TEMPLATE for IPCC (26.04.

2022) Annexure-III

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Semester 4

Course Code BEC402 CIE Marks 50
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 3:0:2:0 SEE Marks 50
Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 hours Theory + 8-10 Lab slots Total Marks 100
Credits 04 Exam Hours 03
Examination nature (SEE) Theory/practical/Viva-Voce /Term-work/Others
Course objectives:
This course will enable students to
• Understand and analyse concepts of Analog Modulation schemes viz; AM, FM
• Design and analyse the electronic circuits for AM and FM modulation and demodulation.
• Understand the concepts of random variable and random process to model communication systems.
• Understand and analyse the concepts of digitization of signals.
• Evolve the concept of SNR in the presence of channel induced noise

Teaching-Learning Process (General Instructions)

These are sample Strategies, which teacher can use to accelerate the attainment of the various course
outcomes.
1. Lecture method (L) does not mean only traditional lecture method, but different type of teaching methods
may be adopted to develop the outcomes.
2. Show Video/animation films to explain evolution of communication technologies.
3. Encourage collaborative (Group) Learning in the class.
4. Ask at least three HOTS (Higher order Thinking) questions in the class, which promotes critical thinking.
5. Adopt Problem Based Learning (PBL), which fosters students’ Analytical skills, develop thinking skills such
as the ability to evaluate, generalize, and analyze information rather than simply recall it.
6. Show the different ways to solve the same problem and encourage the students to come up with their own
creative ways to solve them.
7. Discuss how every concept can be applied to the real world - and when that's possible, it helps improve the
students' understanding.
MODULE-1
Random Variables and Processes: Introduction, Probability, Conditional Probability, Random variables.
Statistical Averages: Function of a random variable, Moments, Random Processes, Mean, Correlation and
Covariance function: Properties of autocorrelation function, Cross–correlation functions, Gaussian Process:
Gaussian Distribution Function.
[Text 2: 5.1, 5.2,5.3,5.4,5.5,5.6,5.9]
RBT: L1, L2
MODULE-2
Amplitude Modulation Fundamentals: AM Concepts, Modulation index and Percentage of Modulation,
Sidebands and the frequency domain, AM Power, Single Sideband Modulation.
AM Circuits: Amplitude Modulators: Diode Modulator, Transistor Modulator, collector Modulator. Amplitude
Demodulators: Diode Detector, Balanced Modulators: Lattice Modulators.
Frequency Division Multiplexing: Transmitter-Multiplexer, Receiver-Demultiplexer.
[Text1: 3.1, 3.2,3.3,3.4,3.5,4.2,4.3,4.4,10.2]
RBT: L1, L2, L3

MODULE-3
Fundamentals of Frequency Modulation: Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation, Principles of Phase
Modulation, Modulation index and sidebands, Noise Suppression Effects of FM, Frequency Modulation versus
Amplitude Modulation.
FM Circuits: Frequency Modulators: Voltage Controlled Oscillators. , Frequency Demodulators: Slope Detectors,
Phase Locked Loops.
Communication Receiver: Super heterodyne receiver, Frequency Conversion: Mixing Principles, JFET Mixer.
[Text1: 5.1,5.2,5.3,5.4,5.5,6.1,6.3,9.2,9.3]
RBT: L1, L2, L3

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TEMPLATE for IPCC (26.04.2022) Annexure-III

MODULE-4
Digital Representation of Analog Signals: Introduction, Why Digitize Analog Sources?, The Sampling process,
Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Time-Division Multiplexing, Pulse Position Modulation: Generation and Detection
of PPM wave. The Quantization Process. Pulse Code Modulation: Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, line Codes,
Differential encoding, Regeneration, Decoding, filtering, multiplexing.
[Text2: 7.1,7.2,7.3,7.4,7.5,7.6,7.8,7.9]
RBT: L1,L2,L3

MODULE-5
Baseband Transmission of Digital signals: Introduction, Intersymbol Interference, Eye Pattern, Nyquist
criterion for distortionless Transmission, Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission.
[Text2:8.1,8.4,8.5,8.6,8.7]
Noise: Signal to Noise Ratio, External Noise, Internal Noise, Semiconductor Noise, Expressing Noise Levels, Noise
in Cascade Stages.
[Text1:9.5]
RBT:L1,L2,L3

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TEMPLATE for IPCC (26.04.2022) Annexure-III

PRACTICAL COMPONENT OF IPCC (Experiments can be conducted using MATLAB/SCILAB/OCTAVE)

Sl.NO Experiments
1 Basic Signals and Signal Graphing: a) unit Step, b) Rectangular, c) standard triangle d) sinusoidal and e)
Exponential signal.
2 Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a rectangular pulse.

3 Amplitude Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant signals and its spectrums.

4
Frequency Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant signals and its spectrums.

5
Sampling and reconstruction of low pass signals. Display the signals and its spectrum.

6
Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing.

7
PCM Illustration: Sampling, Quantization and Encoding

8
Generate a)NRZ, RZ and Raised cosine pulse, b) Generate and plot eye diagram

9
Generate the Probability density function of Gaussian distribution function.

10 Display the signal and its spectrum of an audio signal.

Course outcomes (Course Skill Set):

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Understand the principles of analog communication systems and noise modelling.
2. Identify the schemes for analog modulation and demodulation and compare their performance.
3. Design of PCM systems through the processes sampling, quantization and encoding.
4. Describe the ideal condition, practical considerations of the signal representation for baseband transmission of
digital signals.
5. Identify and associate the random variables and random process in Communication system design.
Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)
The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam (SEE) is 50%. The
minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum marks (20 marks out of 50) and for the SEE minimum
passing mark is 35% of the maximum marks (18 out of 50 marks). The student is declared as a pass in the course if
he/she secures a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of 100) in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation)
and SEE (Semester End Examination) taken together.

The IPCC means the practical portion integrated with the theory of the course. CIE marks for the theory component
are 25 marks and that for the practical component is 25 marks.
CIE for the theory component of the IPCC
• 25 marks for the theory component are split into 15 marks for two Internal Assessment Tests (Two Tests, each
of 15 Marks with 01-hour duration, are to be conducted) and 10 marks for other assessment methods
mentioned in 22OB4.2. The first test at the end of 40-50% coverage of the syllabus and the second test after
covering 85-90% of the syllabus.
• Scaled-down marks of the sum of two tests and other assessment methods will be CIE marks for the theory
component of IPCC (that is for 25 marks).
• The student has to secure 40% of 25 marks to qualify in the CIE of the theory component of IPCC.

@#$15042024 3 3
TEMPLATE for IPCC (26.04.2022) Annexure-III

CIE for the practical component of the IPCC

• 15 marks for the conduction of the experiment and preparation of laboratory record, and 10 marks for the test
to be conducted after the completion of all the laboratory sessions.
• On completion of every experiment/program in the laboratory, the students shall be evaluated including viva-
voce and marks shall be awarded on the same day.
• The CIE marks awarded in the case of the Practical component shall be based on the continuous evaluation of
the laboratory report. Each experiment report can be evaluated for 10 marks. Marks of all experiments’ write-
ups are added and scaled down to 15 marks.
• The laboratory test (duration 02/03 hours) after completion of all the experiments shall be conducted for 50
marks and scaled down to 10 marks.
• Scaled-down marks of write-up evaluations and tests added will be CIE marks for the laboratory component of
IPCC for 25 marks.
• The student has to secure 40% of 25 marks to qualify in the CIE of the practical component of the IPCC.
SEE for IPCC
Theory SEE will be conducted by University as per the scheduled timetable, with common question papers for the
course (duration 03 hours)
1. The question paper will have ten questions. Each question is set for 20 marks.
2. There will be 2 questions from each module. Each of the two questions under a module (with a maximum of 3
sub-questions), should have a mix of topics under that module.
3. The students have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from each module.
4. Marks scored by the student shall be proportionally scaled down to 50 Marks
The theory portion of the IPCC shall be for both CIE and SEE, whereas the practical portion will have a CIE
component only. Questions mentioned in the SEE paper may include questions from the practical
component.
• The minimum marks to be secured in CIE to appear for SEE shall be 10 (40% of maximum marks-25) in the
theory component and 10 (40% of maximum marks -25) in the practical component. The laboratory
component of the IPCC shall be for CIE only. However, in SEE, the questions from the laboratory component
shall be included. The maximum of 04/05 sub-questions are to be set from the practical component of IPCC,
the total marks of all questions should not be more than 20 marks.
• SEE will be conducted for 100 marks and students shall secure 35% of the maximum marks to qualify for
the SEE. Marks secured will be scaled down to 50.

• The student is declared as a pass in the course if he/she secures a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of 100)
in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation) and SEE (Semester End Examination) taken
together.
Suggested Learning Resources:
Books
1. Louis E Frenzel, Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, Mc Graw Hill Education
(India) Private Limited, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-07-066755-6.
2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th Edition, John Wiley, India Pvt. Ltd, 2010, ISBN:
978-81-265-2151-7.
Reference Books

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TEMPLATE for IPCC (26.04.2022) Annexure-III

1. B P Lathi, Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, Oxford University Press., 4th
edition, 2010, ISBN: 97801980738002.
2. Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling, Goutam Saha, “Principles of Communication systems”, 4th Edition, Mc
Graw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, 2016. ISBN: 978-1-25-902985-1

Web links and Video Lectures (e-Resources):

1. Principles of Communication Systems https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108104091

2. Communication Engineering https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117102059

Activity Based Learning (Suggested Activities in Class)/ Practical Based learning

1. Assignments and test – Knowledge level, Understand Level and Apply level
2. Experiential Learning by using free and open source software’s SCILAB or OCTAVE
3. Open ended questions by faculty, Open ended questions from students

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BEC402
Model Question Paper-1 with effect from 2022-23 (CBCS Scheme)
USN

Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination

Subject Title Principles of Communication Systems
TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: 01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each MODULE.
02.
03.

*Bloom’s
Module -1 Taxonomy Marks
Level
Q.01 a Define Probability. Illustrate the relationship between sample space, events and
L2, CO5 06
probability.
b Define the autocorrelation and cross-relation functions. Infer the properties of
L2, CO5 06
autocorrelation function.
c Develop a program to generate the probability density function of Gaussian
L3, CO5 08
distribution function.
OR
Q.02 a What is conditional probability? Prove that P(B/A) = P(A/B).P(B)/P(A) L2, CO5 06
b Outline random processes and illustrate an ensemble of sample functions with a
L2, CO5 06
neat diagram.
c Show that, if a Gaussian process X(t) is applied to a stable linear filter, then the
L3, CO5 08
random process Y(t) developed at the output of the filter is also Gaussian.
Module-2
Q. 03 a Interpret the concepts of modulation index and percentage of modulation. Write
L2, CO1 08
the necessary equations.
b A standard AM broadcast station is allowed to transmit modulating frequencies
upto 5 KHz. If the AM station is transmitting on a frequency of 980 KHz,
L3, CO1 05
compute the maximum and minimum upper and lower sidebands and the total
bandwidth occupied by the AM station.
c Explain high-level collector modulator with a neat block diagram. L2, CO1 07
OR
Q.04 a Outline a diode detector AMD modulator with necessary block diagram and
L2, CO1 08
waveforms.
b An AM transmitter has a carrier power of 30W. The percentage of modulation is
L3, CO1 05
85 percent. Calculate (i) the total power and (ii) the power in one sideband.
c Explain a general block diagram of an FDM system. L2, CO1 07
Module-3
Q. 05 a Compare and contrast FM and AM. L3, CO2 06
b Explore with a neat diagram the concept of frequency modulation with an IC
L2, CO2 07
VCO.
c Draw the block diagram of a super heterodyne receiver and explain the function
L2, CO2 07
of each block.
OR
Q. 06 a Identify a method used to convert a phase-modulated (PM) signal into a
L3, CO2 06
frequency-modulated (FM) signal.
b Define PLL. Explain the basic block diagram of a PLL along with capture and
L2, CO2 07
lock ranges.
c Interpret the concept of a mixer with a neat schematic diagram. L2, CO2 07
Module-4
Q. 07 a What are the advantages of digital signals over analog signals? L1, CO3 04

Page 01 of 02
6
BEC402
b State sampling theorem. Explain sampling with neat sketches and equations.
What are the challenges faced with Nyquist criteria for sampling? Develop a L3, CO3 10
program to display the signals and its spectrum.
c Explain the generation and detection of PPM waves with a relevant block
L2, CO3 06
diagram.
OR
Q. 08 a What is aperture effect in PAM systems? How can it be minimized? L1, CO3 04
b What is multiplexing and why is it required in communication? Explain the
L3, CO3 10
working of TDM with a neat block diagram.
c Explain the basic elements of a PCM system with neat diagrams. L3, CO3 06
Module-5
Q. 09 a Define Intersymbol Interference (ISI). Outline Baseband binary data transmission
L2, CO4 08
system with neat block diagram and equations.
b Develop a code to generate and plot eye diagram. L3, CO4 06
c Illustrate the concept of noise in cascaded stages with a diagram. Write Friis’
L2, CO1 06
formula and mention its terms.
OR
Q. 10 a Explain the following concepts briefly:
(i) Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission. L2, CO4 08
(ii) Baseband M-ary PAM transmission
b Develop a code to generate NRZ and RZ pulse. L3, CO4 06
c Define Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Explain the different types of external and
L2, CO1 06
internal noise.
*Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Indicate as L1, L2, L3, L4, etc. It is also desirable to indicate the COs and POs to be
attained by every bit of questions.

Page 02 of 02
7
BEC402
Model Question Paper-2 with effect from 2022-23 (CBCS Scheme)
USN

Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination

Subject Title: Principles of Communication Systems
TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: 01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each MODULE.
02.
03.

*Bloom’s
Module -1 Taxonomy Marks
Level
Q.01 a A random variable is said to be uniformly distributes over the interval (a,b).
L2, CO5 06
Determine the probability density function of uniformly distributed RV.
b Determine the characteristic function of a Gaussian random variable with a
L2, CO5 08
given mean and variance.
c Prove the following two properties of the Autocorrelation Function of a
Random Process
i)If X(t) contains a dc component equal to A, then Rx(t) will contain a constant
L2, CO5 06
amplitude equal to A2.
ii) If X(t) contains a sinusoidal component, then Rx(t) will also contain a
sinusoidal component of the same frequency
OR
Q.02 a Define correlation, covariance and correlation coefficient L2, CO5 04
b Explain central limit theorem as applied to Gaussian Random Process L2, CO5 06
c Define Autocorrelation Function and Crosscorrelation Function State and
L3, CO5 08
prove the properties of ACF
Module-2
Q. 03 a Explain amplitude modulation in time domain and frequency domain with
L2, CO1 08
necessary expressions and illustrations.
b With necessary schematic of square -law circuit and expressions, explain the
L3, CO1 05
generation of AM.
c Write a MATLAB code to generate Amplitude Modulation and demodulation
L2, CO1 07
waveforms and display its spectrums.
OR
Q.04 a An AM transmitter uses high-level modulation of the final RF power amplifier.
Which has a de supply voltage Vcc of 48 V with a total current I of 3.5 A. The
efficiency is 70 percent. L2, CO1 08
a. What is the RF input power to the final stage?
b. How much AF power is required for 100 percent modulation?
b Explain with neat diagrams, amplitude demodulator using the diode detector L3, CO1 05
c Explain with diagrams, the working principle of Lattice-type balanced
L2, CO1 07
modulator.
Module-3
Q. 05 a The input to an FM receiver having an S/N of 2.8. The modulating frequency
is 1.5 kHz. The maximum permitted deviation is 4 kHz. What are (a) the L3, CO2 06
frequency deviation caused by the noise and (b) the improved output SIN?
b Explain with a neat diagram, the frequency spectrum of FM Modulated wave L2, CO2 07
c Explain with diagrams, the working principle of Frequency-Modulation using
L2, CO2 07
Crystal Oscillator
OR
Q. 06 a Identify the Noise Suppression Effects of FM. L3, CO2 06

Page 01 of 02
8
BEC402
b Compare and contrast FM using crystal oscillator circuits with FM using
L2, CO2 07
varactors
c Explain general block diagram of a super-heterodyne receiver. L2, CO2 07
Module-4
Q. 07 a State and prove sampling theorem L1, CO3 04
b For the data stream [01101001], Draw the following line code waveforms
i)Unipolar NRZ
ii)Polar NRZ
L3, CO3 10
iii)Unipolar RZ
iv)Bipolar RZ
v)Manchestor code
c Explain the generation and detection of PPM waves with a relevant block
L2, CO3 06
diagram.
OR
Q. 08 a What is aperture effect in PAM systems? How can it be minimized? L1, CO3 04
b What is multiplexing and why is it required in communication? Explain the
L3, CO3 10
working of TDM with a neat block diagram.
c Exercise examples from Text 2 in the prescribed syllabus, 7.3, 7.4, 7.14,7.17 L3, CO3 06
Module-5
Q. 09 a Define Intersymbol Interference (ISI). Outline Baseband binary data
L2, CO4 08
transmission system with neat block diagram and equations.
b Develop a code to generate and plot eye diagram. L3, CO4 06
c Explain bandwidth requirements of T1 system L2, CO1 06
OR
Q. 10 a Explain the following concepts briefly:
(i) Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission. L2, CO4 08
(ii) Baseband M-ary PAM transmission
b Develop a code to generate NRZ and RZ pulse. L3, CO4 06
c Define Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Explain the different types of external
L2, CO1 06
and internal noise.
*Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Indicate as L1, L2, L3, L4, etc. It is also desirable to indicate the COs and POs to be
attained by every bit of questions.

Page 02 of 02
9
MODULE-1
SYLLABUS
Random Variables and Processes
Introduction
Probability
Conditional Probability
Random variables.
Statistical Averages
Function of a random variable
Moments
Random Processes
Mean
Correlation and Covariance function
Properties of autocorrelation function
Cross–correlation functions
Gaussian Process
Gaussian distribution Function.

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11
12
13
14
15
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17
18
19
20
21
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23
MODULE-2
SYLLABUS
Amplitude Modulation Fundamentals
AM Concepts
Modulation index and Percentage of Modulation
Sidebands and the frequency domain
AM Power
Single Sideband Modulation
AM Circuits
Amplitude Modulators: Diode Modulator, Transistor Modulator, collector Modulator.
Amplitude Demodulators: Diode Detector, Balanced Modulators: Lattice Modulators.
Frequency Division Multiplexing: Transmitter-Multiplexer, Receiver-Demultiplexer.

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33
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35
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40
41
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MODULE-3
SYLLABUS
Fundamentals of Frequency Modulation
Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation
Principles of Phase Modulation
Modulation index and sidebands
Noise Suppression Effects of FM
Frequency Modulation versus Amplitude Modulation.
FM Circuits
Frequency Modulators: Voltage Controlled Oscillators
Frequency Demodulators: Slope Detectors, Phase Locked Loops.
Communication Receiver
Super heterodyne receiver
Frequency Conversion: Mixing Principles, JFET Mixer.

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46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
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61
62
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64
MODULE-4
SYLLABUS
Digital Representation of Analog Signals
Introduction
Why Digitize Analog Sources?
The Sampling process
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Time-Division Multiplexing
Pulse Position Modulation: Generation and Detection of PPM wave.
The Quantization Process
Pulse Code Modulation: Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, line Codes, Differential encoding,
Regeneration, Decoding, filtering, multiplexing.

65
MODULE 5
MODULE-4

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS

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Statement: Sampling theorem states that any continuous time signal can be completely
represented in its samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency is greater than
or equal to twice the highest frequency component of base band signal.
That is Sampling frequency, f s  2W .
Where W= Highest frequency in base band continuous time signal.
This condition is also called Nyquist condition for sampling process.
Explanation and Proof:

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80
81
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MODULE-5

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84
85
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89
90
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MODULE-5
SYLLABUS
Baseband Transmission of Digital signals
Introduction
Intersymbol Interference
Eye Pattern
Nyquist criterion for distortionless Transmission
Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission.
Noise
Signal to Noise Ratio
External Noise
Internal Noise
Semiconductor Noise
Expressing Noise Levels
Noise in Cascade Stages.

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98
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100
101
102
103
104
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108