UNIT-1

1A. What is React Redux? Explain Redux with Example

React Redux is a predictable state management library specifically designed for React
applications. It allows you to centralize the application state in a single store, making it easier
to manage and debug complex applications. Redux’s main concept is to have a single source
of truth—the store—where all states are managed centrally rather than having them
distributed across different components.

Key Concepts of Redux:

1. Store: Holds the state of the entire application.

2. Actions: Plain JavaScript objects that describe changes in the state.
3. Reducers: Functions that take the current state and an action as arguments, then return a
new state based on that action.
4. Dispatch: A method to send actions to the reducer, which updates the store.

Example of Redux in React:

Consider a simple counter application with an increment and decrement button.

1. Actions:

javascript

// actions.js
export const increment = () => ({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
export const decrement = () => ({ type: 'DECREMENT' });

2. Reducer:

javascript

// reducer.js
const counterReducer = (state = 0, action) => {
switch(action.type) {
case 'INCREMENT': return state + 1;
case 'DECREMENT': return state - 1;
default: return state;
}
};
export default counterReducer;

3. Store:

javascript

// store.js
import { createStore } from 'redux';
import counterReducer from './reducer';

const store = createStore(counterReducer);

export default store;
4. Connecting with React Components:

javascript

// CounterComponent.js
import React from 'react';
import { useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux';
import { increment, decrement } from './actions';

const CounterComponent = () => {

const count = useSelector(state => state);
const dispatch = useDispatch();

return (
<div>
<h1>{count}</h1>
<button onClick={() =>
dispatch(increment())}>Increment</button>
<button onClick={() =>
dispatch(decrement())}>Decrement</button>
</div>
);
};
export default CounterComponent;

1B. Explain Client and Server Communication by Using React JS

In a typical React application, client-server communication is often achieved using HTTP

requests. When the client (browser) needs data from the server, it sends a request, and the
server responds with the necessary data.

Steps for Client-Server Communication:

1. Setup: Use libraries like Axios or the native fetch API in React.
2. API Call in Component:
o Place the HTTP request inside useEffect for lifecycle management.
o Use async/await or .then() for handling promises.

Example:
javascript

// ExampleComponent.js
import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';

const ExampleComponent = () => {

const [data, setData] = useState(null);

useEffect(() => {
axios.get('https://api.example.com/data')
.then(response => setData(response.data))
.catch(error => console.error(error));
}, []);

return (
<div>
<h1>Data from Server:</h1>
<pre>{JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}</pre>
</div>
);
};
export default ExampleComponent;

2A. Explain the Features of React JS

React is a popular JavaScript library developed by Facebook, known for building user
interfaces (UIs) efficiently, especially for single-page applications (SPAs). Key features
include:

1. Virtual DOM: React maintains a lightweight representation of the real DOM, allowing
efficient updates by only re-rendering components that have changed.
2. JSX: JavaScript XML syntax that allows HTML-like code to be written directly in JavaScript,
making the code more readable and easier to debug.
3. Component-Based Architecture: Breaks the UI into reusable components, each with its own
logic, reducing repetition and complexity.
4. One-Way Data Binding: The data flow in React is unidirectional, simplifying the debugging
process.
5. Performance Optimization: React’s reconciliation process, along with the virtual DOM,
provides optimized and faster rendering of UIs.

2B. Illustrate the Purpose of React Router in SPA (Single Page Application)
and Provide Example Navigation

React Router is a standard library for routing in React applications. In a SPA, React Router
helps create a multi-page feel by allowing users to navigate between different components
without reloading the page.

Example Navigation in React Router:

1. Setup Routes:

javascript

// App.js
import React from 'react';
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-
dom';
import Home from './Home';
import About from './About';

const App = () => (

<Router>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/about" component={About} />
</Switch>
</Router>
);
export default App;
2. Navigation Links:

javascript

// Navigation.js
import React from 'react';
import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';

const Navigation = () => (

<nav>
<Link to="/">Home</Link>
<Link to="/about">About</Link>
</nav>
);
export default Navigation;

3A. Describe the Structure of React Application

A typical React application has the following structure:

• public/: Contains static assets like index.html, which serves as the single page where
React is rendered.
• src/: Houses the core of the application:
o App.js: The root component that contains the main structure of the app.
o index.js: The entry point where ReactDOM.render() mounts the app on the root
HTML element.
o components/: Folder for all reusable React components.
o services/: Manages API calls and server communication.
o store/: If using Redux, this folder stores actions, reducers, and configurations.
o styles/: Contains CSS files for styling.

3B. Write a Short Note on Function and Class Components in React JS

1. Function Components:
o Simple JavaScript functions that return JSX.
o Can use hooks like useState and useEffect for managing state and lifecycle.
o Preferred for their simplicity and performance efficiency.

javascript

function Greeting() {
return <h1>Hello, World!</h1>;
}

2. Class Components:
o ES6 classes extending React.Component.
o Use this.state for state management and lifecycle methods like
componentDidMount for side effects.
o Less commonly used in modern React since functional components with hooks cover
most needs.

javascript
class Greeting extends React.Component {
render() {
return <h1>Hello, World!</h1>;
}
}

UNIT-2

1. Describe in Detail the Steps to Create a Spring Application

To create a Spring application, follow these steps:

1. Set Up the Development Environment:

o Ensure you have Java Development Kit (JDK) installed and configured.
o Install an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like IntelliJ IDEA or
Eclipse.
o If using Maven or Gradle, ensure it is installed for managing dependencies.
2. Create a New Spring Project:
o In your IDE, create a new Maven or Gradle project.
o Define the project’s Group ID and Artifact ID to create a unique package
structure.
3. Add Spring Dependencies:
o Open the pom.xml (for Maven) or build.gradle (for Gradle) file.
o Add dependencies for Spring Core, Spring Context, and Spring Web. For
Spring Boot applications, add spring-boot-starter-web.
4. Configure Application Properties:
o If using Spring Boot, create an application.properties or
application.yml file.
o Configure properties such as server port, data source, etc., if needed.
5. Set Up a Main Class:
o Create a main class annotated with @SpringBootApplication for Spring
Boot applications. This serves as the entry point.
o For traditional Spring applications, create an XML configuration file or a Java
configuration class annotated with @Configuration.
6. Create Components:
o Develop components like controllers, services, and repositories. Annotate
them with @Controller, @Service, and @Repository to make them
discoverable by Spring.
7. Run the Application:
o If using Spring Boot, run the main class directly.
o For non-Boot Spring applications, deploy the application to a server like
Tomcat.

2. a) What is Spring and Explain?

Spring is a powerful Java framework used to build robust enterprise-grade applications. It
provides infrastructure support, emphasizing modularity and reusability through a lightweight
framework. Some core concepts include:

• Dependency Injection (DI): Promotes loose coupling by injecting dependencies

rather than creating them directly.
• Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP): Separates cross-cutting concerns like
logging and transaction management.
• Modules: Offers various modules (Spring Core, Spring MVC, Spring Data, etc.) to
handle diverse application needs, from web development to data access.

2. b) Explain the Spring Web MVC Framework with Example

Spring Web MVC is a part of the Spring framework that follows the Model-View-Controller
(MVC) pattern to develop web applications. Here’s a simple example:

1. Controller:

java

@Controller
public class HomeController {
@RequestMapping("/home")
public String home(Model model) {
model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome to Spring MVC!");
return "home"; // This will resolve to home.jsp or home.html
}
}

2. View Configuration:
o Use a view resolver to map views (like JSP or Thymeleaf templates) for
rendering.
3. Run the Application:
o Access /home to see the controller output displayed on the specified view.

3. a) Describe the Spring Framework with Example in Detail

The Spring Framework is designed for building large-scale applications. An example of

Spring’s Dependency Injection feature:

java

// Service Class
@Service
public class GreetingService {
public String greet() {
return "Hello, Spring!";
}
}
// Controller Class
@Controller
public class GreetingController {
@Autowired
private GreetingService greetingService;

@RequestMapping("/greet")
public String greet(Model model) {
model.addAttribute("message", greetingService.greet());
return "greet";
}
}

In this example, GreetingService is injected into GreetingController using @Autowired,

which is handled by Spring’s IoC container.

3. b) Explain the OOP Features in Java

Java’s Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) features include:

1. Encapsulation: Groups related data and methods within classes, protecting data from
outside access.
2. Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class,
supporting code reuse.
3. Polymorphism: Enables a single method to perform different behaviors (method
overloading and overriding).
4. Abstraction: Hides complex details from the user, exposing only the necessary parts
of an object.

4. Write a Short Note on the Spring Framework and Its Advantages

The Spring Framework is a popular, open-source framework for building Java applications.
It provides a comprehensive programming and configuration model. Advantages include:

• Loose Coupling: Dependency Injection simplifies component replacement.

• Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP): Manages cross-cutting concerns (e.g.,
logging).
• Modular Architecture: Spring’s modules allow developers to use only what they
need.
• Testability: Spring applications are easy to test due to dependency injection and
modularity.
• Robust Ecosystem: Offers support for web applications, data access, security, and
more.
5. a) Explain in Detail the Spring Web MVC Framework Using Maven with
Example

To create a Spring Web MVC project with Maven:

1. Create a Maven Project:

o Define the Group ID and Artifact ID.
o Add dependencies like spring-web, spring-webmvc, and spring-boot-
starter-web (if using Spring Boot) in pom.xml.
2. Create a Controller:

java

@Controller
public class WelcomeController {
@RequestMapping("/welcome")
public String welcome(Model model) {
model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome to Spring MVC using
Maven!");
return "welcome";
}
}

3. View Resolver Configuration:

o Configure view resolver in the application.properties or
application.yml to map JSP or Thymeleaf views.
4. Run the Application:
o Use mvn spring-boot:run if using Spring Boot, or deploy to a server if
using traditional Spring.

5. b) What are the Advantages of Spring?

Advantages of Spring include:

• Inversion of Control (IoC): Makes testing easier by allowing mock implementations.

• Modular Design: Uses only the necessary modules for a project.
• Extensive Ecosystem: Wide range of support for data, security, messaging, and more.
• Testing Support: Provides easy ways to unit test by abstracting dependencies.
• Comprehensive Documentation: Detailed resources for troubleshooting and support.

6. Explain the Spring REST API with Example

To create a REST API in Spring:

1. Define a REST Controller:

java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable int id) {
return new User(id, "John Doe", "[email protected]");
}
}

2. Run the Application:

o Start the Spring application, and the endpoint /api/users/{id} will return
the details of a user by ID.

This simple REST API endpoint shows how to retrieve user details via a GET request.

UNIT-3
1. a) Write a Program to Insert a Record Using Spring JDBC

Spring JDBC simplifies database interactions by providing a JdbcTemplate class that makes
it easy to connect to a database and execute SQL commands. Here’s a sample code for
inserting a record into an Employee table using Spring JDBC:

java

import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;

public class EmployeeDAO {

private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

public EmployeeDAO(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {

this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
}

public void insertEmployee(int id, String name, String department) {

String sql = "INSERT INTO Employee (id, name, department) VALUES
(?, ?, ?)";
jdbcTemplate.update(sql, id, name, department);
}
}

In this example:

1. The insertEmployee method defines an SQL INSERT command to add a new

employee record.
2. JdbcTemplate.update() is used to execute the INSERT operation, where
placeholders ? are replaced by the actual values for id, name, and department.

1. b) Write Short Note on DDL Query with Example

DDL (Data Definition Language) queries define, modify, or remove database structures.
DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, and TRUNCATE.
Example of DDL:

sql

CREATE TABLE Employee (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
department VARCHAR(50)
);

In this example:

• The CREATE TABLE command defines an Employee table with columns id, name, and
department.

DDL commands do not affect data directly; they manipulate the schema of the database.

2. a) Describe Different Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Cloud computing offers various deployment models based on organizational needs and data
sensitivity. The main deployment models are:

• Public Cloud: Operated by third-party providers (e.g., AWS, Azure). Multiple clients
share resources on demand. Public clouds are cost-effective and scalable, suitable for
non-sensitive data and applications.
• Private Cloud: Exclusive for a single organization, either hosted on-premises or by a
third party. Private clouds provide higher control and security, suitable for
organizations handling sensitive data.
• Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private clouds to balance scalability, security,
and cost. Data flows between private and public clouds as needed, making it versatile
and flexible.

2. b) Explain Real-World Applications of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing applications are diverse, including:

• Data Storage and Backup: Services like Google Drive and Dropbox allow users to
store, access, and share data remotely.
• Big Data Analytics: Companies like Netflix leverage cloud computing for analyzing
large datasets, supporting features like content recommendations.
• Healthcare: Cloud-based platforms store and manage patient data securely, aiding in
efficient healthcare delivery and data analysis.

3. a) Write a Program to Update a Record Using Spring JDBC

Spring JDBC simplifies database interactions and makes CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
operations easy through the JdbcTemplate class. For deleting records, we use SQL DELETE
commands, which remove records from a database table based on specified conditions. Here’s how
you could create a program in Java to delete a record using Spring JDBC.

java

public void updateEmployeeDept(int id, String newDept) {

String sql = "UPDATE Employee SET department = ? WHERE id = ?";
jdbcTemplate.update(sql, newDept, id);
}

This code updates an employee's department based on their id. JdbcTemplate.update()

replaces the placeholders with newDept and id values to execute the update.

3. b) Describe DDL, DCL, and TCL in Detail with Examples

In SQL, commands are categorized based on their functionalities. Three major categories are
DDL (Data Definition Language), DCL (Data Control Language), and TCL (Transaction
Control Language). Each serves a unique purpose in managing data and databases.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

DDL commands are used to define and modify the structure of database objects like tables,
indexes, and schemas. Common DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, and
TRUNCATE.

• CREATE: Creates a new table, view, or database.

sql

CREATE TABLE Employee (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
department VARCHAR(50)
);

This command creates an Employee table with three fields: id, name, and
department.

• ALTER: Modifies an existing database structure.

sql

ALTER TABLE Employee ADD COLUMN salary DECIMAL(10, 2);

This adds a new column salary to the Employee table.

• DROP: Deletes a table or database structure.

sql

DROP TABLE Employee;

This removes the Employee table and all its data from the database.

• TRUNCATE: Deletes all records in a table without removing the table itself.

sql

TRUNCATE TABLE Employee;

This command clears all data from the Employee table but keeps the table structure
intact.

2. Data Control Language (DCL)

DCL commands manage access rights and permissions within a database. The two main DCL
commands are GRANT and REVOKE.

• GRANT: Provides specific privileges to a user.

sql

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Employee TO 'username';

This grants SELECT and INSERT privileges on the Employee table to the specified user.

• REVOKE: Removes specific privileges from a user.

sql

REVOKE INSERT ON Employee FROM 'username';

This removes the INSERT privilege on the Employee table from the specified user.

3. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

TCL commands control transactions, ensuring data integrity in multi-step operations. The
primary TCL commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

• COMMIT: Finalizes a transaction, making all changes permanent.

sql

COMMIT;

This command is issued after a series of DML commands to save all changes made
within the transaction.

• ROLLBACK: Reverts changes made in the current transaction to the last commit
point.
sql

ROLLBACK;

This undoes all changes made since the last COMMIT or SAVEPOINT, restoring data to a
previous state.

• SAVEPOINT: Creates a rollback point within a transaction.

sql

SAVEPOINT savepoint1;

After a SAVEPOINT, you can use ROLLBACK TO savepoint1 to undo changes back to
that specific point without affecting earlier transactions.

4. a) Write a Program to Delete a Record Using Spring JDBC

Spring JDBC simplifies database interactions and makes CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
operations easy through the JdbcTemplate class. For deleting records, we use SQL DELETE
commands, which remove records from a database table based on specified conditions. Here’s how
you could create a program in Java to delete a record using Spring JDBC.
java

public void deleteEmployee(int id) {

String sql = "DELETE FROM Employee WHERE id = ?";
jdbcTemplate.update(sql, id);
}

This method deletes an employee record based on id. The jdbcTemplate.update() method
executes the DELETE statement.

4. b) Explain DML Query with Example

DML, or Data Manipulation Language, includes SQL commands that allow for inserting,
updating, and deleting data in database tables. Unlike DDL (Data Definition Language),
which changes the structure of the database (e.g., creating or modifying tables), DML
operates on the data stored within the tables. DML commands include INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE, and SELECT.

Types of DML Commands:

1. INSERT: Adds a new record to a table.

o Example: Adding a new employee to the Employee table.

sql
INSERT INTO Employee (id, name, department) VALUES (1, 'Alice',
'Marketing');

This command adds a new employee record with id 1, name "Alice," and department
"Marketing" to the Employee table.

2. UPDATE: Modifies existing records in a table.

o Example: Changing the department of an employee in the Employee table.

sql

UPDATE Employee SET department = 'HR' WHERE id = 1;

Here, the command changes the department of the employee with id 1 to "HR".

3. DELETE: Removes records from a table.

o Example: Deleting an employee record from the Employee table based on a
condition.

sql

DELETE FROM Employee WHERE id = 1;

This command deletes the record of the employee whose id is 1 from the Employee
table.

4. SELECT: Retrieves data from a table (not strictly a "modification" but falls under
DML as it manipulates data for retrieval).
o Example: Retrieving all employees in the Employee table.

sql

SELECT * FROM Employee;

This command selects and displays all records in the Employee table.

5. Write a Program to Perform Any DML Operation Using Spring JDBC

DML (Data Manipulation Language) operations allow us to manage data within database
tables. Using Spring JDBC, we can easily perform operations like inserting, updating, or
deleting records through the JdbcTemplate class.

Below is an example program to insert a new employee record using Spring JDBC. This
demonstrates how to set up a Spring JDBC environment and use JdbcTemplate for executing
SQL DML commands.

Example Code for Inserting a Record

java

import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
public class EmployeeDAO {
private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

// Constructor to inject JdbcTemplate dependency

public EmployeeDAO(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
}

// Method to insert a new employee

public void insertEmployee(int id, String name, String department) {
String sql = "INSERT INTO Employee (id, name, department) VALUES
(?, ?, ?)";
int rowsAffected = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, id, name, department);

if (rowsAffected > 0) {
System.out.println("Employee inserted successfully!");
} else {
System.out.println("Failed to insert employee.");
}
}
}

Explanation:

1. SQL Query: The SQL INSERT INTO command inserts values into the Employee table.
2. Executing the Query: The jdbcTemplate.update(sql, id, name, department)
method executes the query, with parameters id, name, and department.
3. Result: If the insertion succeeds (rowsAffected > 0), a success message is displayed.

Spring JDBC’s JdbcTemplate is very useful for such DML operations, providing a
straightforward way to interact with relational databases.

6. Write a Program to Read Records Using Spring JDBC

Reading records from a database is one of the essential operations when managing data.
Using Spring JDBC, we can retrieve and display records with ease. Here’s an example to
fetch and display employee records from an Employee table.

Example Code for Reading Records

java

import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.RowMapper;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.List;

public class EmployeeDAO {

private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

// Constructor to inject JdbcTemplate dependency

public EmployeeDAO(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
}

// Method to read all employees

public List<Employee> getAllEmployees() {
String sql = "SELECT * FROM Employee";
return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new RowMapper<Employee>() {
@Override
public Employee mapRow(ResultSet rs, int rowNum) throws
SQLException {
Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.setId(rs.getInt("id"));
employee.setName(rs.getString("name"));
employee.setDepartment(rs.getString("department"));
return employee;
}
});
}
}

// Employee class representing the data model

class Employee {
private int id;
private String name;
private String department;

// Getters and setters for id, name, and department

public int getId() { return id; }
public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; }

public String getName() { return name; }

public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }

public String getDepartment() { return department; }

public void setDepartment(String department) { this.department =
department; }

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", department=" +
department + "]";
}
}

Explanation:

1. SQL Query: The SQL SELECT * FROM Employee command retrieves all records from the
Employee table.
2. RowMapper: The RowMapper interface maps each row in the ResultSet to a new
Employee object.
3. Result: The getAllEmployees method returns a list of Employee objects, each
representing a record from the table.

When called, this method returns a list of all employees, which can then be printed or
processed further. This setup leverages Spring JDBC’s query handling, making data retrieval
straightforward.
These examples demonstrate how Spring JDBC’s JdbcTemplate provides an efficient and
clean way to handle DML operations, from inserting records to reading and displaying them,
enhancing the ease and effectiveness of database interaction in Java applications.