Sheet 5 Power Electronics

1) The buck converter of Fig. 6-3a has the following parameters: Vs= 24V,
D=0.65, L=25µH, C=15µF,R=10Ω . The switching frequency is100 kHz.
Determine
(a) the output voltage
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐷 = 24 × 0.65 = 15.6𝑉
(b) the maximum and minimum inductor currents
𝑉𝑜 15.6
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅 = = = 1.56𝐴
𝑅 10
𝑉𝑜 15.6 1
∆𝑖𝐿 = (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 = (1 − 0.65 ) = 2.184𝐴
𝐿 25 × 10−6 100 × 103
∆𝑖𝐿 2.184
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = 1.56 + = 2.652𝐴
2 2
∆𝑖𝐿 2.184
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = 1.56 − = 0.468𝐴
2 2
(c) the output voltage ripple.
𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷) 15.6(1 − 0.65)
∆𝑉𝑜 = =
8 × 𝐿 × 𝐶 × 𝑓 2 8 × 25 × 10−6 × 15 × 10−6 × (100 × 103 )2
= 0.182𝑉
∆𝑉𝑜 0.182
= × 100 = 1.17%
𝑉𝑜 15.6
2) The buck converter of Fig. 6-3a has an input of 50 V and an output of 25 V.
The switching frequency is 100 kHz, and the output power to a load resistor is
125 W.
(a) Determine the duty ratio.
𝑉𝑜 25
𝐷= = = 0.5
𝑉𝑠 50
(b)Determine the value of inductance to limit the peak inductor current to6.25 A.
𝑃𝑜 125
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 = = = 5𝐴
𝑉𝑜 25
∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.25𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 +
2
∆𝑖𝐿 = (𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝐿 ) × 2 = (6.25 − 5) × 2 = 2.5𝐴
𝑉𝑜 25 1
∆𝑖𝐿 = (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 = (1 − 0.5) = 2.5
𝐿 𝐿 100 × 103
𝑉𝑜 25 1
𝐿= (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 = (1 − 0.5) 3
= 5 × 10−5 𝐻 = 50µ𝐻
∆𝑖𝐿 2.5 100 × 10
(c) Determine the value of capacitance to limit the output voltage ripple to 0.5
percent.

∆𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑉𝑜
= 0.5% = ∆𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 × 0.5% = 25 × 0.5% = 0.125𝑉
𝑉𝑜 25

𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷) 25(1 − 0.5)
∆𝑉𝑜 = = = 0.125𝑉
8 × 𝐿 × 𝐶 × 𝑓 2 8 × 5 × 10−5 × 15 × 𝐶 × (100 × 103 )2

𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷)
𝐶=
8 × 𝐿 × ∆𝑉𝑜 × 𝑓 2
25(1 − 0.5)
= −5 3 2
= 2.5 × 10−5 𝐹 = 25µ𝐹
8 × 5 × 10 × 0.125 × (100 × 10 )
3) The buck converter of Fig. 6-3a has Vs=30V, Vo=20V, and a switching
frequency of 40 kHz. The output power is 25 W. Determine the size of the
inductor such that the minimum inductor current is 25 percent of the average
inductor current.
𝑉𝑜 20
𝐷= = = 0.667
𝑉𝑠 30
𝑃𝑜 25
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 = = = 1.25𝐴
𝑉𝑜 20

𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25% × 1.25 = 0.3125𝐴

∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = 0.3125𝐴
2
∆𝑖𝐿 = (𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) × 2 = (1.25 − 0.3125) × 2 = 1.875𝐴

𝑉𝑜 20 1
∆𝑖𝐿 = (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 = (1 − 0.667) = 1.875
𝐿 𝐿 40 × 103
𝑉𝑜 20 1
𝐿= (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 = (1 − 0.667) 3
= 8.9 × 10−5 𝐻 = 89µ𝐻
∆𝑖𝐿 1.875 40 × 10
4) A buck converter has an input voltage that varies between 50 and 60 V and a
load that varies between 75 and 125 W. The output voltage is 20 V. For a
switching frequency of 100 kHz, determine the minimum inductance to
provide for continuous current for every operating possibility.
𝑉𝑜
𝐷=
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑜 20 𝑉𝑜 20
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.4 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.33
𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 50 𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 60

𝑃𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 =
𝑉𝑜
𝑃𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 125 𝑃𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 75
𝐼𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 6.25𝐴 𝐼𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 3.75𝐴
𝑉𝑜 20 𝑉𝑜 20

𝑉𝑜2
𝑅=
𝑃
𝑉𝑜2 202 𝑉𝑜2 202
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 3.2Ω 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 5.33Ω
𝑃𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 125 𝑃𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 75

(1 − 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 )𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 0.33)5.33

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 3
= 1.78 × 10−5 𝐻 = 17.8µ𝐻
2𝑓 2 × 100 × 10

(1 − 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1 − 0.4)3.2

𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 3
= 9.6 × 10−6 𝐻 = 9.6µ𝐻
2𝑓 2 × 100 × 10
5) A buck converter has an input voltage that varies between 10 and 15 V and a
load current that varies between 0.5 A and 1.0 A. The output voltage is 5 V.
For a switching frequency of 200 kHz, determine the minimum inductance to
provide for continuous current for every operating possibility.

𝑉𝑜
𝐷=
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑜 5 𝑉𝑜 5
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.5 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.33
𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 10 𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 15

𝑉𝑜
𝑅=
𝐼𝑜
𝑉𝑜 5 𝑉𝑜 5
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 5Ω 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 10Ω
𝐼𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 𝐼𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.5

(1 − 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 )𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 0.33)10

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 3
= 1.675 × 10−5 𝐻 = 16.75µ𝐻
2𝑓 2 × 200 × 10

(1 − 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1 − 0.5)5

𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 3
= 6.25 × 10−6 𝐻 = 6.25µ𝐻
2𝑓 2 × 100 × 10
6) Design a buck converter to produce an output of 15 V from a 24-V source.
The load is 2 A. Design for continuous inductor current.
Specify the switching frequency and the values of each of the components.
Assume ideal components.
𝑉𝑜 15
𝐷= = = 0.625
𝑉𝑠 24

𝑉𝑜 15
𝑅= = = 7.5Ω
𝐼𝑜 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑓 = 200𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝑖𝑓 ∆𝑖𝐿 = 20%𝐼𝐿 = 20% × 2 = 0.4𝐴

(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )𝐷 (24 − 15)0.625

𝐿= = 3
= 7.03 × 10−5 𝐻 = 70.3µ𝐻
∆𝑖𝐿 × 𝑓 0.4 × 200 × 10

𝑖𝑓 ∆𝑉𝑜 = 1%𝑉𝑜 = 1% × 15 = 0.15𝑉

𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷)
𝐶=
8 × 𝐿 × ∆𝑉𝑜 × 𝑓 2
15(1 − 0.625)
= −5 3 2
= 1.67 × 10−6 𝐹 = 1.67µ𝐹
8 × 7.03 × 10 × 0.15 × (200 × 10 )
7) The boost converter of Fig. 6-8 has parameter Vs=20V, D=0.6, R=12.5Ω,
L=10µH, C=40µF, and the switching frequency is 200 kHz.
(a) Determine the output voltage.
𝑉𝑠 20
𝑉𝑜 = = = 50𝑉
1 − 𝐷 1 − 0.6

(b) Determine the average, maximum, and minimum inductor currents.

𝑉𝑠 20
𝐼𝐿 = = = 10𝐴
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 (1 − 0.6)2 12.5

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 2𝐿
1
20 20 × 0.6 ×
= + 200 × 103 = 13𝐴
(1 − 0.6)2 12.5 2 × 10 × 10−6

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 2𝐿
1
20 20 × 0.6 ×
= − 200 × 103 = 7𝐴
(1 − 0.6)2 12.5 2 × 10 × 10−6

(c) Determine the output voltage ripple.

∆𝑉𝑜 𝐷 0.6
= = −6 3
= 6 × 10−3 = 0.6%
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝐶𝑓 12.5 × 40 × 10 × 200 × 10

(d) Determine the average current in the diode. Assume ideal components.
𝑉𝑜 50
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝑜 = = = 4𝐴
𝑅 12.5