Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Analysis I (MTH 301)
Exercise Sheet 6
1. Open and closed sets
Throughout this section, we assume that pX, dq is a metric space and A Ď X. Recall that, x P X
is said to be
‚ an interior point of A if there exists r ą 0 such that Bpx; rq Ň A.
‚ a limit point of A if, for every r ą 0, Bpx; rq X pAztxuq ‰ H.

1.1.˚ Define the interior of A, denoted by Å, as the collection of interior all points of A. Note
that, it is clear from the definition that A is open if and only if Å “ A.
(a) Show that Å is an open subset of X contained in A.
(b) Show that if an open subset U of X is contained in A then U Ň Å.
(c) Show that, Å is the union of all open subsets of X that are contained in A.

We often refer to this as Å is the “largest” open subset of X such that Å Ň A.

1.2. (a) For A, B Ň X, show that Å Ň B̊

Ş˚
(b) Suppose that tAi uiPI is a collection of subsets of X. Then show that p iPI Ai q Ň
Ş
iPI Åi .
(c) Show that equality occurs in 1.2.b when I is finite. Also provide an example where
the inclusion is proper in 1.2.b.
Ť˚ Ť
(d) Let tAi uiPI be as in 1.2.b. What can you say about p iPI Ai q and iPI Åi in general?
(e) Suppose that A, B Ň X, Å “ B̊ “ H and if A is closed in X, then show that A Y B
has empty interior.
(f) Give an example where A, B Ň X, Å “ B̊ “ H but pA ˚ Y Bq “ X.

The derived set of A, denoted by A1 , is defined to be the collection of all limit points of A. We
def
define the closure of A to be the set A “ A Y A1 . Thus, it is clear that x P A if and only if, for
every r ą 0, Bpx; rq X A ‰ H. It is immediate from the definition that A is closed if and only if
A “ A.

1.3.˚ (a) Show that both A1 and A are closed subsets of X.

(b) Show that A is a closed subset of X such that A Ň A.
(c) Show that, if a closed subset C of X that contains A then A Ň C.
(d) Show that, A is the intersection of all closed subsets of X that contain A.
In view of 1.3.b - 1.3.d, we say that the closure of A is the “smallest” closed subset of X that
contains A.

1.4.˚ Let x P X and r ą 0. Show that Bpx; rq Ň Brx; rs. Give an example where the inclusion
is proper.

1.5. Prove the following for A, B Ň X:

(a) A Ň B ùñ A1 Ň B 1 .
(b) pA Y Bq1 “ A1 Y B 1 . How far can you extend this?
2 Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301)
` ˘1
(c) A “ A1 .
(d) pA X Bq ´Ň A X¯B. Also give an example where the inclusion is proper.
(e) Å “ Xz XzA .
(f) A is bounded if and only if so is A.

1.6.˚ Let U and F be open and closed subsets of R respectively. Show that, there exists A Ň R
such that Å “ U and A “ F .
` ˘
Hint. Does U Y pBF q Y pQ X F qzU work?

1.7. Suppose further that X is a normed linear space and d has been induced by the norm
on X. We say that A Ň X is said to be convex if @x, y P A and α P r0, 1s, one has
p1 ´ αqx ` αy P A. Show that, Å and A are both convex whenever A is convex.

def
1.8. Recall that, for A, B Ň X, dpA, Bq “ inftdpa, bq : a P A, b P Bu. When B “ txu, we simply
write dpx, Aq. Show the following:
(a) @r ą 0, tx P X : dpx, Aq ă ru and tx P X : dpx, Aq ą ru are open subsets of X.
(b) @r ą 0, tx P X : dpx, Aq ď ru and tx P X : dpx, Aq ě ru are closed subsets of X.
(c) x P X is an exterior point of A, i.e., an interior point of XzA, if and only if dpx, Aq ą 0.
(d) x P A ðñ dpx, Aq “ 0 ðñ dpx, Aq “ 0.
(e) Can 1.8.d be generalised to dpA, Bq “ 0 ðñ A X B ‰ H?

1.9.˚ Prove or disprove the following statements:

(a) Every open subset of X is the union of a countable family of closed subsets of X.
(b) Every closed subset of X is the intersection of a countable family of open subsets of
X.

1.10.˚ Show that if x ‰ y P X, there exists open subsets U and V of X such that U X V “ H.

1.11.˚ Prove that disjoint closed sets in X can be enlarged to disjoint open sets.

Hint. For any A, B Ň X, dp¨, Aq ´ dp¨, Bq is continuous.

1.12.˚ Suppose that X is infinite. Show that X contains an open subset U such that both U and
XzU are infinite.

1.13.˚ Prove the following are equivalent:

(I) Every subset of X is either open or closed.
(II) X has at most one limit point.

1.14. Show that, if U is open for every open subset U of X, then X has no limit point.

1.15.˚ Let U be an open subset of R. For every x P U , consider the union Ix of all open intervals
I Ň U such that x P I.
(a) Show that Ix is an open interval contained in U .
(b) Show that, for x, y P U , either Ix “ Iy or Ix X Iy “ H.
(c) Conclude from 1.15.a and 1.15.b that U is the disjoint union of distinct Ix ’s.
(d) Show that, the union mentioned in 1.15.c is countable.
Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301) 3

(e) Further to the above, show that, if tJn u8 n“1 is a some mutually disjoint countable
collection of open intervals such that
ď8
U“ Jn , (1.1)
n“1

then (1.1) must be the one mentioned in 1.15.c.

Remark. Thus from 1.15., we see that every open subset of R can be expressed as a disjoint
union of open intervals in an unique way.
1.16. Show that the following are equivalent:
(a) A is nowhere dense.
(b) ˚
` ˘
A “ H.
(c) For every open U Ň X, there exists a further open subset V Ň U such that V XA “ H.
(d) A is nowhere dense.

1.17. Show the following:

(a) Subset of a nowhere dense set is nowhere dense.
(b) Finite union of nowhere dense subsets is nowhere dense. Give an example that this
need not be true for infinite unions.

1.18.˚ Show that the Cantor’s middle-third set is nowhere dense.

1.19. Assume that d is an ultrametric space. Show the following:

(a) If x, y P X are such that dpx, yq ‰ dpy, zq, then dpx, zq “ maxtdpx, yq, dpy, zqu.
(b) Any ball (open or closed) is both open and closed sets.
(c) If y P Bpx; rq, where x P X and r ą 0, then Bpx; rq “ Bpy; rq.
(d) If two balls have nonempty intersection then one of them must contain the other.
1.20. and 1.21. are on boundary of a set. We say that x P X is a boundary point of A if, for every
r ą 0, Bpx; rq X A and Bpx; rq X pXzAq are both nonempty. The set of all boundary points of A
is denoted by BA.

1.20. Show the following:

(a) BA “ AzÅ. Conclude that BA is always closed in X.
(b) BA “ BpXzAq. ´ ¯
(c) Show that BpAq, B Å Ň BA. Give an example in which all these sets are distinct.
(d) For any A, B Ň X, BpA Y Bq Ň BA Y BB. Give an example where the inclusion is
proper.
(e) Show that equality occurs in 1.20.d if A X B “ H.
˚ “ H, if A is open or closed.
(f) BA
˚ “ X.
(g) Give an example in which pBAq

1.21.˚ Find all A Ň R such that A “ BB, for some B Ň R.

Hint. A has
´ to be¯ closed in view of 1.20.a. Conversely, for closed A Ň R, consider
def
D “ BA Y Å X Q . Show that BD “ A.

1.22.˚ Show that every closed infinite subset of Rn , where n P N, is the closure of a countable
subset of Rn .
4 Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301)

Hint. Let A Ň Rn be closed and infinite. Denote the collection of all open balls Bpx, rq
such that x P Qn and r P Qą0 by B. Note that B is countable. For each ball B P B such
that B X A ‰ H, we choose a point from B X A ‰ H. Denote the collection of those chosen
points by A1 . Clearly A1 is a countable subset of A, and hence A1 Ň A. Now suppose a P A
and r ą 0. Then there exists B P B with radius ă r such that a P B (why?). Thus we
obtain a point in A1 whose distance from a is atmost 2r.

2. Complete metric spaces

2.1. Show that a metric space pX, dq is complete if and only if every sequence txn u8
n“1 in X
8
ÿ
with dpxn`1 , xn q ă 8 is convergent.
n“1

Hint. Observe that,` if txn u8 ˘ is 1Cauchy, then one can always choose a subsequence
n“1
8
txnk uk“1 such that d xnk`1 , xnk ă 2k , for all k P N.

2.2. Let pX, } ¨ }q be a normed linear space over K “ R or C. For a sequence txn u8 n“1 in X,
8
ÿ
def
consider sn “ x1 ` ¨ ¨ ¨ ` xn , for all n P N. We say the series xn is convergent if tsn u8
n“1
n“1
8
ÿ 8
ÿ
is convergent. In that case, we denote lim sn by xn . xn is said to be absolutely
nÑ8
n“1 n“1
8
ÿ
convergent if }xn } ă 8. Show that the following are equivalent:
n“1
(S.1) X is complete with respect to the metric induced by } ¨ }.
(S.2) Every absolutely convergent series is convergent.
Hint. To show (S.1) ùñ (S.2), just mimic the proof for series of real or complex numbers.
2.1. can be used to show the converse.

2.3.˚ The aim of this exercise is to show that none of the hypotheses of the contraction principle
can be dropped. Give an example of a map T : X ÝÑ X without a fixed point in each of
the following cases:
(a) X is not a complete metric space but T is a contraction.
(b) X is a complete metric space but d pT x, T yq ă dpx, yq for all x, y P X.

2.4. Prove the following extension of the contraction principle: let X be a complete metric space
def
and there exists n P N such that T n “ T ˝ ¨ ¨ ¨ ˝ T (n times) is a contraction. Then show
that T has a unique fixed point.
Remark. It may happen sometime that while the given map T does not contract, some
iterate actually does. Even in such cases, 2.4. yields a unique fixed point.
def
Hint. Suppose x P X is the unique fixed point of T n . Let y “ T x. What is T n y?

2.5.˚ Show that if the assumption that diam Fn ÝÝÝÑ 0 is dropped from the hypothesis of
nÑ8
Cantor’s intersection theorem, then the intersection can be empty.
Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301) 5

2.6.˚ Suppose that a metric space X satisfied the following property: whenever tFn u8 n“1 is a
sequence of closed subsets in X such that Fn`1 Ň Fn , for all n P N, and diam Fn ÝÝÝÑ 0,
Ş8 nÑ8
n“1 Fn ‰ H. Show that X must be complete.

Remark. 2.6. is the converse of Cantor’s intersection theorem.

` ˘ 1
Hint. Let txn u8n“1 be Cauchy. Choose a subsequence tx nk
u8
such
“ k“1 1 ‰ that d x nk`1
, xn k
ă 2k
,
for all k P N. For any k P N, consider the closed ball B xnk , 2k´1 .

2.7.˚ Let pX, } ¨ }q be a normed linear space over K “ R or C. Show that the following are
equivalent:
(N.1) X is complete with respect to the metric induced by } ¨ }.
If tBn u8
(N.2) Ş n“1 is a collection of closed balls in X such that Bn`1 Ň Bn , for all n P N, then
8
n“1 Bn ‰ H.

Remark. Note that, if Bn ’s are closed balls, the condition diam Bn ÝÝÝÑ 0 is not required,
nÑ8
provided X is a compete normed linear space. But 8
Ş
B
n“1 n can be empty if X is just a
complete metric space (see 2.8.).
Hint. Adopt the strategy of 2.6. to prove (N.2) ùñ (N.1). To see the converse, let
tBrxn , rn su8
n“1 be a sequence of closed balls in X such that Brxn`1 , rn`1 s Ň Brxn , rn s,
for all n P N. Then clearly trn u8n“1 is decreasing. Observe that, for all n P N, one has
}xn`1 ´ xn } ď rn ´ rn`1 (why?). This shows that txn u8n“1 is Cauchy. Now show that, if
xn ÝÝÝÑ x, then x P Brxn`1 , rn`1 s, for all n P N.
nÑ8

2.8. Let m, n P N, and

# ˇ ˇ
def 1 ` ˇ 21m ´ 1 ˇ
2n
if m ‰ n
dpm, nq “ (2.1)
0 otherwise.

(a) Show that d, defined as in (2.1), is a metric on N.

(b) Show that every Cauchy“ sequence in pN,
1
‰ dq is eventually constant.
(c) For n P N, show that B“ n ` 1, 1 ` 2n`1‰ “ tm P N : m ě nu.
Conclude that 8 1
Ş
(d) n“1 B n ` 1, 1 ` 2n`1 “ H.

Ş8 X be a complete metric space. Recall

2.9.˚ Let
8
that Baire category theorem is equivalent to
n“1 Un ‰ H, for any sequence tUn un“1 of open dense subsets of X. Show the following
8
“stronger” version
Ş8 of Baire category theorem: for any sequence tUn un“1 of open dense
subsets of X, n“1 Un is dense in X.
Hint. Review
Ť the proof of the theorem again! The ball we have begun with contains the
point x R 8
n“1 pXzUn q that we have obtained.

In fact, a further careful review of the proof leads us to the following:

2.10.˚ Let X be a complete metric space and U Ň X be open. Then show that the conclusion of
Baire category theorem holds for U .
Hint. All the balls in U we need to consider can be made balls in X.
6 Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301)

2.11. Let X be a complete metric space and tFn u8 n“1 be a sequence of closed subsets of X. Show
that if each Fn has empty interior, then so does their union.

2.12. X be a complete metric space and tFn u8

n“1 be a sequence of closed subsets of X. Show
Ť8 Ť8 ˚
that if X “ n“1 Fn , then n“1 Fn is dense.

2.13. Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y . Assume that X is complete. Suppose Ť8 that
there exists a sequence tAn u8
n“1 of nowhere dense subsets of X such that Dpf q “ n“1 An .
Then show that there is a dense subset of X on which f is continuous.

2.14.˚ Let X be a complete metric space and A Ň X be dense. Assume further that A Ň X 1 .
Does there exist a function f : X ÝÑ R such that lim |f pxq| “ `8, for every a P A?
xÑa
Ť8
Hint. Observe that, X “ n“1 tx P X : |f pxq| ă nu. Then some open ball B must be
contained in the closure of some tx P X : |f pxq| ă N u (why?). Pick a P B X A. Then
there must exist an r ą 0 such that Bpa; rq Ň B and @x P Bpa; rqztau, |f pxq| ě N . Since
pBpa; rqztauqXA ‰ H (why?), it follows that, there exists a1 P B XA such that |f pa1 q| ě N .
Now show that a1 does not lie in the closure of tx P X : |f pxq| ă N u.

2.15. and 2.16. are generalizations of the familiar function spaces.

2.15. Let X and Y be two metric spaces. Denote by BpX, Y q the set of all bounded maps from
X to Y . For f, g P BpX, Y q, define
def
dpf, gq “ sup d pf pxq, gpxqq . (2.2)
xPX

(a) Show that (2.2) defines a metric on BpX, Y q.

(b) Show that BpX, Y q is complete if Y is complete.
def
(c) Assume that Y is complete. Let Cb pX, Y q “ tf P BpX, Y q : f is continuousu. Show
that Cb pX, Y q is complete with respect to the induced metric.

2.16. Let X “ ra, bs, where a ă b P R, and Y be as in 2.15.. We denote the set of all continuous
maps from ra, bs to Y by C pra, bs, Y q. For 1 ď p ă 8, define
ˆż b ˙ p1
def
dpf, gq “ dpf ptq, gptqqp dt . (2.3)
a
(a) Why does integral appearing in the right hand side of (2.3) make sense?
Hint. You may use 3.1..
(b) Show that (2.3) defines a metric on Cpra, bs, Y q. Is this metric space complete?

2.17.˚ Fix α P p0, 1s. Let C 0,α ra, bs be the collection of functions f : ra, bs ÝÑ R such that
|f pxq ´ f pyq|
sup ă 8.
0ďx‰yď1 |x ´ y|α
def |f pxq ´ f pyq|
For f P C 0,α ra, bs, let }f }0,α “ |f paq| ` sup . Show that } ¨ }0,α defines a
0ďx‰yď1 |x ´ y|α
norm on C 0,α ra, bs. Is C 0,α ra, bs complete with respect to the metric induced by this norm?
0,α
Hint. Observe that tfn u8
n“1 is Cauchy in C ra, bs, then tfn u8
n“1 is Cauchy in Cra, bs,
}¨}8
where the latter is equipped with the sup metric. Suppose fn ÝÝÝÑ f . Show that f satisfies
nÑ8
(2.17.) so that f P C 0,α ra, bs. Finally show that tfn u8
n“1 converges to f in C
0,α
ra, bs.
Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301) 7

3. Continuous functions
3.1. Let pX, dq be a metric space. Assume that X ˆ X is equipped with the following metric:
def
d8 ppx1 , y1 q, px2 , y2 qq “ maxtdpx1 , x2 q, dpy1 , y2 qu.
Show that d : X ˆ X ÝÑ R is continuous.

3.2. Let pV, x , yq be an inner product space over K “ R or C. Show that the following is a
continuous function:
V ˆ V ÝÑ K, pv, wq ÞÑ xv, wy.

3.3. Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y . Show that the following are equivalent:
(a) f is continuous.
` ˘
(b) @A Ň X. f A Ň f pAq.
` ˘
(c) @B Ň Y , f ´1 pBq Ň f ´1 B .

3.4.˚ Let X be a metric space and K “ R or C. Show the following:

(P.1) If f, g : X ÝÑ K are continuous at x0 P X, then so are f ` g, f g and αf , for any
α P K.
(P.2) The set of all continuous functions on X forms a vector space over K.
(P.3) If f : X ÝÑ K is continuous at x0 P X and f px0 q ‰ 0, then there exists r ą 0 such
def 1
that, for all x P Bpx0 ; rq, f pxq ‰ 0, and the function f1 pxq “ f pxq , for all x P Bpx0 ; rq
is continuous at x0 .

3.5.˚ (a) Let X, Y and Z be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y and g : Y ÝÑ Z. Show that if f is
continuous at x0 P X and g is continuous at f px0 q, then g ˝ f is continuous at x0 .
(b) What will be an appropriate analogue of 3.5.a for limits?

Suppose that tAn u8

3.6.˚ Ť n“1 is a sequence of closed and nowhere dense subsets of R. Denote
8
n“1 An by A. Define f : R ÝÑ R by
#
def 0, if x R A;
f pxq “ 1 def
p
, if p “ mintn P N : x P An u.

(a) f is continuous precisely at all points of RzA.

(b) Show that f ´1 prr, 8qq is closed for all r P R.
Remark. In particular, for any countable subset A of R, there is a function f : R ÝÑ R
which is discontinuous precisely at all points of A.

3.7.˚ Let n P N and U Ň Rn be open. Show that there is a function f : Rn ÝÑ R whose

discontinuity set is U .
def
Hint. Let X “ U X Qn . What about the function f : Rn ÝÑ R defined as
#
def 0, if x R X;
f pxq “ n
dpx, R zU q, if x P X?
8 Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301)

3.8.˚ Let C 1 ra, bs denote the set of all continuously differentiable functions on ra, bs. Assume
that C 1 ra, bs is equipped with the sup norm. Is the map C 1 ra, bs ÝÑ Cra, bs, f ÞÑ f 1
continuous?
def
Hint. Consider fn pxq “ sin?nx
n
, for all x P r0, 1s. Recall from 3.20. (f ) of Exercise Sheet 4
x
that lim sup cos nx “ 1, when 2π R Q.
nÑ8

3.9.˚ Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y . Assume that X has no isolated point and
lim f ptq exists for any x P X. Consider the following function:
tÑx
def
gpxq “ lim f ptq, @x P X.
tÑx
Show that g is continuous.

3.10. Let X be a metric space and A Ň X. Find a necessary and sufficient condition on A so
that χA , i.e., the characteristic function of A, is continuous.

3.11. Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y . Show that f is continuous if and only if
the graph of f , i.e., the set tpx, f pxqq : x P Xu is closed in X ˆ Y .

3.12. Let X be a metric space. Show that X does not have a limit point if and only if for every
metric space Y and every map f : X ÝÑ Y , f is continuous.

3.13.˚ Let pa, bq be an open bounded interval in R. Give an example of a bijective continuous
function f : pa, bq ÝÑ R such that f ´1 is also continuous.
` ˘
Hint. If pa, bq “ ´ π2 , π2 , can you find such an f ?

3.14. Let X and Y be metric spaces and f, g : X ÝÑ Y be continuous. Show the following:
(a) tx P X : f pxq ‰ gpxqu is open.
(b) tx P X : f pxq “ gpxqu is closed.

3.15.˚ Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y .

(a) Suppose that tUi uiPI is a cover of X by open sets. Show that f is continuous if and
only if each f |Ui is continuous.
(b) Formulate and prove the correct analogue of 3.15.a if closed subsets are considered
instead.

3.16. Let X be a metric space and γ, σ : r0, 1s ÝÑ X be continuous. Assume that γp1q “ σp0q.
Define γ ˚ σ as follows:
#
def γp2tq, if 0 ď t ď 12 ;
γ ˚ σptq “
σp2t ´ 1q, if 21 ď t ď 1.
Show that γ ˚ σ is continuous.

3.17. Show that if every real valued continuous function on a metric space is bounded then every
real valued continuous function must have points of maximum and minimum.

3.18.˚ Let A and B be two disjoint closed subsets of a metric space X. Show that there exists a
continuous f : X ÝÑ r0, 1s satisfying the following properties simultaneously:
Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301) 9

(C.1) f pxq “ 1 for all x P A, and

(C.2) f pxq “ 0 for all x P B.
dA
Hint. What about ?
dA ` dB

3.19.˚ Let X be a metric space, A Ň X be dense and f : A ÝÑ R. For each k P N, consider

8 " ˆ ˙ *
def
ď 1 1
Uk “ x P X : @y, z P B x; X A, |f pyq ´ f pzq| ă .
m“1
m k

(a) Show that Uk is open, for all k ě 1.

` 1 ˘
Hint. Do you see B x; 2m Ň Ak ?

Ş these Uk ’s are if f is uniformly continuous?

(b) Can you see what
(c) Show that A Ň 8 k“1 Uk .
(d) Show that f can be extended continuously to 8
Ş
k“1 Uk .

Hint. Adopt the strategy of the proof of “Extension theorem”.

Remark. 3.19. shows that even if f is not assumed to be uniformly continuous, it can
always be extended to a continuous function defined on a larger Gδ set. Further to that, if
f is uniformly continuous then this yields a continuous extension to X. Thus 3.19. can be
regarded as a generalization of the “Extension theorem”.

3.20. Suppose that F is a family of real valued functions on a complete metric space X. Assume
that, for every x P X, there exists Mx ą 0 such that |f pxq| ă Mx , for all f P F . Show
that, there exists an open subset U of X and M ą 0 such that |f pxq| ă M , for all f P F
and x P U .
def
Hint. For n P N, consider Fn “ tx P X : |f pxq| ď n, @f P F u. Use Baire category
theorem.
4. Uniform continuity
4.1.˚ Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X ÝÑ Y . Show that the following are equivalent:
(a) f is uniformly continuous.
(b) If txn u8 8
n“1 and tyn un“1 are sequences in X such that dpxn , yn q ÝÝÝÑ 0, then
nÑ8

dpf pxn q, f pyn qq ÝÝÝÑ 0.

nÑ8

4.1. is very useful while showing some function is not uniformly continuous. Typical examples are
ex , x sin x and sin px2 q etc.

4.2.˚ Let X and Y be metric spaces and A Ň X.

(a) Show that if f : A ÝÑ Y is uniformly continuous then it transforms Cauchy sequences
(in A) into Cauchy sequences.
(b) Give an example that the converse of 4.2.a does not hold.
(c) Show that the converse of 4.2.a holds if X is compact.
Hint. Assume contrary. If f is not uniformly continuous, then there exists ε ą 0
such that for every n P N, there exists xn , yn P X such that dpxn , yn q ă n1 but
dpf pxn q, f pyn qq ě ε. Choose a convergent subsequence txnk u8 k“1 . What can you say
8
about tynk uk“1 ? Then consider the sequence xn1 , yn1 , xn2 , yn2 , . . .
10 Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301)

4.3.˚ Let X be a metric space, A Ň X and f, g : A ÝÑ R.

(a) If f and g are uniformly continuous then so is f ` g.
(b) Give an example that f g is not uniformly continuous.
(c) Show that, if X is compact and A is dense in X then f g is uniformly continuous.

4.4.˚ Let X and Y be normed linear spaces over K “ R or C, and T : X ÝÑ Y be linear. Show
that the following are equivalent:
(i) T is continuous at 0.
(ii) T is continuous.
(iii) DM ą 0 such that, for all x P X, }T x} ď M }x}.
(iv) T is Lipschitz.
(v) T is uniformly continuous.
Hint. (ii) ùñ (iii) is the only nontrivial part. As T is continuous at› 0,ˆthere˙›exists δ ą 0
›δ x ››
such that }x} ă δ ùñ }T x} ă 1. Observe that, for any given x P X, ›› ă δ.
2 }x} ›

4.5. For any set X, BpXq denotes the set of all bounded real valued functions on X. Assume that
BpXq is equipped with the sup norm. Show that each of the following maps is Lipschitz?
(a) BpXq ÝÑ R, f ÞÑ f px0 q, where x0 P X is fixed.
(b) BpXq ÝÑ ℓ8 , f ÞÑ tf pxn qu8 8
n“1 , where txn un“1 Ň X is fixed, and ℓ8 is equipped with
the sup norm.
(c) What if one considers Cra, bs, equipped with the } ¨ }1 norm, in 4.5.a and 4.5.b?
żb
(d) Cra, bs ÝÑ R, f ÞÑ f ptq dt, where Cra, bs is equipped with the sup norm.
a
(e) What if one considers } ¨ }1 in 4.5.d?
(f) ℓ1 ÝÑ ℓ1 , txn u8 8 8
n“1 ÞÑ txn yn un“1 , where tyn un“1 is fixed.

4.6.˚ (a) Suppose that f : R ÝÑ R is continuous. Assume that lim f pxq exist in R. Then
xÑ˘8
show that f is uniformly continuous.
(b) Show that if f : ra, 8q ÝÑ R is continuous and lim f pxq exist in R, then f is uniformly
xÑ8
continuous.

4.7. Let I Ň R be an interval and f : I ÝÑ R be bounded, monotone and continuous. Show

that f is uniformly continuous.
Hint. Use 4.6..

4.8.˚ Let f : R ÝÑ R be continuous. Prove or disprove the following statements:

(a) If f is bounded then it is uniformly continuous.
(b) The converse of 4.8.a.
(c) If f is periodic then it is uniformly continuous.

4.9. Let f : r0, 8q ÝÑ R be uniformly continuous. Assume that, for all x ě 0 f px ` nq ÝÝÝÑ 0.
nÑ8
Show that lim f pxq “ 0.
xÑ8

Hint. Let ε ą 0. Since f is uniformly continuous on r0, 1s, there exists N P N such that
for all x, y P r0, 1s with |x ´ y| ă N1 , one has |f pxq ´ f pyq| ă ε. Consider the partition of
r0, 1s into N equal parts. Let x1 ă x2 ă ¨ ¨ ¨ ă xN be the points of subdivision. Then there
Exercise Sheet 6 (MTH 301) 11

exists n0 P N such that, for all n ě n0 , |f pxi ` nq| ă ε, for all i ´ 1, . . . , N . For any x ě n0 ,
there exists xi such that |x ´ rxs ´ xi | ă N1 . (why?)

4.10. Let f : r1, 8q ÝÑ R be uniformly continuous. Show that there exists M ą 0 such that
|f pxq|
x
ď M , for all x ě 1.
Hint. There exists N δ ą 0 such that |f pxq ´ f pyq| ă 1 whenever x, y ě 1 and |x ´ y| ď δ.
By repeated application of triangle inequality, we obtain
|f pxq| ď |f p1q| ` |f pxq ´ f p1q| ď f p1q ` pn ` 1q,
where x ´ 1 “ nδ ` r, n P Zě0 and 0 ď r ă δ.