ASME EA-3–2009

REAFFIRMED 201 4

Energy
FOR CURRENT COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
PLEASE E-MAIL [email protected]

Assessment for
Steam Systems

A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D
I n te n ti o n al l y l e ft bl an k
ASME EA-3–2009

Energy
Assessment for
Steam Systems

AN AMERI CAN N ATI ON AL STAN DARD

Date of Issuance: January 22, 2010

This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will be no addenda
issued to this edition.
ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Standard. Periodically
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CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Correspondence With the EA Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

1 Scope and Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4 Organizing the Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

5 Conducting the Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6 Assessment Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

7 Report and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure
1 Assessment Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Nonmandatory Appendix
A Key References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

iii
FOREWORD

This document provides a standardized framework for conducting an energy assessment for steam systems, hereafter
referenced as an “assessment.” A steam system is defned as a system containing steam generator(s) or other steam
source(s), a steam distribution network, and end-use equipment. Cogeneration and power generation components
may also be elements of the system. If steam condensate is collected and returned, the condensate return subsystem
is a part of the steam system. Assessments involve collecting and analyzing system design, operation, energy use,
and performance data and identifying energy performance improvement opportunities for system optimization. An
assessment may also include additional information, such as recommendations for improving resource utilization,
reducing per unit production cost, reducing life cycle costs, and improving environmental performance related to the
assessed system(s).
This Standard provides a common defnition for what constitutes an assessment, for both users and providers
of assessment services. The objective is to provide clarity for these types of services which have been variously
described as energy assessments, energy audits, energy surveys, and energy studies. In all cases, systems (energy-using
logical groups of industrial equipment organized to perform a specifc function) are analyzed through techniques,
such as measurements, resulting in the identifcation, documentation, and prioritization of performance improvement
opportunities.
This Standard sets the requirements for conducting and reporting the results of an assessment that evaluates the en-
tire system, from energy inputs to the end use utilization of these inputs. An assessment that complies with this Stan-
dard need not address each individual system component or subsystem within an industrial facility with equal weight;
however, it must be suffciently comprehensive to identify the major energy effciency opportunities for improving the
overall energy performance of the system. This Standard is designed to be applied primarily at industrial facilities, but
many of the concepts can be used in other facilities such as those in the institutional and commercial sectors.
The Standard is part of a portfolio of documents designed to assist in improving the effciency of industrial facili-
ties. Initially, four assessment standards are being developed for compressed air, process heating, pumping, and steam
systems. Other related existing and planned efforts to improve the effciency of industrial facilities include:
(a) ASME guidance documents for the assessment standards, which provide rationale for the technical requirements
of the assessment standards and give technical guidance, application notes, alternate approaches, tips, techniques, and
rules-of-thumb.
(b) A certifcation program for each assessment standard that recognizes certifed practitioners as individuals who
have demonstrated, via a professional qualifying exam, that they have the necessary knowledge and skills to properly
apply the assessment standard.
(c) An energy management standard, “A Management System for Energy, ANSI/MSE 2000:2008,” which is a stan-
dardized approach to managing energy supply, demand, reliability, purchase, storage, use, and disposal, and is used to
control and reduce an organization’s energy costs and energy-related environmental impact. Note: This ANSI standard
will eventually be superseded by ISO 50001, now under development.
(d) An ANSI-accredited measurement and verifcation protocol that includes methodologies for verifying the results
of energy effciency projects.
(e) A program, Superior Energy Performance, that will offer ANSI-accredited certi fcation for energy effciency
through application of ANSI/MSE 2000:2008 and documentation of a specifed improvement in energy performance
using the ANSI measurement and verifcation protocol.
The complementary documents described above, when used together, will assist organizations seeking to establish
and implement company-wide or site-wide energy plans.
ASME EA-3–2009 was approved by the EA Industrial System Energy Assessment Standards Committee on October 1,
2009 and approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on December 2, 2009.

iv
EA INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM ENERGY
ASSESSMENT STANDARDS COMMITTEE
(Th e followi n g is th e roster of th e Com m i ttee at th e ti m e of approval of th is Stan d ard . )

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

F. P. Fendt, Chair
P. E. Sheaffer, Vice Chair
R. L. Crane, Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

J. A. Almaguer, The Dow Chemical Co. A. T. McKane, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
R. D. Bessette, Council of Industrial Boiler Owners W. A. Meffert, Georgia Institute of Technology
R. L. Crane, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers J. L. Nicol, Science Applications International Corp.
G. T. Cunningham, Tennessee Tech University J. D. Rees, North Carolina State University
T. J. Dunn, Weyerhaeuser Co. P. E. Scheihing, U.S. Department of Energy
F. P. Fendt, The Dow Chemical Co. P. E. Sheaffer, Resource Dynamics Corp.
A. R. Ganji, San Francisco State University V. C. Tutterow, Project Performance Corp.
J. C. Ghislain, Ford Motor Co. L. Whitehead, Tennessee Valley Authority
T. A. Gunderzik, XCEL Energy A. L. Wright, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
S. J. Korellis, Contributing Member, Electric Power Research Institute R. G. Wroblewski, Productive Energy Solutions, LLC

PROJECT TEAM EA- 3 – ENERGY ASSESSMENT FOR STEAM SYSTEMS

A. L. Wright, Chair, Oak Ridge National Laboratory F. P. Fendt, The Dow Chemical Co.
G. Harrell, Vice Chair, Energy Management Services G. Hahn, Spirax Sarco
R. J. Jendrucko, Vice Chair, Consultant G. M. Halley, American Boiler Manufacturer Association
P. E. Sheaffer, Secretary, Resource Dynamics Corp N. Iordanova, Armstrong Service, Inc.
W. R. Behr, Consultant G. McCoy, Washington State University
D. M. Bloom, Nalco Co. R. A. Papar, Hudson Technologies Co.
C. R. Bozzuto, Consultant W. L. Wells, LyondellBasell
S. Connor, Cleaver Brooks

v
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EA COMMITTEE

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revisions, and attending Committee meetings. Correspondence should be addressed to:

Secretary, EA Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
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http://go.asme.org/Inquiry

Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate changes that appear necessary
or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application of the Standard. Approved revisions will
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citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed description of the reasons for the proposal,
including any pertinent documentation.
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the Standard, the paragraph, fgure or table number(s), and be written as a Question and Reply in the same format as
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Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and a concise description.

Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the Standard for which the interpretation is being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specifc requirement suitable for general
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Standards Committee.

vi
ASME EA-3–2009

ENERGY ASSESSMENT FOR STEAM SYSTEMS

1 SCOPE AND INTRODUCTION collecting and analyzing data on system design, opera-
tion, energy use, and performance; identifying energy
1 .1 Scope performance improvement opportunities and making rec-
This Standard covers steam systems that are de fned ommendations for system improvement and energy-sav-
as a system containing steam generator(s) or other steam ing project implementation in a written report. This report
source(s), a steam distribution network and end-use shall document system design; quantify energy operation
equipment. Cogeneration and power generation compo- and performance data; document the assessment process;
nents may also be elements of the system (gas turbines, show results, recommendations and savings projections;
backpressure steam turbines, condensing steam turbines). and improve the plant or facility personnel’s understand-
If steam condensate is collected and returned, the con- ing of steam system energy use and operation.
densate return subsystem is a part of the steam system. This Standard sets requirements for:
This Standard sets the requirements for preparing for, (a) organizing and conducting a steam system assessment

conducting, and reporting the results of a steam system (b) analyzing the data from the assessment

energy assessment (hereafter referenced as an “assess- (c) reporting and documentation of assessment fndings

ment”) that considers the entire system, from energy in- When contracting for assessment services, plant per-
puts to the work performed as the result of these inputs. sonnel may use the Standard to de f ne and communi-
An assessment complying with this Standard need not cate their desired scope of assessment activity to third
address each individual system component or speci f c party contractors or consultants.
system within an industrial facility with equal weight;
however, it shall be suffciently comprehensive to iden- 1 .2 Limitations
tify the major opportunities for improving the overall This Standard does not provide guidance on how
energy performance of the steam system. This Standard to perform a steam system assessment, but sets the re-
is designed to be applied primarily at industrial facili- quirements that need to be performed during the as-
ties, but most of the speci fed procedures can be used sessment. For additional assistance, see the companion
in other facilities such as those in the institutional and ASME Guide for ASME EA-3-2 009 Energy Assessment for
commercial sectors. Steam Systems on how to apply this Standard.
The scope of work shall be to complete a comprehen- (a) This Standard does not specify how to design a
sive assessment on a steam system. In the case of an steam system.
exceptionally large facility, it may be desirable to focus (b) This Standard does not specify the quali fcations
on only one of several steam systems. As a result, the and expertise required of the person using the Standard.
assessment plan should be developed for this speci f c (c) This Standard does not specify how to implement
system only. If an energy stream derives from or is di- the recommendations developed during the assessment,
rected to an adjacent system (possibly in an adjacent en- but does include recommendations for implementation
ergy-supplying or receiving facility), then the details of activities.
the energy streams (e.g., electricity, steam, natural gas) (d) This Standard does not specify how to measure
shall be considered as part of the assessment of the tar- and validate the energy savings that result from imple-
get system. menting assessment recommendations.
Assessments involve collecting and analyzing data on (e) This Standard does not specify how to calibrate
system design, operation, energy use, and performance, test equipment used during the assessment.
and identifying energy performance improvement oppor- (f) This Standard does not specify how to estimate the
tunities for system optimization. An assessment may also implementation cost or conduct fnancial analysis for
include recommendations for improving resource utiliza- recommendations developed during the assessment.
tion, reducing per unit production cost, reducing life cycle (g) This Standard does not specify specifc steps required
costs, and improving environmental performance related for safe operation of equipment during the assessment.
to the assessed system(s). Assessment activities shall The plant personnel in charge of normal operation of the
include but are not limited to engaging facility personnel equipment are responsible for ensuring that it is operated
and providing information about the assessment process; safely during the data collection phase of the assessment.

1
ASME EA-3–2009

(h) For outside individuals working in a private or energy stream: a fow of material carrying energy across a
publicly owned company facility, issues of intellectual boundary or within a system or subsystem in the forms of
property, con f dentiality, and safety shall be addressed electricity, fossil fuel (e.g., natural gas, coal, process waste
before beginning an assessment. While the impor- fuel), stack gas, steam, or water (including blowdown
tance of satisfying these requirements and related is- and condensate).
sues is acknowledged, they are not addressed in this
feld measurement: the evaluation of a system variable
Standard.
through the use of instrumentation is a feld measurement.
Typical feld measurements include temperature, pres-
2 DEFINITIONS sure, and fow.

assessment: activities undertaken to identify energy frst law of thermodynamics: the frst law of thermodynamics

performance improvement opportunities in a steam simply stated is the combined amount of mass-and-energy
is neither created nor destroyed by natural processes — it can
system which consider all components and functions,
from energy inputs to the work performed as the result only change form. In other words, the amount of mass-
of these inputs. Individual components or subsystems and-energy in the universe remains constant. In steam
need not be addressed with equal weight, but assess- system applications it is almost always appropriate to
ments shall be suff ciently comprehensive to identify separate the frst law of thermodynamics into the prin-
the major energy effciency opportunities for improv- ciple of the conservation of mass and the principle of the
conservation of energy.
ing overall system energy performance. System impact
versus individual component characteristics should be impact costs: the true economic infuence of a commod-
discussed. ity is identifed as the impact cost. Impact costs are com-
assessment conditions: the operating conditions during the
monly expressed in terms of an applicable unit of energy
($/10 6 Btu for example) and accurately refect the fnancial
assessment period that serve as the basis of the measure-
infuence of a specifc system operational or equipment
ments for the assessment investigations are identifed as
the assessment conditions . change. The manner of calculation of impact cost may
vary, depending on a specifc action considered.
baseline conditions: a set of operating conditions, and the
model :one or more equations expressing conservation
associated system energy use, that the assessment team
principles and other relationships that describes the
will use as a basis for calculating energy improvement
characteristics of an energy system. The equation(s) may
opportunity impacts. Baseline conditions can, for exam-
be solved manually (if suffciently simple) or with com-
ple, be the assessment operating conditions, normal op-
puter simulation (computer model).
erating conditions, future operating conditions, or past
operating conditions. normal operating conditions : a set of operating conditions
that are considered as periods of time when the equip-
conservation of energy (energy balance): the application of
ment loading, system parameters, and process demands
the principle of conservation of energy as developed from
are re fective of typical or nominal conditions.
the f rst law of thermodynamics is identifed as an energy
balance. Stated simply, the principle of conservation operating conditions: the operating conditions of a facility are
of energy is: energy can neither be created nor destroyed by the basic system characteristics, such as steam produc-
natural processes, it can only change form. An energy bal- tion, equipment loading, process demands, and many
ance can be applied to a single component, a composite additional parameters. These conditions are both quali-
subsystem, or an entire system. tative (e.g., type of boiler controls) and quantitative (e.g.,
boiler steam production level).
conservation of mass (mass balance): the application of the
principle of conservation of mass as developed from the steam system: a system containing steam generator(s) or
frst law of thermodynamics. Stated simply, the principle of other steam source(s), a steam distribution network, and
conservation of mass is: mass can neither be created nor de- end-use equipment. Cogeneration and power generation
A mass
stroyed by natural processes, it can only change form. components may also be elements of the system (e.g.,
balance can be applied to a single component, a compos- gas turbines, backpressure steam turbines, condensing
ite subsystem, or an entire system. steam turbines). If steam condensate is collected and re-
turned, the condensate return subsystem is a part of the
eff ciency: eff ciency
is a general term used to describe the
steam system.
effectiveness of energy utilization in a component, a sub-
system, or an entire system. Specifc de fnitions are as- utility: a utility is identifed as any energy commodity.
cribed to the various applications of effciency. A general This includes purchased electricity, onsite generated elec-
identifcation of effciency that satis fes most applications tricity, fuels, water, compressed air, and all other energy
is the ratio of the useful energy output divided by the resource commodities supplied to the system. Steam is
energy input. considered a utility as well.

2
ASME EA-3–2009

3 REFERENCES to participate in the assessment to the extent necessary. The

assessment team shall gain written support of plant man-
3.1 Reference Standards agement prior to conducting the assessment, as follows:
There are no reference standards in this Standard. (a) Commit the necessary funding, personnel, and
resources to support the assessment.
3.2 Informative References (b) Communicate to facility personnel the assess-
ment’s importance to the organization.
This Standard can be incorporated into an energy man-
agement plan developed using ANSI/MSE 2000:2008, A
Management System for Energy, Georgia Institute of Tech- 4. 3 Communications
nology, 2008. Nonmandatory Appendix A lists key refer- Lines of communication required for the assessment
ences with additional information on steam systems. shall be established. The assessment team shall provide
clear guidance to facilitate communications among
4 ORGANIZING THE ASSESSMENT members of the assessment team so all necessary in-
formation and data can be communicated in a timely
4. 1 Identifi cation of Assessment Team Members manner. This includes administrative data, logistics
A comprehensive and complete assessment can be information, as well as operational and maintenance
achieved only when a set of knowledgeable personnel data.
participate in the assessment process. Functions required
to accomplish an assessment are listed in para. 4.1.1. The 4. 4 Access to Equipment, Resources, and
assessment team shall have members that are assigned Information
responsibility and authority to carry out these functions. For the performance of a complete and comprehensive
Information on other assessment team members is pro- assessment of a steam system, it is necessary to physi-
vided in para. 4.7.1. cally inspect and make selected measurements on the
system components. The assessment team shall have ac-
4 . 1 . 1 Required Functions and Personnel cess to the following:
4 . 1 . 1 . 1 Resource Allocation (a) all aspects of the steam system, including the gen-

(a) Allocate funding and resources necessary to plan eration, distribution, and end-use components. Plant
and execute the assessment. areas that utilize steam and areas that contain the steam
(b) Exercise fnal decision making authority on resources. system are targets of the assessment.
(c) Oversee the participation of outside personnel (b) plant personnel (engineering, operations, mainte-
including contracts, scheduling, confdentiality agree- nance, etc.), their equipment vendors, contractors, and
ments, and statement of work. others who have knowledge and information pertinent
and useful to the assessment activities and analysis of
4 . 1 . 1 . 2 Coordination, Logistics, and Communications data used for preparation of the report.
(c) other information sources such as drawings, man-
Obtain necessary support from plant personnel and
(a)
other individuals and organizations during the assessment. uals, test reports, historical utility cost and supply infor-
(b) Participate in organizing the assessment team and
mation, computer monitoring and control data, electrical
coordinate access to relevant personnel, systems, and equipment panels, and calibration records. Pertinent
equipment. plant production information to allow the assessment
(c) Organize and schedule assessment activities.
conditions, baseline conditions, and normal conditions
to be identifed should be included.

4 . 1 . 1 . 3 Steam Systems Knowledge

4. 5 Initial Data Collection and Evaluation
(a) Have background, experience, and recognized
abilities to perform the assessment activities, data analy- The quality of an assessment is dependent on data
sis, and report preparation. gathering and data analysis. The assessment process can
(b) Be familiar with operating and maintenance prac- be optimized by assembling essential data at the begin-
tices for the steam systems. ning of the assessment process (and throughout the proc-
(c) Have experience applying the systems approach in ess). Critical preliminary information includes, but is not
assessments. limited to, the following:
(a) general information on facility steam-generating
4. 2 Facility Management Support and steam-using components, including schematic dia-
Facility management support is essential for the success- grams, and equipment listings
ful outcome of the assessment. Facility management shall (b) utility rate schedules

understand and support the purpose of the assessment. (c) at least one recent year of historical steam system

They shall allow assessment team members from the plant energy source consumption and cost data (boiler fuel,

3
ASME EA-3–2009

electricity, and purchased steam bills), identifcation of The scope of the assessment shall de fne the portion(s)
multiple accounts, account representatives, salient en- of the facility that is to be assessed. Many steam systems
ergy use characteristics (e.g., seasonal variations, con- are suffciently confned to allow the entire system to
tract minimum purchase requirements, water, chemicals, be assessed. However, some systems are extremely com-
and sewer costs) plex and widespread, requiring a segmented investigation
(d) identi fcation and prioritization of largest energy- approach. In these instances a clearly de fned subset of
using equipment, systems, and processes the steam system can serve as the assessment scope as
(e) results of currently relevant steam system energy long as the boundaries are clearly de fned and the inter-
studies/surveys, if any (e.g., backpressure turbine study, actions at the boundaries are appropriately evaluated.
steam trap study) As the assessment progresses, the potential improve-
(f) identi fcation of approved, initiated, rejected, and ment opportunities and the importance of individual com-
on-hold steam system projects ponents to these opportunities will become more clearly
(g) identifcation of production and maintenance issues defned. As a result, the investigation strategy, measure-
that affect or are affected by steam system performance ment intensity, and critical parameters will be more clearly
(h) boiler logs including general boiler operations, identifed. These factors will enable more defned goals to
chemical analysis reports, steam production, condensate be established. Therefore, the goals (and scope) of the as-
return, and others sessment should be periodically reevaluated to ensure the
(i) relevant steam system operational and mainte- focus of the assessment team is appropriately applied.
nance records
(j) preliminary information of plant operating condi- .
4 7 Assessment Plan of Action
tions as it pertains to the operation of the steam system
To facilitate the assessment and clarify to all assessment
team members how the assessment will be conducted, it
4. 5 . 1 Initial Facility Specialist Interviews. The is essential that an action plan for the assessment be de-
assessment team shall interview personnel and special- veloped and be agreed upon. The assessment activities
ists within the plant to collect information on operating and their sequence shall be de fned. It should be noted
practices and other operating considerations that affect that some actions/decisions depend on the fndings dur-
energy use for the equipment. This information shall be ing the assessment. The plan thus must be fexible and
used to help develop the assessment goals and scope and should accommodate various outcomes depending on
the assessment plan of action (paras. 4.6 and 4.7). such fndings. In short, it is necessary to
(a) review initial data to identify how much is known
4 . 5 . 2 Primary Energy Cost. Energy cost data shall be about the systems
characterized in speci fc terms with units such as cost (b) identify assessment objectives
per energy unit ($/ MMBtu or $/kWh), or other simi- (1 ) Identify the systems that are going to be included
lar terms. The speci fc costs should consider all charges in the assessment.
such as purchased cost, transportation cost, demand (2) Identify what additional data needs to be col-
charges, peak rates, time-of-day rates, and any other lected either through available records or by additional
costs up to the point of use. In many cases establishing instruments.
the economic impact of an increase (or decrease) of an (3) Identify the responsibility of collecting addi-
energy stream can require a complete system analysis. tional data.
A facility may have already established a cost for energy (c) identify data analysis methods
— often these are based on blended or average condi- (1 ) Identify how the data will be analyzed.
tions. Average values are appropriate in some cases; (2) Identify tools/software programs that are going
however, very often average costs do not re fect true to be used.
economic impact.
4 . 7 . 1 Identifi cation of Other Assessment Team Mem -
.
4 6 Assessment Goals and Scope bers Required. Key plant personnel are of critical
The overall goals and scope of the assessment shall be importance to the assessment. Typically, operations
discussed and agreed upon at an early stage by the as- personnel, maintenance personnel, and area managers
sessment team. The overall goal of the assessment shall embody the bulk of the knowledge base in assessment
include evaluation of the performance of the key individ- target areas. It is essential to include these personnel in
ual system components, evaluation of the performance the assessment process.
of the entire system, and identifcation of performance If the facility has a designated projects improvement
improvement opportunities. The assessment will be con- leader, this individual should participate in the assess-
ducted using a systems approach evaluating the true im- ment process. This will provide excellent opportunities
pacts of potential system changes. for information exchange.

4
ASME EA-3–2009

4 . 7 . 2 Assessment Scheduling. It is essential that the be utilized if they are structured to appropriately ac-
dates and times of the assessment, key meetings, and count for system interactions. The general terms steam
other assessment activities be scheduled well in advance model and system model are applied to these calculation
of the beginning of the assessment. Examples of key as- methods.
sessment meetings include the following: Mass and energy balances applied to a piece of equip-
(a) safety orientation ment, a subsystem, or the entire system are statements of
(b) kickoff meeting the principles of mass and energy conservation, which
(c) key personnel interviews need to be understood in a steam system. Mass and
(d) assessment progress meetings energy balances shall be applied at any point in
(e) wrap-up meeting a steam system where flows of mass (e.g. , water
and steam) and energy (e. g., work and heat) enter
4 .8 Goal Check and leave a system or component at flow dis-
tribution points. As examples, boiler efficiency,
Prior to conducting the assessment, the assessment the use of steam in turbines, process equipment
team shall ensure that the plan of action meets the stated steam consumption, and steam consumption in
assessment goals. The assessment plan of action shall be boiler auxiliaries are all manipulations of mass and
reviewed for relevance, cost-effectiveness, and capacity energy balances. A mass and/ or energy balance
to produce the desired results. should be needed for any or all of the following
purposes:
(a) to calculate an unknown quantity (e.g., steam f ow
5 CONDUCTING THE ASSESSMENT to a heat exchanger) from values of known or estimated
5 1 . Overall Assessment Method quantities
(b) to verify that a set of measured and estimated val-
The overall method to be used in assessing the steam
ues satis fes the operating conditions of the equipment
system is a sequential screening process as shown in Fig. 1.
(c) to evaluate component effciency and performance
This investigation process shall evaluate the operating
(d) to determine the impacts of system modifcations
characteristics of the individual components, the sub-
In the case of unknown quantities in a mass or en-
system characteristics, and the overall system. In this
ergy balance, it may be necessary to make reliable esti-
manner, individual system components, subsystems,
mates of one or more needed values. Reliable estimates
processes, and the system as a whole are to be examined
shall be based on the experience of the assessment team
in turn, with a fnding of appropriate operating character-
members re fected in typical values (e.g., turbine isen-
istics as currently operated, or with the identifcation of
tropic effciency), plant experience in making similar
specifc opportunities for improvement. When perform-
measurements, design data (e.g., heat exchanger capac-
ance is found to be less than optimal, an investigation
ity) and available physical evidence (e.g., steam leak
strategy to further evaluate the area will be established.
plume length).
Evaluations of improvement opportunities will iden-
The accuracy or closure of the applied mass and
tify their true mass, energy, and economic impacts on
energy balances should be in concert with the goal of
the system as a whole. The characterization of the initial
the evaluation. For example, if an order-of-magnitude
state of the assessed steam system and the quantifca-
estimate is desired to establish general operating char-
tion of identifed opportunities for energy savings shall
acteristics, then the tolerance of the mass and energy
be based on adequate mass and energy balances as de-
balances can be relaxed. However, if the end result of the
scribed in para. 5.1.1.
analysis in question is to decide a specifc project execu-
tion strategy, then the critical factors shall be accurately
5 . 1 . 1 Mass and Energy Balancing. Evaluation of identi fed.
component operation and proposed modi f cations re-
quires an investigation of the system interactions. The
tools (principles) required to complete the investiga- .
5 2 Kick- Off Meeting
tions are the laws of physics. These laws are primarily The kick-off meeting will contain two parts:
employed in the forms of the principles of conserva- An introduction to management of the nature of
(a)
tion of mass and conservation of energy (mass and en- the assessment, including
ergy balances). These physical relationships describe (1 ) its focus and objectives
the operating characteristics of the components of the (2) personnel involved
system. Often these evaluations are completed through (3) steps and procedures to be carried out
the use of sophisticated computer program-based (4) preliminary scheduling
models of the system. However, less sophisticated cal- (5) the necessity for an exit meeting
culation methods including manual calculation can (b) A working session to

5
ASME EA-3–2009

Fig. 1 Assessment Method

Identify assessment scope

Select a target (component or

subsystem) to be assessed

Identify an investigation strategy to

complete the analysis of the target

Conduct investigation:
1 ) Interview specialists
2) Measure critical parameters
3) Establish current operating condition (efficiency, health)
4) Identify improvement opportunity
5) Analyze potential impact (calculate, model)
6) Evaluate total system impact
7) Determine implementation factors

Is the investigation No
complete (conclusive)?

Yes

Has the complete system scope been evaluated—has

each target been investigated from the standpoint of No
operating performance and improvement potential?

Yes

Report of system operating characteristics,

investigations, recommendations, and next steps:
1 ) Exit meeting presentation
2) Data analysis
3) Report writing
4) Submission of draft report
5) Report review and revision
6) Submission of final report

6
ASME EA-3–2009

(1 ) review available plant data and past assessment 5 . 4. 2 In addition to the steam system components
results to be assessed, opportunities for reducing energy use
(2 ) establish normal steam system operating and/or energy cost by the following actions should be
conditions evaluated:
(3) discuss the tools, methods, measurement, meter- (a) fuel switching resulting in energy and/or cost
ing, and diagnostic equipment required savings
In addition to the assessment team, the meeting should (b) replacing nonsteam process heating with new
include plant or facility managers or their representa- steam service or replacing steam service with an alter-
tives, and other key plant personnel. nate energy source
(c) replacing electric motor drives with steam turbines
. Facility Orientation Walk-Through
5 3 or replacing turbines with electric motor drives
(d) recovering thermal energy from process units
Following the initial meeting, an initial walk-through
of the facility shall be conducted. The purpose of this
guided inspection is for the assessment team to become .
5 5 Interviews of Specialists, Area Managers, and
aware of the existence and use of key steam system Operators
components and their relative locations in the facil- Interviews shall be scheduled for identifed key special-
ity. Locations of control rooms and where subsequent ists, area managers, and operators. Suffcient time should
measurement(s) are to be made shall be noted. Energy- be allotted for a thorough discussion with each inter-
saving opportunities (e.g., steam leaks) shall be docu- viewed person having specifc knowledge pertinent to the
mented when initially discovered. assessment. Knowledgeable individuals from all of the
following areas (as a minimum) should be interviewed:
(a) facility energy manager
. Target Areas for Assessment
5 4
(b) purchasing agents familiar with boiler fuel pur-
An assessment includes evaluation of the steam chases and the electrical rate structure
sources (produced or purchased), distribution, end use, (c) boiler operations manager(s)
and condensate recovery. Assessment activities shall (d) process control room supervisors
focus on quantifcation of energy losses and the identi- (e) production (steam use) area supervisors
fcation and quantifcation of opportunities for reducing (f) maintenance personnel
these losses. (g) process engineers
Even though individual components are evaluated (h) plant projects (improvements) leader
and investigated to determine their individual perform- Steam system equipment targeted in the interview
ance (paras. 5.4.1 and 5.4.2), the system as a whole shall process should be inspected as well.
be evaluated. Component and system interactions shall
be accounted for in the system model.
.
5 6 Conduct Detailed Evaluation With Measurements
on Target Equipment/Components
5 . 4 . 1 The following equipment shall, as a minimum,
Following the initial facility walk-through and discus-
be assessed :
sions with all key specialists, the assessment team should
(a) steam generation equipment
revisit selected areas [e.g., boiler house, central conden-
(1 ) conventional and by-product fueled boilers
sate return station(s)] to study steam system operations
(2) waste heat steam generators
in more detail, and to make needed measurements (e.g.,
(3) heat recovery steam generators coupled to com-
temperatures, pressures, fow rates). For this phase of the
bustion turbines
assessment work, if reliable in-place measurement equip-
(b) combustion turbines
ment is not in service, portable measurement equipment
(c) steam turbine electrical power generators
shall be used or permanent equipment installed. Situa-
(d) steam turbine equipment drives
tions needing a visual record should be recorded with
(e) pressure-reducing valves and other system balanc-
sketches or photographs (as permitted).
ing components
(f) steam distribution systems (including thermal in-
sulation and leaks) .
5 7 Identify and Collect Required Data
(g) end-use equipment (e.g., heat exchangers, auto- For the equipment items listed in para. 5.4, the data
claves) needed to characterize the function and efficiency of
(h) steam traps the steam system should be identified, and values for
(i) condensate return system components (e.g., f ash these parameters and variables shall be determined in
vessels, return piping) the course of the assessment. Essential data that should
(j) heat recovery system components (e.g., heat ex- be acquired includes target variables in the applicable
changers, heated fuid storage tanks) categories listed in paras. 5.7.1 through 5.7.4.

7
ASME EA-3–2009

The specific data required will depend on the as- establish the system(s) baseline through gathering rel-
sessment goals. For example, if the goal is to examine evant steam system energy use data. These data are the
the benefit of removing or adding one or more steam basis for the assessment and the basis for comparison with
turbines, inlet and outlet steam conditions must be de- future steam system operating conditions. The assessment
termined for these units. should record system operating conditions in a way that
If there are signifcant variations in steam system can be accessed in the future.
operation, values for target variables (e.g., boiler load)
shall be determined at more than one point in time, or 5 .8 Develop Assessment Measurement Plan
continuously for a period of time. The assessment team shall develop a measure-
. . Temperature Measurements
ment plan to ensure that data collected is accurate,
5 7 1

(a) Boiler makeup water precise, and repeatable under a specifc set of operating
(b) Boiler feedwater
conditions.
(c) Ambient air
(d) Boiler stack gas (before and after heat recovery
.8. Measurement With In Place Equipment. Data
5 1 -

equipment) can be obtained from already-installed and operating

(e) Boiler economizer inlet and outlet water
measurement system(s). The calibration and precision of
(f) Steam header(s)
the in-place measurement equipment shall be ascertained
(g) Turbine inlet and outlet
and documented, as shall the accuracy and repeatability
(h) Condensate at return tank
of the measurements obtained.
(i) Steam trap inlet and outlet
(j) Boiler shell .8. Measurement With Portable Equipment. Data
5 2

(k) Steam distribution piping can be obtained with the use of portable equipment pro-
(l) Combustion and ventilation air openings vided by the facility or the assessment team. The calibra-
(m) Heat exchanger inlet and outlet tion and precision of the portable equipment shall be
ascertained and documented, as shall the accuracy and
. . Pressure Measurements
5 7 2
repeatability of the measurements obtained.
(a) Steam header(s) and branch lines
(b) Use points before pressure reducing valves (PRVs) .8. Values Determined by Estimation. In the case
5 3

(c) Condensate return tank that the measurement point is inaccessible or presents a
(d) Deaerator physical risk, estimates may be necessary. Such estimates
(e) Turbine inlet and exhaust shall be based on mass and energy balances around the
desired measurement point or knowledge based on com-
. . Flow Measurements
5 7 3
mon practice (see para. 5.1.1). In the case that reasonable
(a) Boiler fuel (solid, liquid, or gas) input rates for each estimation of needed values cannot be made, the specifc
boiler conditions precluding such estimates and the impact on
(b) Boiler steam output rate(s) the assessment must be specifed in the fnal report (see
(c) Makeup water section 6).
(d) Blowdown (or measurements from which blow-
down can be computed) 5 9 . Wrap - Up Meeting and Presentation of Initial
(e) Steam turbines Findings and Recommendations
(f) End-use steam consumption
The fnal step in the on-site phase of the assessment is
the presentation of initial fndings and recommendations.
. . Chemical Measurements
5 7 4 This event shall be attended by representatives of plant
(a) Boiler makeup water chemical content [e.g., dis- management and all assessment team members. It is sug-
solved solids (or related conductivity), chloride, silica, as gested that a facility employee should chair the wrap-up
appropriate for application] meeting and aid in presenting the assessment results to
(b) Boiler (post-treatment) feedwater chemical con- encourage “buy-in” and demonstrate ownership of the
centrations assessment process and results. During this meeting,
(c) Boiler internal water chemical concentrations outstanding questions from the assessment team should
(d) Tracer chemical concentrations (if needed to com- be addressed. Then, the tentative results of the assess-
pute blowdown rate) ment should be formally presented and should include
(e) Condensate chemical concentrations a review of the current status of steam system energy
effciency, the assessment process used, and the recom-
. . Establish a Steam System Baseline. To com-
5 7 5 mended assessment measures with energy and cost sav-
pletely defne assessment conditions, it is necessary to ings projections. The results presented shall be qualifed

8
ASME EA-3–2009

to be preliminary, subject to needed further analysis. The (c) Repair or replace failed steam traps
target dates for the delivery of a draft and fnal versions (d) Insulation improvements
of the written report shall be set by mutual agreement.
. . End Use
6 1 4

6 ASSESSMENT DATA ANALYSIS Reduce steam demand

(a)
Insulate process equipment hot surfaces
(b)
Analysis of collected data shall be either manual cal- (c) Modify process parameters
culations or complex system analyses. For manual analy- (d) Change primary energy resource (e.g., steam ver-
sis (e.g., determination of boiler combustion effciency sus direct-fred heating)
from tables of stack temperature and excess O2 values), (e) Repair leaks
the analysis results can, for example, be immediately
determined at the site of raw data measurement. For . . Condensate Collection and Return
complex system analyses, system level tool(s) shall be 6 1 5

Repair or replace failed steam traps

used to model steam system conditions and quantify po- (a)
Repair leaks
tential savings opportunities. Variations in operational (b)
Increase condensate recovery
data (e.g., boiler fring rates) should be incorporated in (c)
Recover fash steam
the data analysis. Typical variations result from process (d)

(production) variations, seasonal variations, and facility . Analysis of Identifi ed Energy Saving Projects
modifcations (e.g., plant expansion). 6 2

As specifed in para. 6.1 above, manual or software-

. Identifi cation of Energy-Saving Opportunities
based analysis is required to determine values of key sys-
6 1
tem variables (e.g., boiler combustion effciency). In the
Energy-saving opportunities shall be documented as case where analysis of prospective energy-saving meas-
identifed throughout the assessment. The use of a check- ures incorporates system interactions (e.g., change in
list is recommended. Possible opportunities shall be blowdown energy with change in process steam demand),
evaluated for applicability in the categories listed below a system level analysis shall be used. For each identifed
as a minimum (if indicated equipment is installed). project, the estimated energy savings and associated en-
ergy cost savings shall be documented. The energy sav-
. . Boiler Operations ings identifed should be expressed in MMBtu/year and
other energy units commonly used by plant personnel.
6 1 1

Fuel alternatives
(a)
Reduce operating pressure (saturated steam systems)
(b)
(c) Increase operating pressure (cogeneration systems) 6 3 . Steam System Baseline
(d) Reduce stack losses The assessment shall defne and develop a steam sys-
(1 ) Combustion management tem baseline (see para. 5.7.5 and defnition of baseline
(2) Combustion air preheater conditions).
(3) Conventional feedwater economizer
(4) Condensing economizer(s)
(e) Reduce shell radiation and convection losses 7 REPORT AND DOCUMENTATION
(f) Improve boiler water quality and reduce blow-
down rate 7 1 . Final Assessment Report
(g) Recover energy from blowdown At the conclusion of the on-site assessment and any
(h) Feedwater pumping required follow-up data analysis, the assessment results
(i) Load distribution among multiple boilers shall be reported in a fnal written report, as described in
(j) Boiler shutdown para. 7.2.
(k) Combustion fan power management

7 2 . Final Assessment Report Contents

. . Turbine Applications
6 1 2
The fnal assessment report shall include the following
Add/remove from service
(a)
information:
(b) Reduce backpressure
(a) Executive summary
(c) Effciency improvement
(b) Facility information
(d) Substitution for pressure reducing valves or elimi-
(c) Assessment goals and scope
nation of vent steam (d) Description of system(s) studied in assessment and
signifcant system issues
. . Distribution System Losses
6 1 3 (e) Assessment data collection and measurements
(a) Reduction of pressure drops (f) Data analysis
(b) Repair leaks (g) Steam system baseline

9
ASME EA-3–2009

(h) Performance improvement opportunities and pri- Assessment reporting shall include the identifcation of
oritization all fuels and energy inputs, use rate of each, and the con-
(i) Recommendations for implementation activities ditions under which each fuel is used in individual boil-
(j) Appendices ers. The typical time variation in plant/facility operating
patterns, boiler loads, and average and peak loads shall
7 . 2 . 1 Executive Summary. This section shall con- be reported. The historical records (for a minimum of 1
dense and summarize the report in brief. The executive yr) of fuel and energy purchases including amounts and
summary shall provide an overview of cost by billing period (e.g., month) shall be reported.
(a) the facility, plant background, products made at Reporting information will also include cogeneration
the plant, and how steam is used at the plant equipment operating characteristics. The nominal oper-
(b) goals and scope of the assessment ating conditions of the steam turbines as well as any gas
(c) system(s) assessed and measurement boundaries turbines in the system will be identifed. Purchased power
used (exported power) requirements will also be identifed.
(d) steam system baseline The assessment report shall give details on the consist-
(e) performance opportunities identifed with associ- ency, repeatability, and reproducibility of the measure-
ated energy and cost savings ments made during the assessment.
(f) recommendations for implementation activities
7 . 2 . 6 Data Analysis. The report shall include the
7.2.2 Facility Information. A detailed description results of measurements and data analyses performed.
of the facility, plant background, products made at the Any signifcant analytical methods, measurements, ob-
plant, and how steam is used at the plant shall be in- servations, and fndings shall be documented.
cluded in this section.
7 . 2 . 7 Steam System Baseline. The assessment re-
7.2.3 Assessment Goals and Scope. This report sec- port shall contain the baseline for the steam system. The
tion shall contain a brief statement of the assessment’s method used to develop the annual steam system energy-
goals. The report shall identify the boundaries of the spe- use baseline shall be described.
cifc system(s) on which the assessment was performed The assessment report will clearly explain the basis for
and why the boundaries were selected. Depending on the energy savings estimates. There may be cases where
system complexity, an overall steam system schematic plant performance is not at the baseline level, or is ex-
diagram may be presented to clarify the components of pected to change in the future. In some cases savings es-
the assessed steam system and their interrelationships. timates may be based on the baseline; in others they may
This report section shall include a description of the be based on other operating conditions or projections.
general approach and methodology used to conduct the
assessment. 7 . 2 .8 Performance Improvement Opportunities and
Prioritization. The analysis shall quantify estimates of
7 . 2 . 4 Description of System(s) Studied and Signifi cant energy reduction and energy cost savings from identifed
System Issues. The report shall include a detailed de- performance improvement opportunities. Additional
scription of the specifc system(s) assessed. Depending calculations may address other energy and nonenergy
on the system assessed, the discussion can be extensive benefts. The report shall identify the methods of calcula-
and should be supported by graphs, tables, and system tion and software models used with assumptions clearly
schematics. Supporting documentation should also be stated.
included to clarify the operation of the system compo- Performance improvement opportunities can include
nents and their interrelationships. those from maintenance improvements, operational im-
Any signifcant system issues shall be described, e.g., provements, equipment upgrades and replacement, revising
operating issues or constraints. Any existing best prac- control strategies, process improvements and changeover,
tices found (methods and procedures found to be most and other actions that reduce energy consumption.
effective at energy reduction) shall be documented. Details on performance improvement opportunities to
be documented and reported shall include suffciently
7.2.5 Assessment Data Collection and Measurements. detailed descriptions of the actions required for project
The methods used to obtain data and conduct measure- implementation. To aid in the selection of projects for
ments shall be identifed, including an overview of the implementation, the assessment team shall prioritize the
measurement plan. Key summary data necessary for performance opportunities identifed based on factors
data analysis shall be included in the body of the report. such as impact, importance, and feasibility.
Additional raw data, observations, and supporting doc- Each of the energy-saving project opportunities identi-
uments should be placed in an appendix for convenient fed during the assessment shall be thoroughly defned
access. in the written report. Project details to be documented
10
ASME EA-3–2009

and reported shall include a suffciently detailed descrip- optimizing and maintaining system performance fol-
tion of the actions required for project implementation, lowing implementation of adopted measures should be
estimates of the potential energy savings (typically on identifed.
an annual basis) and a projection of the energy cost sav- Implementation cost estimates for the performance
ings to be achieved. The methodology used to obtain the improvement opportunities, if developed as an optional
savings estimates shall be presented with assumptions activity, are intended to be screening or feasibility
clearly stated. To aid in the selection of projects for im- estimates and could also include preparing metrics such
plementation, the assessment team should categorize the as return on investment, payback period, and potential
opportunities identifed to be of high, medium, or low greenhouse gas impacts.
priority, based on factors such as It should be noted in the assessment report that it is
(a) energy and cost savings recommended that further engineering analysis be per-
(b) likelihood of achieving projected savings formed prior to implementing the recommendations
(c) likelihood of long project life with sustained savings contained in the assessment report.
(d) impact to ongoing operations
(e) changes or modifcations necessary for the existing 7. 2 .10 Appendices. Material that is somewhat lengthy
equipment and does not necessarily contribute to the overall pre-
(f) time and cost for implementation sentation of the report should be included in appendices
(g) complexity of implementation steps to keep the body of the report short. Raw data, obser-
(h) potential parallel bene fts (e.g., improved pro ftabil- vations, and supporting documents should be placed in
ity, improved operations, lower environmental impact) appendices.
The report shall also document systems that were eval-
uated even though no improvement opportunities were 7.3 Data for Third Party Review
identifed. This may include identifcation of boiler fuels The report or other documentation delivered with the
(or steam generator waste heat source), boiler manage- report shall include suffcient raw data from the assess-
ment (including combustion control), boiler operating ment so that the analysis results can be confrmed by a
effciency, status of the steam distribution system (in-
cluding steam leaks, trap losses and insulation issues), third party. This documentation shall be structured so it
the identifcation and energy-use effciency of processes can be easily accessed by verifers and other persons not
and equipment using steam, etc. involved in its development.
7.4 Review of Final Report by Assessment Team
7.2.9 Recommendations for Implementation
Activities. Details on performance improvement op- Members
portunities shall include the next steps needed to move Before the assessment report is fnalized, members of
from the identifed performance improvement opportu- the assessment team shall review the assessment report for
nities to implementation of the listed measures. Methods accuracy and completeness, and provide comments. Upon
for refning data analysis, for performing additional en- review of the draft report and requests for modifcations,
gineering studies, and for obtaining reliable implemen- the assessment team shall provide a consensus acceptance,
tation cost estimates should be addressed. Methods for and then prepare and issue the report in fnal form.

11
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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
KEY REFERENCES

A- 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY INDUSTRIAL Use Vapor Recompression to Recover Low-Pressure

TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM Waste Steam
(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/) Use a Vent Condenser to Recover Flash Steam Energy
Improving Steam System Performance: A Sourcebook
A-1 . 1 Software Tools for Industry (updated 12/04)
Steam System Assessment Tool (SSAT), Version 3
(models of complete steam systems)
Steam System Scoping Tool (SSST) (screening tool) A-2 SELECTED RESOURCES AND TOOLS LISTED IN
3E Plus (insulation analysis) THE SOURCEBOOK
Boiler Plant and Distribution Optimization Manual,
A-1 . 2 Publications Association for Facilities Engineering (AFE), Cincin-
Tip Sheets (two-page technical briefs with advice for nati, OH (www.afe.org)
improving steam system performance): Steam: Its Generation and Use, Babcock and Wilcox,
Benchmark the Fuel Cost of Steam Generation Barberton, OH (www.babcock.com)
Clean Boiler Water-side Heat Transfer Surfaces Steam Effciency Improvement, Boiler Effciency Institute,
Consider Installing a Condensing Economizer Auburn, AL (www.boilerinstitute.com)
Consider Installing High-Pressure Boilers with Backpressure Energy Effciency Handbook, Council of Industrial Boiler
Turbine-Generators Operators (CIBO), Burke, VA (www.cibo.org)
Consider Installing Turbulators on Two- and Three-Pass Effcient Boiler Operations Source Book, F. W. Payne and
Firetube Boilers R. E. Thompson (4th Edition), The Fairmont Press,
Consider Steam Turbine Drives for Rotating Equipment Lilburn, GA (www.fairmontpress.com)
Considerations When Selecting a Condensing Economizer The Steam Trap Handbook, J. F. McCauley, The Fairmont
Cover Heated, Open Vessels Press, Lilburn, GA (www.fairmontpress.com)
Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems Handbook of Thermal Insulation Design Economics for
Flash High-Pressure Condensate to Regenerate Low- Pipes and Equipment, W. C. Turner and J. F. Malloy,
Pressure Steam Krieger Publishing Company, Melbourne, FL (krieger_
Inspect and Repair Steam Traps publishing.com)
Install an Automatic Blowdown Control System Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, E.
Install Removable Insulation on Valves and Fittings Avallone and T. Baumeister III (Editors), McGraw-Hill,
Insulate Steam Distribution and Condensate Return New York, NY (www.bookstore.mcgraw-hill.com)
Lines Nalco Water Handbook (2nd Edition), Nalco Company,
Improve Your Boiler’s Combustion Effciency Naperville, IL (www.nalco.com)
Minimize Boiler Blowdown Steam Utilization — Design of Fluid Systems, Spirax Sarco
Minimize Boiler Short Cycling Losses Applications Engineering Department, Blythewood,
Recover Heat from Boiler Blowdown SC (www.spiraxsarco.com)
Replace Pressure-Reducing Valves with Backpressure Steam Trapping Principles, TLV Company, Ltd., Charlotte,
Turbogenerators NC (www.tlv.com)
Return Condensate to the Boiler ASME PTC 39, Steam Traps, American Society of
Upgrade Boilers with Energy-Effcient Burners Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY (www.
Use Feedwater Economizers for Waste Heat Recovery asme.org)
Use Low Grade Waste Steam to Power Absorption Chillers Steam Trap Testing Guide for Energy Conservation,
Use Steam Jet Ejectors or Thermocompressors to Reduce Armstrong International, Inc., Three Rivers, MI (www.
Venting of Low-Pressure Steam armintl.com)

13
ASME EA-3–2009

National Commercial and Industrial Insulation Stan- ESteam (software modeling tool), Veritech Corporation,
dards, National Insulation Association (NIA), Alexan- Sterling, VA (www.veritech-energy.com)
dria, VA (www.insulation.org)
Steam Distribution, Technical Reference Guide (TR- A- 3 OTHER REFERENCES
GCM-03), Spirax-Sarco Applications Engineering De-
partment, Blythewood, SC (www.spiraxsarco.com) ANSI/MSE 2000:2008, A Management System for En-
Industrial Water Treatment Procedures, PWTB 420-49- ergy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008
5, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. ASME PTC 4, Fired Steam Generators, American Society
(www.usace.army.mil) of Mechanical Engineers
PROSTEAM software, Linnhoff March, Northwich,
Cheshire, United Kingdom (www.linnhoffmarch.
co.uk)

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E06409