ARTA REVIEWER MIDTERM invoked.

-Rhythmical patterns help the eye to

Principles of Design move easily from one part of the room to
refers to the visual strategies used by another or from one part of a design to
artists, in conjunction with the elements another (Sanchez, et al., 2009).
of arts – for expressive purposes.
(Fichner-Rathus, 2008). Regular Repetition - A means of creating
- How we apply the principles of design rhythm in which elements of a
determines how successful we are in composition are duplicated at orderly or
creating a work of art. fixed intervals. The easiest and most
precise way to create rhythm.
They include:
Regular repetition was a core property of
Harmony, Balance, Rhythm, Emphasis,
Minimalist artists, of which Flavin was
Proportion, Simplicity, Variety Unity,
one
Contrast, Clarity.
-Donald Judd’s sculpture in particular
HARMONY was based on the repetition of simple
Harmony in visual design means all parts geometric shapes mounted on walls or
of the visual image relate to and set on the floor in a steady, evenly spaced
complement each other. Harmony is the pattern.
use of related elements. - Minimalism. An abstract art movement
-This might be similar colors, shapes, begun in the 1960s that emphasizes the
sizes of objects, etc. It’s about repetition use of pure and simple shapes and
and a relationship between elements. materials.
This creates a sense of connection
ALTERNATING RHYTHM -a type of
between the objects, creating a sense of
rhythm in which different elements in a
flow.
work repeat themselves in predictable
-Harmony is one of the most important
order.
aspects when it comes to principles of
PROGRESSIVE RHYTHM- Minor
art.
variations in rhythm can add interest to a
- Harmony is the visually satisfying effect
composition.
of combining similar or related elements.
➢Such variations are seen in progressive
RHYTHM rhythm, in which the rhythm of elements
Is organized movement, a beat, a of a work of art such as shape, texture, or
repetition. Is created by repetition, and color change slightly as they move, or
repetitive patterns to convey a sense of progress toward a defined point in the
movement. composition
-In the visual arts, the viewer perceives
rhythm by grouping elements such as BALANCE
color, line and shape. Rhythm is often the Balance refers to the weight of objects
use of regular, evenly distributed and their placement in relation to each
elements – they could occur in slow, fast, other.
smooth or jerky intervals, and this tells It’s a sense of stability you might feel
you something about the feelings from elements in alignment.
This can take three forms: symmetrical, of them and they are dressed in their
asymmetrical, and radial. costumes, they are less likely
Symmetrical balance refers to the exact to draw the viewer’s eye than the
mirroring of objects across an axis delicately rendered woman in “street
Asymmetrical balance is the opposite of clothes,” who is
this – when objects do not mirror each seated apart in the lower right and looks
other perfectly, shifting the balance to beyond the edge of the canvas
one side or the other of the axis. (Fichner-Rathus,2008). Pablo Picasso.
This is often done to highlight an object in Family of Saltimbanques (1905) Oil on
relation to another. canvas
Radial balance is when objects are
-Picasso’s emphasis on the woman’s
distributed all around a central point.
aloneness draws us to her along the edge
of the canvas (Fichner-Rathus,2008
PROPORTION
Proportion is the size of objects in relation VARIETY
to each other, or within a larger whole. Unity is powerful, but, as the British writer
Proportion refers to the relative size and Aphra Behn said, “Variety is the soul of
scale of the various elements in a design. pleasure.” Without variety, life would
The issue is the relationship between comprise a bland sameness, a cookie-
objects, or parts, of a whole. This means cutter existence from which we all shrink.
that it is necessary to discuss proportion Variety in art, as in life, is seductive. It
in terms of the context or standard used demands our attention, turns the
to determine proportions. predictable on edge (Fichner-Rathus,
2008).
EMPAPHASIS ( ALL EMPHASIS IS NO
-Variety is a sense of the difference
EMPHASIS)
between elements of an artwork – the
Emphasis is an extension of these first
opposite of unity, or harmony. Salvador
two principles: it is when contrast,
Dali is one of the artists who have
placement, size, color, or other features
experimented with chaos and variety in
are used to highlight one object, area, or
his paintings, yet achieved a great sense
other elements of the artwork. This is
of perfection. When unity is used instead,
used to draw attention – a focal point – or
it immediately calms – though this can
accentuate a feature.
also lead to being boring!
Emphasis by Directional Lines
Directional Lines – lines that lead to the UNITY
eye to a focal point In art, unity implies harmony. It suggests
EX. Oskar Schlemmer Bauhaus that the parts of a composition are there
Stairway (1932) Oil on canvas (63 ⅞” x by happenstance; rather, they fit together
45”) to form a meaningful whole (Fichner-
Rathus, 2008). Not to be confused with
Emphasis by Isolation harmony, unity is the overall cohesion of
Here a group of performers is found the work.
standing silently within a barren -You might achieve this through any kind
landscape. Even though there are many of grouping of objects. Any kind of
similarity will help to strengthen the expect them to be in reality. If an object
sense of unity you feel when looking at a occurs in a natural scale, then the object
series of objects is the size we would expect to find it.
Diminutive refers to an object being
CONTRAST
smaller than expected, and monumental
Contrast is the disparity between the
is when the object is much larger.
elements that figure into the
composition. One object may be made
REPITITION
stronger compared to other objects
This is the pattern itself. A combination of
(hence, emphasis). This can be done in
shapes, colors, or other elements
many ways using the elements of art. For
recurring across the composition.
instance, specifically, the use of negative
Objects might be repeated such that they
and positive space, is an example of
slowly get smaller, or slowly change color
contrast. Another example is the use of
– where the pattern starts and stops is
complementary colors in a work of art
important! Patterns usually evoke
CLARITY
feelings of security and calm. In all, these
Clarity in art refers to the quality of being
ten principles of art combine and
easily understood or perceived, allowing
contrast to create the effects we respond
the viewer to grasp the intended
to visually. By breaking down the
message, form, or emotion within a work.
elements, we begin to understand more
about the intention or meaning of art
SIMPLICITY
simplicity is the philosophy and practice ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION
of creating only what is necessary within
a work of art. Simplicity depends greatly STONE AGE – Is a term used to describe a
on both the artist and what they are period of history when stones were
exploring or expressing through their used to make tools for survival. The term
medium. conjures an image of men and women
dressed in skin, huddling before a fire in a
MOVEMENT cave. Stone Age roughly span the 14,000
This indicates the direction your eye takes 2,000 BCE.
as you view the work – in what order does THREE PERIODS OF STONE AGE
your eye travel? If the emphasis is used, PALEOLITHIC – the late years of the old
this often means you start with this Stone Age.
element first and travel away from it. The MESOLITHIC – Middle Stone Age.
movement inherent in the image is NEOLITHIC – New Stone Age.
important, as it tells you a story through In unearthing of archeological artifacts
the use of lines (whether they are literal or and remains provides modern society a
implied). glimpse of the beliefs, practices, and
activities of early civilization. The motives
SCALE and reasons behind the creation of
It might sound similar to proportion, but ancient materials such as sculptures,
they differ slightly: scale is about the size painting, and architectural structures
of objects but in relation to what you’d may not be clearly defined. Nevertheless,
the early people produced such material EGYPTIAN ART
that reflect their attitudes and belief The Egyptian civilization can be divided
system on spiritual, social, political, and into three periods: Old, Middle, and New
economic matters. Kingdom. Looking at the three periods, it
can be noticed that for the Egyptians, art
PREHISTORIC ART
should be something religious and
The Stone Age has witnessed how
spiritual. There may have been
humans were able to lead more stable
differences in the techniques used and
lives and eventually come up with
style emphasized, but there are common
permanent shelters and tools for survival.
denominators among the artworks
To complement this stability and sense of
created during their respective time
Permanence, early humans also turned
periods.
to the Creation of paintings and
NARMER PALETTE
sculptures that depict humans, animals,
It was a palette that utilized and applied
and their natural habitats.
dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes.
The palette was also a symbol that
Paleolithic Art
commemorates the unification of Upper
is a product of climate change. As the
and Lower Egypt.
climate got colder, part of the early
The Great Pyramid Of Giza
humans’ instinct is to look for shelters
During the old Kingdom, one of the
that would provide them will warmth.
Architectural wonders was also
Caves became protective havens for the
constructed. The pyramids in Giza served
early humans and these caves paved the
as tombs since their main purpose was to
way for the birth of their first attempt to
provide a resting place
create art. Halls of Bulls Found in the
for the pharaohs.
cave in Lascauz, France
Queen Nefertiti
Mesolithic Art The
There is emphasis to life-like features of
“Venus of Willendorf.” This figure is a
the face like an elongate jaw and thick-
highly abstracted woman from
lidded eyes. Most artists created artworks
highlighted body parts associated with
that are natural and seemingly real,
fertility. The representation may show the
highlighting the features of their subjects.
importance of taking care of these body
Naturalism was not only used to depict
parts for procreation and consequently
the pharaoh but also was used for
the survival of species
members of the royal family. The bust of
NEOLITHIC ART STONEHENGE IN
Queen Nefertiti has a long and sensuous
ENGLAND
neck.
The purpose of this fascinating edifice
King Tutankhamen
remains a mystery up to this day age.
He became king at a very young age and
Some regard it as a temple while others
died at the age of eighteen. Howard
see it as complex calendar the tracked
Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They
the movements of both the Sun and
were astonished to find gold artworks and
Moon. Others ascribe some magical
that
element to it by associating it with Merlin
the coffin was made out of solid gold and
the Magician from King Arthurs’s story.
a gold mask covered his face.
GREEK ART Greece’s trading activities with other
Ancient Greece is characterized by a civilizations Kore, by Aristion (550-540
shared language, religion, and culture, BC)
deeply influenced by its literary heritage Classical Period
and notable archaeological sites. The peak of Greek sculpture and
GREEKS & ROMANS architecture the time when the Greeks
All the way to the modern times art has found themselves rebuilding their
been use to communicate ideologist and temples and focusing creating artworks.
belief systems prevalent within their Hellenistic Period
context Greek and Romans Civilizations Time of Alexander the Great. Art was
where also known as Classical World primarily focused on showcasing
because both cultures aimed to embody, emotions and depicting reality
the highest possible standard of quality in
all aspects of their societies. ‘’Laocoon and his sons”
ANCIENT GREECE Laocoon, a Trojan priest, and his sons
They Valued being strangled by serpents. Their
-Poetry, Drama, Philosophy position was a result of locoon’s because
ART INVOLVE he felt that the wooden horse offered by
• Painting • Sculpture •Architecture the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a trick.
One is required to have certain skill sets Poseidon, the Greek God of the sea was
and body of knowledge enlarged by such action which led him to
Man send serpents to strangle Laocoon and
-The center of society and how they his sons.
trained their minds could be the very
The origins of theater and drama can be
foundation of how they lived their lives.
traced back during the Greek
POLITICAL IDEALS
civilization
-The framework for the democratic form
The followers of Dionysus―God of
of government in modern times.
fertility – started the Greek theater.
NATURE
People who were devoted to Dionysus
-Greeks were notably passionate about
would dance during ceremonies while
natural phenomenon and believed that
giving their offerings to their god.
nature should be in perfect order.
eventually, the Dionysians devised a
more structured form of drama involving
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK ART dances and choral songs, which depicted
Greek mythologies. Eventually the
Geometric Period
Greeks organized theatrical contests
Time when Greece starting to get back
where the performance were held in front
from the onslaught of what seemed to be
of large citizens.
their Dark Ages. A period when geometric
ANCIENT ROME
shapes and patterns have taken spotlight
Fusion Greek and Roman cultures can be
in most of the artworks.
seen in most Roman artworks
Archaic Period
500 BCE
The period placed importance on human
The Roman Republic was established
figure. This was primarily a result of
Western Europe’s mightiest empire construction. Sculptures were also
HELLENISTIC PERIOD prevalent during this time.
Roman civilization came from this age ➢BASILICA OF SAINT-SERNIN,
ROMAN ARTWORKS TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
Look Stem, harsh, and strong. Invoke the ➢GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, UNITED
principles of realism. Highlighting the KINGDOM
features of human being
MASTER BUILDERS GOTHIC
Colosseum Originated in the 12th century with the
Emperor Vespasian rebuilding of the Abbey Church in Saint-
Amphitheater was planned and Denis, France. Gothic architecture
constructed during his reign offered revolutionary structural
Platus and Terence advancements such as ribbed vaults,
Writers of comedy have patterned their flying buttresses, and decorative
works to those of Greek works pinnacles all contributing to taller, lighter
Perseus and Medusa building designs.
Just like the Greeks, the romans valued ➢ABBEY CHURCH IN SAINT-DENIS,
their gods and this was evident with their FRANCE
sculptures and artworks ➢WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON
ARTA111 LABAN
MIDDLE AGES ➢MILAN CATHEDRAL / METROPOLITAN
Period between Roman Empire and the CATHEDRAL-BASILICA MILAN,
Renaissance. LOMBARDY, ITALY.
-Characterized by ignorance and
darkness BYZANTINE ART
- Church was the central figure and Byzantine art was characterized by its
authority of the period. lack of realism. The artists did not try to
-Scriptures were done by hand. Great make their paintings realistic, but
cathedrals were also built. focused on the symbolism of their art.
The subjects of the paintings were almost
➢Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul,
entirely religious with many paintings
Turkey.
being of Christ and the Virgin Mary.
➢Crusader Bible, 1240 A.D...
➢THE VIRGIN AND CHILD

Artists of the Middle Ages and their

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
works
These cathedrals can be categorized into
DONATELLO - PENITENT MAGDALENE
two periods
DAVID - MADONNA AND CHILD
➢Romanesque (1050-1200) GIOTTO DI BONDONE - SCROVEGNI
➢Gothic (1200-1500) CHAPEL
ROMANESQUE
Romanesque architecture was RENAISSANCE ART
characterized by semi-circular arches, ▪Rebirth of Naturalism
thick stone walls, and durable ▪A positive willingness to learn and
explore. GEOMETRICAL ARRANGEMENT OF
▪Sought to capture the experience of the FIGURES
individual and the beauty and mystery of Madonna and Child with a Pomegranate
the natural world. by Leonardo da Vinci
▪Valued the "individual" as a subject of
ARTISTS AS PERSONALITIES/CELE
arts.
BRITIES
▪Most artwork emphasized naturalism
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters,
▪Most artist also added perspective of
Sculptors, and Architects by Giorgio
depth wherein spaces were explored in
Vasari
different artworks
EARLY RENAISSANCE
ORIGIN OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD
▪Artists began to reject the Byzantine
▪Born in Florence, Italy
style of religious painting and strove to
▪The term Renaissance means "rebirth".
create realism in their depiction of the
▪The origins of Renaissance art can be
human form and space.
traced to Italy in the late 13th and early
14th centuries. ➢SANTA TRINITA MAESTA Artist:
Cimabue
TECHNIQUES POPULARIZED IN THIS ➢LAMENTATION (THE MOURNING OF
ERA CHRIST) Artist: Giotto
➢CHIAROSCURO ➢THE BATTLE OF SAN ROMANO Artist:
➢SFUMATO Paolo Uccello
➢BIRTH OF VENUS Artist: Boticelli
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE ➢MADONNA DELLA VITTORIA Artist:
ART Andrea Mantegna
1. Realism & Expression
➢HOLY TRINITY Artist: Masaccio
2. Perspective
3. Classicism
HIGH RENAISSANCE
4. Emphasis on Individualism
▪Rome had displaced Florence as the
5. Geometrical Arrangement of figures
principal center of Renaissance art.
6. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities
▪Da Vinci, Michenlangelo & Raphael: 3
REALISM AND EXPRESSION great high renaissance masters
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by
LEONARDO'S ARTWORK
Masaccio
Salvator Mundi (Latin for 'Savior of the
PERSPECTIVE World') The painting depicts Jesus Christ
The Trinity by Masaccio in an anachronistic blue Renaissance
dress, making the sign of the cross with
CLASSICISM his right hand, while holding a
The Venus de' Medici or Medici Venus transparent, non-refracting crystal orb in
EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUALISM his left, signaling his role as Salvator
Battista Sforza and Federico Montefeltre: Mundi and representing the 'celestial
da The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino by sphere' of the heavens. Approximately
Piero della Francesca thirty copies and variations of the work by
pupils and followers of Leonardo have harmonious classicism and the idealized
been identified. naturalism of High Renaissance art as
practiced by Leonardo da Vinci,
Two preparatory chalk and ink drawings
Michelangelo, and Raphael in the first two
of the drapery by Leonardo are held in the
decades of the 16th century.
British Royal Collection.
▪1519
➢Artist: Leonardo Da Vinci LAOCOON AND HIS SONS" BY
THE LAST SUPPER AGESANDER, ATHENODOROS, AND
MONA LISA POLYDORUS OF RHODES
➢Artist: Michelangelo ▪Mannerism role-model: an ancient
PIETA and DAVID sculpture, rediscovered in 1506; now in
➢Artist: Michelangelo the Vatican Museums. The artists of
THE SISTINE CHAPEL Mannerism greatly, admired this piece
➢Artist: Raphael sculpture
SCHOOL OF ATHENS ➢MADONNA WITH LONG NECK
by Parmigianino
ARCHITECTURE
▪sensitivity towards the ancient past. CHARACTERISTICS
▪resumption of classical orders ▪Exaggerated Figures
▪clear articulation of plans and elevation ▪Elaborate Decoration
▪proportion ▪Ornamentation
➢ST. PETER'S BASILICA ▪Artificial Color
Designed by Alberti, Raphael, Bramante,
Michelangelo, and Bernini ➢"PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA BY
JOACHIM WTEWAEL
➢TEMPIETTO DEL BRAMANTE
▪1616, Louvre, the composition
by Donato Bramante
displaying a Vanité of bones and
MUSIC seashells in the foreground and an
▪Music based on modes. elaborate academic nude with a palette
▪Richer texture in four or more parts. borrowing from the forefront for
▪Blending rather than contrasting strands Andromeda's cheeks. The Dragon seems
in the musical texture. of sino-oriental influence.
▪Harmony with a greater concern with the ➢PRIMAVERA 1477-1482 by Boticelli
flow and progression of chords ➢"SPRING," 1573 by Giuseppe
▪Desprez: Ave Maria Arcimboldo
MANNERISM
▪a product of Renaissance Period; also MANNERISM
known as the Lafe Renaissance ▪Mannerism was an anti-classical
▪regarded as a bridge between the High movement which differed greatly from the
Renaissance and the Baroque period, aesthetic ideologies of the Renaissance.
which adopted the subset's ornate ▪Though Mannerism was initially
aesthetic and adapted it as extravagance. accepted with positivity based on the
▪originated as a reaction to the writings of Vasari, it was later regarded in
a negative light because it solely views as,
"an alteration of natural truth and a trite ▪Rococo art focuses on secular themes
repetition of natural formulas and leisurely times. Paintings depict love
stories, sexually charged escapades, and
Characteristics that Mannerist artists
classical mythology.
would employ in their artworks.
▪The subjects and themes of Rococo and
➢Elongation of figures: Baroque art are almost polar opposites.
➢Distortion of perspective: Baroque art usually depicts religious
➢Black backgrounds themes while the Rococo period is
➢Use of darkness and light: deeply rooted in secular culture
➢Sculptural forms: BAROQUE
➢Clarity of line: ▪Active dates: c. 1600-1750
➢Composition and space: ▪The word "baroque" derives from the
Portuguese and Spanish words for a
➢Mannerist movement:
large, irregularly-shaped pearl ("barroco"
➢Painted frames: and "barrueco," respectively).
➢Atmospheric effects:
➢Mannerist colour:
▪Stemmed from Italian word for
➢PALAZZO TE IN MANTOVA "contorted idea"
designed by Giulio Romano ▪Arose mainly as a means to promote the
➢VESTIBULE OF LAURENTIAN LIBRARY Catholic Church during the Protestant
designed by Michelangelo Reformation
▪Emphasizes faith in church and power in
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
state
▪(c. 1600-1750)
▪Dramatic contrasts of lights and darks
▪Baroque comes from the Portugese ▪Emotional, often religious depictions
word barroco which means flawed ▪Feelings of grandeur, awe, movement
pearl/irregular shape. and tension
▪Rococo, which relates to the French
▪Various contrasting textures
words, Rocaille (mussel) and Coque ▪All-encompassing works (illusionistic)
(seashell) is actually a divergence from
▪Materials: bronzes, gildings, plaster,
the previous Baroque style. marble, stucco
▪Baroque style exudes a masculine ▪Focal point in architecture: entrance
energy and presence Rococo art has a
axis, pavilion
more demure, very beautiful, feminine
aura ➢THE PRESENTATION OF THE
▪Baroque art is mainly Christian in PORTRAIT OF MARIE DE' MEDICI, C.
subject matter. Paintings and sculptures 1622- 1625 by Peter Paul Rubens
depict biblical figures and stories with
intense accuracy. Public buildings such ➢VENUS AND ADONIS
as churches and other religious by Peter Paul Rubens
sanctuaries utilized this style to imbue a ➢ALON DE LA PRINCESSE INTERIOR
sense of wonder to the structures and DECORATION, HOTEL DE SOUBISE,
entice followers. PARIS
➢ECSTASY OF SAINT TERESA ➢FLICKR CA' REZZONICO CEILING in
Bernini, 1647-1652, Sculpture, Church Venice ST. PETER'S BALDACHIN 1623-
of Maria Della Vittoria, Rome 1634, Vatican City

➢CHURCH OF SAINT IGNATIUS OF ➢THE EMBARKATION FOR CYTHERA

LOYOLA in Rome Jean-Antoine Watteau, 1717

➢BALLROOM CEILING OF THE CA

➢LUNCHEON WITH HAM
REZZONICO IN VENICE WITH
by Nicolas Lancret (1735)
ILLUSIONISTIC QUADRATURA by
▪Giovanni Battista Crosato (1753) BAROQUE MUSIC
▪Chest of drawers by Charles Cressent ▪Baroque music, a style of music that
(1730) prevailed during the period from about
▪Kaisersaal of Würzburg 1600 to about 1750, known for its
▪Residence by Balthasar Neumann grandiose, dramatic, and energetic spirit
(1749-51) but also for its stylistic diversity.
▪is a period or style of Western classical
ROCOCO
music from approximately 1600 to 1750
▪1730-18th century
originated in Western Europe.
▪A style of baroque architecture and
▪The Baroque period is divided into three
decorative art, from 18th century France,
major phases: early, middle, and late.
having elaborate ornamentation.
Overlapping in time, they are
▪Rococo, less commonly Roccoco or conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650,
Late Baroque from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to
▪It is often described as the final 1750. Baroque music forms a major
expression of the Baroque movement portion of the "classical music" canon,
▪Rococo style developed first in the and is now widely studied, performed,
decorative arts and interior design, and and listened to.
its influence later spread to architecture,
▪Baroque music forms a major portion of
sculpture, theater design, painting, and
the "classical music" canon, and is now
music.
widely studied, performed, and listened
▪Rococo style is characterized by
to. The term "baroque" comes from the
elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical
Portuguese word Borroco, meaning
values, pastel color palette, and curved
"misshapen pearl"
or serpentine lines.
▪During the Baroque era, professional
▪Rococo art works often depict themes of
musicians were expected to be
love, classical myths, youth, and
accomplished improvisers of both solo
playfulness.
melodic lines and accompaniment parts.
▪A characteristic Baroque form was the
➢THE ENTOMBMENT OF CHRIST 1603- dance suite. While the pieces in a dance
04 by Caravaggio suite were inspired by actual dance
music, dance suites were designed
purely for listening, not for companying
dancers.
BAROQUE COMPOSERS musical ornamentation, made changes in
➢ANTONIO LUCIO VIVALDI musical notation, and developed new
(born March 4, 1678, Venice, Republic instrumental playing techniques.
of Venice [Italy]-died July 28, 1741, ▪Baroque music expanded the size,
Vienna, Austria), Italian composer and range, and complexity of instrumental
violinist who left a decisive mark on the performance, and also established
form of the concerto and the style of late opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto, and
Baroque instrumental music. sonata as musical genres.
▪The Baroque period is divided into three
➢ARCANGELO CORELLI major phases: early, middle, and late.
an Italian violinist and composer of the Although they overlap in time, they are
Baroque era. His music was key in the conventionally dated from 1580 to 1630,
development of the modern genres of from 1630 to 1680, and from 1680 to
sonata and concerto, in establishing the 1730.
preeminence of the violin, and as the first
coalescing of modern tonality and EARLY BAROQUE MUSIC (1580-1630)
functional harmony. ▪In reference to music, they based their
ideals on a perception of Classical
➢CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ANTONIO
(especially ancient Greek) musical drama
MONTEVERDI
that valued discourse and oration. As
an Italian composer, string player,
such, they rejected their contemporaries'
choirmaster, and priest. A composer of
use of polyphony and instrumental
both secular and sacred music, and a
music, and discussed such ancient Greek
pioneer in the development of opera, he
music devices as monody, which
is considered a crucial transitional figure
consisted of a solo singing accompanied
between the Renaissance and Baroque
by a kithara. The early realizations of
periods of music history. Other well-
these ideas, including Jacopo Peri's
known Baroque composers include
Dafne and L'Euridice, marked the
Germany's Bach and Handel. They are
beginning of opera, which in turn was
known as two titans of the Baroque.
somewhat of a catalyst for Baroque
➢JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685- music.
1750) was a German composer and
MIDDLE BAROQUE MUSIC (1630-1680)
musician of the late Baroque period
▪The middle Baroque period in Italy is
➢GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL (1685- defined by the emergence of the vocal
1759) a German-British Baroque styles of cantata, oratorio, and opera
composer well known for his operas, during the 1630s, and a new concept of
oratorios, anthems. concerti grossi, and melody and harmony that elevated the
organ concertos status of the music to one of equality with
CHARACTERISTICS the words, which formerly had been
▪The Baroque period saw the creation of regarded as pre-eminent.
tonality. During the period, composers ▪The florid, coloratura monody of the
and performers used more elaborate early Baroque gave way to a simpler,
more polished melodic style. These
melodies were built from short, forefront of this stylistic revolution
cadentially delimited ideas often based against the density and complexity of the
on stylized dance patterns drawn from Baroque period composing style in
The sarabande or the courante. Germany.
➢In France Style Galant was
LATE BAROQUE MUSIC (1680-1730) championed by Jean Philippe Rameau,
▪Through the work of Johann Fux, the Louis-Claude Daquin and François
Renaissance style of polyphony was Couperin
made the basis for the study of ➢Italy the music of composer Giovanni
composition. Battista Sammartini was rococo
▪A continuous worker, Handel borrowed personified
from others and often recycled his own
material. He was also known for CHARACTERISTICS
reworking pieces such as the famous Rococo composers aimed to express
Messiah, which premiered in 1742, for lightness and simplicity by focusing on a
available singers and musicians. single emotional affect rather than
multiple conflicting emotions. This era
ROCOCO MUSIC saw the rise of the galant style, which
▪Rococo style in music occupies a really prioritized instrumental works like string
specific transition from Baroque style to quartets over earlier contrapuntal vocal
Classical era. compositions. The new musical style
▪Rococo music has diluted the highly emphasized intricate ornamentation,
complex polyphonic structures of the memorable melodies, and a positive
Baroque period into a lighter, simpler yet disposition, reflecting a desire to delight
very ornamented elegant style of musical the listener. Rococo art and music are
expression. closely linked, both embodying a cult of
▪Roughly landing on the decades elegance and grace.
between the 1740s -1770s rococo music
took root in France and spread Italian Composers
throughout Europe rapidly, to the delight ➢ANTONIO LUCIO VIVALDI
of a growing class of ubiquitous music March 4 1678-July 28 1741
amateurs and aficionados. ➢ARCANGELO CORELLI
▪It was referred to differently throughout 17 Feb 1655-8 Jan 1713)
Europe - from Style Galant to ➢CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ANTONIO
Empfindsamer Stil (sensitive style) in MONTEVERDI
Germany. 9 May 1567-29 Nov 1643
German Composers
ROCCO COMPOSERS ➢JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
31 March 1685-28 July 1750
➢Johann Christian Bach and Carl Philip
Emanuel Bach, two sons of the titan of ➢GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL
Baroque Music 23 February 1685-14 April 1759
➢Johann Sebastian Bach - were at the
NEOCLASSICISM ➢THE RAFT OF THE MEDUSA (Le
▪Neoclassicism was a movement in Radeau de la Méduse) by Theodore
Europe that transpired during the late Gericault
18th and early 19th centuries.
▪It was the dominant art movement that
time which basically aimed to revive ➢LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE (La
and rekindle the influences of Greek and Liberté guidant le peuple) by Eugène
Roman into art and architecture. Delacroix
▪Some historians would also say that this
➢SATURN DEVOURS HIS SON by
movement was a reaction to the artworks
Francisco Goya
produced during the Baroque period.
▪There was a call to veer away from such ROMANTIC ARCHITECTURE
extravagance in terms of style and form of ▪This flow is highly aesthetic in the arts
the Baroque Period. and literature so that more use of
▪The ancient Greeks and Europeans had imagination and things that are exotic
placed emphasis on human reason and value like taking from nature.
keeping society in order. These very
principles were also the dominant ➢THE ROYAL PAVILION
principles during the Enlightenment Brighton, England.
Period. ➢HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT
London, England
ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD
▪Enlightenment thinkers condemned REALISM
Rococo art for being immoral and ▪Focuses in reality
indecent, and called for a new kind of art ▪Artistic movement characterized by
that would be moral instead of immoral, subjects painted in a naturalistic manner
and teach people right and wrong. from common life.
▪The Enlightenment encouraged criticism ▪Realism rejects imaginative idealization
of the corruption of the monarchy (at this) in favour of a close observation of
point King Louis XVI), and the aristocracy. outward appearances.
▪Indeed, realism may be viewed as a
➢THE DEATH OF MARAT major trend in French novels and
by Jacques-Louis David. paintings between 1850 and 1880.
▪The French proponents of realism were
ROMANTICISM agreed in their rejection of the artificiality
▪Romanticism also known as the of both the Classicism and Romanticism
Romantic era of the academies and on the necessity for
▪A movement in art and literature in the contemporaneity in an effective work of
eighteenth and nineteenth century. art.
▪Strong senses, emotions, and feelings. ▪Observing society instead of creating
▪Revolt against the Neoclassicism of the exotic romantic works that were out from
previous centuries reality.
▪Awe of nature. ▪Literary realism, in particular,
introduced a new way of writing and a
new generation of authors whose widely hailed landscape painter early in
influence can still be seen in American his career.
literature and English literature to this ▪Began exhibiting yearly at the National
day. Academy in 1881
▪Some landscape paintings of Baker's are
ELEMENTS OF LITERARY REALISM
considered to be the best example of the
▪Realistic Characters and Setting
naturalist movement.
▪Comprehensive detail about everyday
▪Fallen Monarchs is considered to be
occurrences
▪Plausible plot (story that could happen Baker's masterpiece.
➢SUMMER PASTURE
in your town)
▪Real dialects of the area ➢SHADOWS IN A POOL
▪Character development important ➢EARLY SUMMER
▪Importance in depicting class

➢ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN Albert Charpin

MARK TWAIN ▪He was a naturalist painter associated
➢THE RED BADGE OF COURAGE (GREAT with Barbizon school
ILLUSTRATED CLASSICS) Stephen Crane ▪He painted real objects in a natural
➢OF MICE AND MEN setting.
a Novel by JOHN STEINBECK ▪His paintings can be found in museums
➢THE GLEANERS and private collections in Europe and
by Jean-François Millet America
➢THE HORSE FAIR
➢Le Retour à la For
by Rosa Bonheur
➢Woman with Lamb
NATURALISM
EXAMPLES OF PAINTINGS
▪describes a true-to-life style which
involves the representation or depiction ➢Troupeau à Barbizon
of nature (including people) with the least ➢Bergère et ses moutons
possible distortion or interpretation. ➢Strickende Schafhirtin mit ihrem Hund
▪Naturalism began in the early in weiter Landschaft
Renaissance, and develop itself further
IMPRESSIONISM
throughout the Renaissance, such as
▪describes a style of painting developed
with the Florentine school.
in France during the mid-to-late 19th
▪It is a type of art that pays attention to
century
very accurate and precise details, and
▪Characterizations of the style include
portrays things as they are.
small, visible brushstrokes that offer the
TWO FAMOUS ARTISTS bare impression of form, unblended color
➢William Bliss Baker and an emphasis on the accurate
➢Albert Charpin depiction of natural light.

William Bliss Baker THREE FAMOUS ARTISTS

▪was an American artist who became ➢OSCAR-CLAUDE MONET
➢PAUL CEZANNE eventually led to the development of
➢EDOUARD MANET individual style that gave emphasis to
defining from with the use of broken
Oscar-Claude Monet colors and short brush stroke. Post-
▪French painter and founder of impressionism: Concepts, Styles, and
impressionist painting who is seen as a Trends
key precursor to modernism, especially in
his attempts to paint nature as he ➢Seurat and Pointillism
perceived it. Paul Signac's The Port of Saint Tropez
➢SAULES AU SOLEIL COUCHANT (1906)

➢Van Gogh and Japonisme

Paul Cezanne
The Great Wave Off the Coast of
▪Most influential artist in the history of
Kanagawa 1906)
modern painting
▪Said to have formed the bridge between ➢Gauguin and Synthetism
the late 19th century Impressionism and Paul Gauguin's Mountains in Tahiti(1897)
early 20 century's new line of artistic
enquiry, Cubism. ➢Cézanne and the Structure of Pictorial
▪Known for his incredibly vaned painting Form Cézanne's series Montagne Sainte-
Victoire
style
➢LES POMMES ➢Rousseau and Primitivism Hungry Lion

Edouard Manet ➢Les Nabis Les muses au bois sacré

▪was a French modemist painter. (1893)
▪He was one of the first 19th-century FOUR FAMOUS ARTISTS
artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal
➢PAUL CEZANNE
figure in the transition from Realism to
Impressionism. ➢GEORGES SEURAT
➢BOUQUET DE PIVOINES ➢PAUL GAUGUIN
OTHER EXAMPLES ➢VINCENT VAN GOGH
➢"Le déjeuner sur l'herbe” Edouard
Manet NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
▪As an art movement, neo-impressionism
➢"Impression, Sunse” Claude Monet
is considered as a response to empirical
➢“Fog. Voising” Alfred Sisley
realism of impressionism.
➢“In a Park" Berthe Morisot ▪Most painters who subscribe to such
➢"LAbsinthe” Edgar Degas movements rely on a systematic and
scientific techniques that have a
POST- IMPRESSIONISM predetermined visual effects not only on
▪It is an art movement that emerged in the art work itself but also how the
France, which is a result of both the audience perceive the art. Georges
influence and rejection of impressionist Seurat and Chromoluminarism
but later on saw the inherent limitations ▪Seurat said he wanted "to find
and flaws of impressionism. This something new, my own way of painting.
He particularly valued color intensity in emphasizes flowing designs that mimic
painting, and took extensive notes on the natural elements like vines and
use of color by the painter Eugène blossoms. While it celebrates nature
Delacroix. He began studying color theory through curved lines, it contrasts with Art
and the science of optics and embarked Deco, which focuses on industrial
on a path that would lead him to develop themes and geometric shapes. This
a new style,hecalledChromoluminarism movement was driven by innovative
artists who sought to establish their
The Theory of Neo-Impressionism
unique style, incorporating whiplash
▪The discoveries of "optical blending and
curves and reflecting the Arts and Crafts
simultaneous contrast that Seurat read
movement's dedication to hand
about became the theoretical foundation
craftsmanship. Art Nouveau stands as an
of Chromoluminarism, which came to be
influential expression of modernity in the
known as Neo- Impressionism.
art world.
FOUR FAMOUS ARTISTS ➢WOODBLOCK PAINTING IN JAPAN
➢HENRI-EDMOND CROSS ➢JAPANESE ART NOUVEAU
➢MAXIMILIEN LUCE
➢CAMILLE PISSARRO ▪Common characteristics of Art Nouveau
are muted colors (all colors that have low
➢GEORGESSEURAT
saturation (or chrome). These are subtle
IMPORTANT ART IN NEO- colors that are not bright or have been
IMPRESSIONISM subdued, dulled, or grayed.
➢A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte ➢MUTED COLORS
(1884-86)
Louis Comfort Tiffany
➢La Dame à la Robe Blanche (Woman in ▪he produced a vast amount of exquisite
White) (1886-87) Fav... glass, many pieces achieving
mysterious and Impressionistic effects;
his innovations made him a leader of the
ART NOUVEAU Art Nouveau movement. American
▪ Between 1890 and 1910, Art Nouveau painter, craftsman, philanthropist,
emerged as a distinctive ornamental art decorator, and designer, internationally
style in Europe and the United States, recognized as one of the greatest forces
marking a departure from conservative of the Art Nouveau style)
historicism. Characterized by long, ➢Glass Lamp
organic lines, this style is evident in
architecture, jewelry, and glass design. Gustav Klimt
The defining feature of Art Nouveau is its ▪Gustav Klimt whose work is another
asymmetrical lines, often resembling example of Art Nouveau at its most
insect wings or flower stalks, executed dominant, his work is decorative,
with grace and elegance. colorful, and contained gold-leaf like in
the painting the kiss and the portrait of
Drawing inspiration from both organic Adele Bloch-Bauer which leave no space
and geometric forms, Art Nouveau unadorned
➢PORTRAIT OF A BLOCH BADER ONE FAMOUS ARTISTS
➢The Kiss ➢Henri Matisse

Alphonse Mucha HISTORY OF FAUVISM

▪Examples of this Art Nouveau can be Fauvism developed in France during the
found in all art forms during this time. Art early 20th century, led by Henri Matisse,
Nouveau was the first artistic movement who emerged as a dominant figure in the
to give serious credibility to the graphic movement. The term "Fauvism," derived
arts especially the poster as an art form. from the French phrase "Les Fauves,"
▪Art Nouveau had a great run and even meaning "wild beasts," was initially used
though it lasted only 20 years, the work derogatorily by art critic Louis Vauxcelles
produced during this period made a in response to Matisse's work displayed
lasting expression on the art world at the 1906 Salon d'Automne.
towards the end of Art Nouveau, the Though not formally an art movement,
prevailing aesthetic eventually gave way Fauvism was characterized by bold,
expressive color choices that were seen
to the more industrial lines of modemism as savage and primitive. Matisse's
and the more predictable geometric experimentation with color paved the way
forms of Art deco still the influence and for this style, which emphasized vibrant
appreciation of Art Nouveau organic hues and a departure from traditional
forms and prolific ornamentation has representations in painting.
lasted through today.
➢Daydream Fauvism Principles
➢Job Fauvism emphasized individual
expression, prioritizing the artist's direct
Fauvism experience, emotional responses to
This is a style of painting that emerged in nature, and intuition over academic
France around the turn of the twentieth theories or traditional subjects. Color
century. was seen as a powerful tool to project
mood and establish structure within a
What makes fauvists revolutionary is that
work, independent of natural accuracy.
they used pure and vibrant colors by
applying straight from the paint tubes The movement focused on achieving
directly to the canvas. This is done to balance in composition, using simplified
produce a sense of explosion of colors in forms and saturated colors to highlight
the canvas. The difference lies with how the flatness of the canvas or paper. Each
the fauves have this strong and element within the pictorial space played
expressive reaction to how they portray a specific role, creating a strong and
their subjects. Most fauvist works reject unified visual impression.
the conservative and traditional
renderings of three-dimensional space. HENRI MATISSE
What artists did was they introduced and
➢Interior with a young girl reading
promoted a picture space that is defined
by the movement of color. ➢Le Bonheur De Vivre or" Joy of Life”
➢Woman with a Hat Other Examples
Other Examples ➢“Les Demoiselles d'Avignon” Pablo
➢“Luxe Calme et Volupte” Henri Matisse
Picasso
➢“The River Seine Chatou” Maurice de
Vlaminck ➢"Houses at L'Estaque” Georges Braque
➢“Pinède à Cassis (Landsape)” Andre ➢"Violin and Palette" Georges Braque
Derain ➢“Tea time" Jean Metzinger
➢“Jeanne dans les fleurs" Raoul Duty
➢"Conquest of the Ar Robert de la
➢"At the Circus" Georges Rouault
Fresnaye
Cubism
Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Futurism
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque It is an early 20TH century art
introduced a new visual arts style called movement that started in Italy, which
cubism. This style would later on have a highlighted the speed, energy,
huge influence on artists during the
dynamism, and power of machines. In
twentieth century. Cubists highlighted the
two-dimensional surface of the picture addition, common themes for works in
plane. Focusing on flat surface was a this movement are restlessness and the
rejection of the dominant techniques like past-space of modern life. Later on, the
the use of perspective, foreshortening, movement’s influence branched out not
and modeling. In addition, one of the only in Europe but also in Russia. The
things that cubism rejected was the greatest impact of futurism is evident in
existing and prevailing notion that art
poetry and visual arts.
should imitate nature. Cubists
emphasized that they are not in any way Italian poet and editor Filippon
obliged to copy texture., form, color, and
Tommaso Marinette coined the term
space. They presented a new depiction of
“futurism” to reflect his purpose of
reality that may appear fragmented
objects for viewers. disregarding the traditional methods of
TWO FAMOUS ARTISTS the art in the past. He believes that art
➢Georges Braque should embrace and embody change.
➢Pablo Picasso Innovation, creativity, and originality.

Pablo Picasso
➢Proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles
d'Avignon (1907)
THREE FAMOUS ARTISTS
➢Guemica (1937)
➢Giacomo Balla
Georges Braque
➢Houses of l’Estaque (1908) ➢Umberto Boccioni
➢Clarinet and Bottle of Rum on a ➢Gino Severini
Masterpiece (1911)
Giacomo Balla
➢Abstract Speed- The Car has Passed
(1913) Umberto Boccioni
➢Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
1913, cast 1972)

Gino Severini
➢Suburban Train. Arriving in Paris
(1915)
➢"The City Rises" Umberto Boccioni
➢"Funeral of the Anchist Galli” Carlo
Carra
➢"Dancer at Pigalle” Gino Severini
➢"The Cyclist" Natalia Goncharova
➢"Citta Nouva (New City)" Antonio
Sant'Elia