BIOCHEMISTRY - it deals with the study of

behavioral catalyst or
- Can be defined as the enzymes, such as a
science concerned with certain proteins and
chemical basis of life. certain catalytic RNA and
(Gk bios “life”) coenzymes and co factors
- The science concerned such as metals and
with the chemical vitamins
constituents of living cells.
- Encompasses large areas 4. Metabolic biochemistry
of cell biology, of -the study of area of
molecular biology, and biochemistry who claim to
of molecular genetics. know the different types of
- Having been known since metabolic pathways at
the 1900. the cellular level and
- Understanding how organic context.
biological molecules give
rise to the process that 5. Immunology
occur within living cells. - all this taking into
account the reaction and
Three Areas to Study: immune function of living
1. Structural and things.
Functional Biochemistry
- Chemical structures and 6. Endocrinology
3D Arrangements of -biosynthesis storage
molecules and function of
hormones cells and
2. Informational tissue secret in the
Biochemistry hormone signaling
- Language for storing metabolism.
biological data and
transmitting data in the 7. Virology
cells and organisms. - this is one of the areas of
biology detect dedicated to
3. Bioenergetics study of elementary
- Flow of energy in living biosystems.
organisms.
8. Molecular Genetic and
Branches of Biochemistry Genetics Engineering
1. Structural Biochemistry - an area of biochemistry
-one of the main branches of and molecular biology that
Biochemistry, it deals with the studies the genes the
chemical architecture of heritage and their
biological macromolecules expression

2. Bio-organic Chemistry 9. Molecular biology

- -deals with the area of -scientific discipline that
Chemistry that deals with aims to the study the
the study of organic process taking place in
compounds that come living organism for the
specially from living things. molecular standpoint.
(i.e, those having carbon-
carbon or carbon-hydrogen 10. Cell biology
covalent bond). -this is an area of biology
dedicated to study of
3. Enzymology morphology and
physiology of a
prokaryotes.

Biochemical Substances CELLS

- Is a chemical substance
found within living
organism. Cell is the basic structural and
Bio-organic Substances functional component of life,
- Substances that contains humans are multicellular
carbon. organism composed of 60 to
Bio-inorganic Substances 100 trillion cells.
- Substances that do not
contain carbon. They are made up of primarily of
four elements carbon,
The WHO (World Health hydrogen, oxygen, and
Organization) constitution nitrogen.
states: "Health is a state of
complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not
merely the absence of
disease or infirmity."

BIOCHEMISTRY IN THE
DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT OF DISEASE

Health - depends on a
harmonious balance of
biochemical reactions
occurring in the body.

Disease - reflects
abnormalities in biomolecules,
biochemical reactions, and
processes.
- the primary functions of
the nucleus are to store
Cell Membrane the cell & DNA, maintain
- also called the plasma its integrity,
membrane, is the outer and facilitate its
layer that encloses the transcription and
cell. It is semi-permeable, replication.
meaning it allows only
certain molecules in and Tissues
out of the cell. Tissue is a cellular organization
level intermediate between
Cytoplasm cells and a complete
- It is a jelly-like liquid in the organism.
cell where chemical
reactions take place and
where all organelles and
cell parts are contained.

Mitochondria
- Are membrane-bound cell
organelles that generate
most of the chemical
energy needed to power
the cell's biochemical
reactions.

Lysosomes
- functions as the digestive
system of the cell,
serving both to degrade
material taken up from
outside the cell and to Histology – the study of
digest obsolete tissues.
components of the cell
itself. Cytology – the study of cells.
Golgi Bodies Histopathology – study of the
- is responsible for signs of disease using
transporting, microscopic examination.
modifying, and
packaging proteins and
lipids into vesicles for
The Chemical Composition
delivery. of Living Matter

Endoplasmic Reticulum Living things

- to produce proteins for – are composed of lifeless
the rest of the cell to molecules and have the
function. capacity to extract and
transform energy from their
Ribosomes environment
- a micro-machine for
making proteins.
Ribosomes are composed
of special proteins and
nucleic acids.

Nucleus
Most biological compounds are
made up CARBON, OXYGEN, Metabolism
and HYDROGEN, together with - the process by which your
some organic elements like body converts what you
NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS eat and drink into
and SULFUR. energy.
Tissues are made up of
about:
Water - 70%-90%
Solids- 10%-30% solids
1% - inorganic
99%- organic

Some Characteristic of Living

Things that ensure survival are: All living organisms possess a
characterize size and shape.
- Adaptation
- Growth and Repair
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
- All Living Organism
possess a characteristic
size and shape Response to Stimuli or
- Responsiveness to stimuli Sensitivity
or sensitivity.

Adaptation
– the action of process or
adopting.

The Chemical Composition of

Living Matter:

Reproduction - Water
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Ions
- Polarity
- Electrolytes
- Acid and Base
- Organic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds

Water
- All life forms from the
simplest bacteria to the
most complex multicellular
Growth and Repair plants and animals contain
water.
- Human cells are composed
70% to 90% water.
-
Water is a polar molecule General Properties
which means that it has a region
with a slight negative charge • Water has unique property.
(the oxygen atom) and a region • Water has exceptional
with slight positive charge (the solvent property.
hydrogen atoms). • Water properties altered
1. Within the cells by solutes.
- Intracellular water • Water has high specific
heat.
2. Outside the cell • Water has high latent heat
- Extracellular water of vaporization.
• Water has a high surface
a. Within the blood vessels tension.
- Intravascular water.
b. Between vascular spaces
and the cell - Interstitial water
Hydrogen Bonding

- Is the interaction
between the partial
negative charge on
oxygen atom of one
water molecule and the
partial negative charge
on oxygen on the
hydrogen with a
neighboring water
molecule.

Ions

- An ion is an atom or a
Functions of Water molecule that does not
have an equal number
It is a universal medium in of protons and
which the various chemical electrons.
changes of the body take place.

As a carrier it aids in digestion,

absorption, circulation and
excretion.

It helps in the maintenance of

the body temperature.
Acts as a transporting medium An electron is a negatively
for nutrients and all body charged subatomic particle that
substances. can be either bound to an atom
or free (not bound).
It plays an important part in An electron that is bound to an
mechanical functions, such as atom is one of the three primary
lubrication of joints and the types of particles within the
movement of the viscera in the atom -the other two are
abdominal cavity protons and neutrons.
Together, electrons, protons and
It aids in the elimination of neutrons form an atom's
waste products. nucleus.
pH Scale runs from 0 to 14
0-6 are considered acids
(lowpH)
7 is neutral
8-14 are considered bases
(high pH)

A proton is a subatomic particle

found in the nucleus of every
atom. The particle has a
positive electrical charge.

A neutron is a subatomic
particle found in the nucleus
of every atom except that of
simple hydrogen. The particle
derives its name from the fact
that it has no electrical charge;
it is neutral.

Polarity
Polarity is a molecule with
atoms of different Organic Compounds
electronegativity a part of the
molecule has more electron any of a large class of
density, or partial negative chemical compounds in which
charge one or more atoms of carbon are
covalently linked to atoms of
Electronegativity is a measure other elements, most commonly
of the tendency of an atom to hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
attract a bonding pair of
electrons. Nucleic Acid
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Electrolytes Fats & Lipids

Electrolytes is a substance In-organic Compounds

that breaks up into
ions when it is dissolved in inorganic compound, any
water or body fluids. substance in which two or
examples of ions are sodium, more chemical elements
potassium, calcium, chloride, (usually other than carbon)
and phosphate. are combined, nearly always in
definite proportions.

Example Bulk Elements:

N, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K & Ca

Physical Chemistry
is the study of how matter
behaves on a molecular and
Acid and Base atomic level and how chemical
reactions occur based on their Homogeneous- one phase/
analysis miscible
Heterogeneous- particles can
State of Matter still be seen/ immiscible.

General Properties of Colloidal

State of Matter

A colloid is a mixture that has a. Friability

particles ranging between 1 and b. Negligible Osmotic
1000 nanometers in Pressure
diameter, yet are still able to c. Tyndall Phenomenon
remain evenly distributed d. Brownian Movement
throughout the solution. e. Electrical Charges
These are also known as f. Surface Tension
colloidal dispersions because g. Adsorption
the substances remain h. Chromatography
dispersed and do not settle to i. Viscosity
the bottom of the container. j. Osmosis
k. Diffusion
l. Dialysis

The solute is the substance that

is being dissolved, while the
solvent is the dissolving Filterability
medium. - The particles of colloids
solution can pass
through ordinary filter
paper but not through
parchment membrane.

Negligible Osmotic
Pressure
- The pressure that must
be applied to the
solution side to stop
fluid movement.

Types of Mixtures:
Tyndall Phenomenon
Adsorption
The particles of colloids solution
can pass through ordinary filter is the adhesion of atoms,
paper but not through ions or molecules from a gas,
parchment membrane. liquid or dissolved solid to a
surface.

Brownian Movement
Chromatography
used to separate and identify
the components of a mixture
of substance.

the uncontrolled or erratic

movement of particles in a
fluid due to their constant
collision with other fast-moving. Viscosity

Electrical Charges Liquid tends to flow due to its

fluidity.
Factors affecting viscosity:
Temperature
Chemical Nature
Colloids
Suspended Particles

unit of matter that expresses the

extent to which it has more or
fewer electrons than protons.

Surface Tension
Osmosis
the tendency of liquid Is the Passage of water from
surfaces at rest to shrink into a region of high-water
the minimum surface area concentration through a
possible. semi-permeable membrane
to a region of low water
concentration.

defined as the property of the

surface of a liquid that allows
it to resist an external force, Diffusion
due to the cohesive nature of the interpenetration of
the water molecules. molecules between two
substances, from an area of
higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.

Dialysis
When two different solution are
separated by a membrane which
a allows the passage of the
crystalloids but not colloids,
dialysis occurs.