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UNIT 3

8051 MICROCONTROLLER

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lavanya
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6 views

UNIT 3

8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Uploaded by

lavanya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller 8051 is a basic microcontroller designed for


embedded systems technology. Intel developed this controller in the
1980s. It came with a Harvard architecture. NMOS technology was
used to develop it. This technology operates at more power.
Therefore, it was redesigned with CMOS technology. The letter C
was introduced in the later versions. For example, 8051 is an 8-bit
controller.

The updated versions of this microcontroller operate at a lower


power than the older versions. This controller has two memory
spaces of 64Kx8 size and two buses for data units and programs.
Moreover, it has 8-bit accumulator units and an 8-bit processing
unit. Read more to understand the complete architecture of this
controller.

The 8051 microcontroller block diagram expresses the internal


functioning of logical operations and memory segmentation. All
components are built in a single chip. Below is a list of the
components of the 8051 controller. Let’s have a look.
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

This component controls every single operation of the controller,


which is why it is commonly called the brain of the controller. The
in-built elements of the central processing unit are as follows:

 ALU: It is a short form of Arithmetic Logic Unit. This element


performs all mathematical operations, like division,
multiplication, subtraction, and addition. In addition, it can also
perform logical operations, including NAND, NOT, AND, XOR,
and OR.
 Program Counter: A 16-bit data address is stored in the
program counter. It also keeps track of the program sequence.
 Stack Pointer: It is basically a variable element that stores
another variable’s address. It can store addresses of up to 8-
bit where the data was stored last time.
 Accumulator: This is an 8-bit register. It performs the
automatic storage action of all mathematical operations within
the controller.
 Registers: These are commonly known as the storing units.
The registers that are mainly used in the 8051 microcontroller
are general-purpose registers. This controller consists of 34
general-purpose registers in total. Two of all the registers - A
and B - deal with the mathematical core of the controller,
whereas the other 32 registers are part of the internal RAM.
 Timing and Control: It performs internal operations with data
flow control and clock signal frequency of the 8051
microcontroller.

2. Oscillator Circuit

This component of the 8051 microcontroller generates clock pulses


to perform the operations of the controller. Therefore, it is also
called a clock generator. The oscillator circuit comes with a
frequency resonator and a variety of electrical components. The
frequency resonator decides the frequency of the clock pulse and
the functioning speed.

3. ROM & RAM

Like all microcontrollers, the 8051 comes with certain memory to


store programming code and data. This memory is often called a
memory chip. Generally, memory is divided into two types: RAM
and ROM, as discussed below.

 RAM: It is a short form of Random Access Memory. It is


responsible for storing data, which is why it is named as chip
data memory.
 ROM: The word “ROM” stands for Read Only Memory. Its
primary responsibility is to store the program instructions.
ROM can read the program when a controller is operating or
performing its functions.

4. Timers & Counters

Two 16-bit (or 2-byte) timers and counters are equipped with an
8051 microcontroller. The counters are further divided into an 8-bit
register. They are used in calculating the number of events, like
pulse counting, frequency measurements, pulse width
measurement, and more. In addition, timers and counters are also
used to determine the time period.

5. Interrupt Logic Circuitry

This logic circuit sense interrupts in an 8051 microcontroller. It


consists of interrupt priority registers, interrupt enable registers, and
several other elements.

6. Serial & Parallel I/O Ports


The 8051 controller has 4 I/O ports to connect with external
devices. Since a controller is used to control different machine
operations, I/O ports are required to transfer the data.

Part 2. Pin Diagram

As you can see in the image below, there are 40 pins in total for the
8051 microcontroller. Some of them perform separate individual
functions, whereas others are used in groups to perform a certain
task within the controller. Let’s get into further specifics
Pin Function
These pins combine to make Port 1. This is a bi-directional
1 to 8
I/O port.
This pin sets the controller to the primary value; therefore, it is
9
known as a Reset pin.
Port 3 is formed with these eight pins. This port is used for
10 to various functions, like interrupts, timer input, and serial
17 communication indicators for transfer and receival of the data.
Port 3 is also known as a domestic pull-up port.
18 and These two pins are used to interface the given system clock
19 with the outer crystal oscillator.
It is denoted as Vss. This pin symbolizes 0V or ground
20
voltage of the 8051 controller.
21 to Port 2 is formed with these eight pins. This port is used as an
28 I/O port. It multiplexes the senior order address bus.
It is PSEN or a Program Store Enable. You can interpret the
29 sign from the outer program memory with this pin of the
controller.
It belongs to EA or External Access. It is used to prohibit or
30 permit the interfacing of the outer memory. This pin is linked
to the supply voltage to set it to high.
It belongs to ALE or Address Latch Enable. It is used to
31 demultiplex the Port 0 address data indication for interfacing
with the outer memory.
32 to These eight pins combine to form Port 0 of the controller. This
39 is a bi-directional I/O port that multiplexes data bus signals
and lower-order addresses. To utilize this port, you need
outer connected pull-up resistors.
With this pin, you can provide your circuit with the power
40
supply.

Key Features of 8051 Microcontroller

Potential features that make this controller stand out in the market
are as follows:

 The data memory is 128 bytes on-chip RAM.


 The program memory is 4096 bytes on-chip ROM.
 This controller has a 32-bit input/output line that is arranged as
four 8-bit units.
 It has 16-bit timers and counters.
 The intrusion cycle of the 8051 microcontroller is only one
microsecond. It is because of the 12MHz crystal.
 It carries 12 user-defined flags.
 Four register banks of 8-bit each are available within the
controller. It has a direct bit and byte address ability.
 It has a two-level prioritized interrupt structure.
 This controller consists of parity computing features, a high-
speed programmable serial port, and multiple modes.
 It has three internal and two external interrupts.
 A 16-bit unidirectional address bus.
 An 8-bit bidirectional data bus.
Part 4. 8051 Microcontroller Applications

This controller offers a wide range of applications in different areas.


Three of the most common areas where the 8051 microcontroller is
used are as follows:

1. Measurement Applications

This area includes using the 8051 microcontroller for current meter
objects, voltmeter applications, handheld metering systems, and
measuring and revolving objects.

2. Daily Life Applications

It covers the use of the controller in automobile applications,


temperature sensing and controlling devices, defense applications,
fire detection and safety devices, and light sensing tools.

3. Industrial Applications

This controller is used in process control devices and


instrumentation devices at the industrial level.

Other applications of this controller include energy management,


touch screens, medical devices, robotics, remote sensing, home
appliances, consumer applications, and the list goes on.

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