure ratios and low minimum-to-maximum temperature ratios.

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