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17 views

Cevb2021 Exp 4

Uploaded by

mnmd199
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CEVB2021 SURVEYING PRACTICAL TRAINING

SEMESTER 2 2023/2024

Experiment No. :4
Experiment Title : Introduction to digital Theodolite.

Section : 01
Group No. :
Lecturer’s Name : Mr, WONG JEE KHAI

List of group members:


No. Name Student ID
1 AMIR SALUM LUPANDE CE01083485
2 MOHAMED OSAMA ALI MOHAMED CE01083235
3 AL MOHAMMED KARRAR MAHMOOD HAYDER CE01082998

Assessment of PO4(a) – use research method for collecting data (Rubrics) [10 marks]:
No. Criteria Total Marks Given Marks
1 Formatting and grammar/ spelling. 2
2 Introduction and objective 2
3 Procedure 3
Results:
4 3
data, figures, graphs, tables, etc.
Overall marks for PO4(a) [10 marks]

Assessment of PO4(b) - analyze and interpret data (Rubrics) [20 marks]:


No. Criteria Total Marks Given Marks
1 Analysis 7.5
2 Discussion 7.5
3 Conclusion 5
Overall marks PO4(b) [20 marks]
Introduction

A theodolite is an instrument which is capable of measuring angles to the nearest whole


second. This can be done for both vertical and horizontal angles. Vertical angles are required
for the calculation of elevation of points for example the reduction of slope distance to the
horizontal. Eliminates the manual reading of scale on graduated circle.

Objective

To practice using the digital Theodolite, observation of angle and


procedure of data booking.

Apparatus

1. Digital Theodolite (1 unit) + A1 size batteries (6 units)


2. Traversing Target (2 units)
3. Tripod (3 units)
4. Hammer, nails and spray

Procedure

Setting Up the Theodolite:-


a. Setting the tripod
The tripod legs are spread out and rested lightly on the ground
around the survey point. Judging by eye, the legs are moved to bring the tripod head over the
point, keeping the tripod head as
level as possible.
b. Mounting the instrument
The theodolite is carefully removed from the box and screwed
to the tripod.
Asight is taken through the optical plummet to view the survey peg. The footscrews are
turned to bring the instrument exactly over the peg. The theodolite is now centred but, of
course, is not level.
c. Levelling
Leveling is accomplished by raising or lowering the legs of the tripod, using the sliding leg
arrangement, until the circular spirit level is centred. Refinements to the centring and leveling
of the instriment must now be made:
1. Set the plate spirit level over wt o screws and centralize the bubble.
2. Turn the instrument through 90° and recentralize the bubble.
3. Repeated operation (1) and (2) until the bubble remains central
for both positions.
d. Centring
The centring motion is released and move the instrument head until the survey point is
centred on the cross-wires of the optical plummet. The centring motion is then tightened. This
operation wil have resulted in movement of the spirit level bubble from its central position.
The operation of leveling and centring are repeated until both conditions are satisfied.
Setting up the Target:
The procedure of setting up the target is almost equal as the procedure of setting up the
theodolite.
Measuring Horizontal Angles
a. Set the theodolite to face left position.
b. Released the upper plate clamp and telescope clamp. Sight the station Band, using the slow
motion screws, accurately bisect the target.
c. Press the 'zero set' key on the keypad. The horizontal circle reading will be reset to zero
degrees.
d. In Table 1, enter the reading 00° 00' 00" in column 2line 1.
e. Open the upper plate clamp and telescope clamp.
f. Turn the instrument carefully towards the right and sight the right-
hand target C.
g. Lock both clamps and, using the upper plate slow motion screw and telescope slow motion
screw, accurately bisect the target.
h. Read the horizontal circle and enter the reading in column 3 line 1.
i. Transit the telescope to set the instrument on face right.
j. Resight the target B and note the reading which should be 180° 00'
00' if no errors have made and if the instrument is in adjustment.
Note the reading in column 2 line 2.
k. Resighted the station C and note the reading in column 3 line 2.
I. Calculated the mean angle and entered the value in column 4 line 1.
Note:
When exactly set over a survey mark and properly levelled, the theodolite can be used in two
positions, namely:
i) face left or circle left.
ii) face right or circle right.
The instrument is said to be facing left when the vertical circle is on the observer's left as an
object is sighted. To sight the same object
on face right, the observer must turn the instrument horizontally through 180° until the
eyepiece is approximately pointing to the target. The telescope is then rotated about the
transit axis, thus.
making the objective end of the telescope face the target. The vertical circle will now be
found to be on the observer's right. This operation Is known as transiting the telescope.
Measurement of Zenith Angles
a. Set the instrument to face left.
b. Released the telescope clamp and one of the horizontal plate clamps.
c. Sighted the target using the finder sights. Lock the telescope clamp and plate
clamp.
d. Focused the telescope on the target. The cross-wires will not be on the target but should
be close. Use the slow motion screws to bisect the target accurately . Read the zenith angle.
Note the reading in column 8 line 1.
e. Change the instrument to face right and repeat operation b, c and d.

Note:
Do not turn the instrument while the upper plate clamp and the telescope clamp is still
tightened. This will damage the instrument and cause large error in readings.

Result
Reading No. Horizontal angles Vertical angle
1 𝟎° 0′ 0′′ 89° 33′ 35′′
2 53° 14′ 25′′ 90° 25′ 20′′
3 53° 14′ 25′′ 89° 33′ 35′′
4 106° 28′ 35′′ 90° 25′ 20′′
Discussion
a. Instrument Calibration: Digital theodolites require regular calibration to ensure
accurate measurements. If the instrument is not calibrated properly or if the
calibration is outdated, it can lead to measurement errors. It's important to follow the
manufacturer's guidelines for calibration and maintenance.

b. Environmental Factors: Environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures,


vibrations, electromagnetic interference, and atmospheric conditions can affect the
performance of digital theodolites. These factors can introduce errors in angle
measurements or disrupt electronic components. Users need to be aware of these
conditions and take appropriate measures to mitigate their impact.

c. Alignment and Targeting: Achieving precise alignment and targeting is crucial for
accurate measurements. If the instrument is not properly aligned or the target is not
precisely located, it can result in angular errors. Users should pay attention to centring
the instrument over the survey point and targeting the desired object or reflector
accurately.

d. Levelling Errors: Digital theodolites need to be set up on a stable and properly leveled
tripod. If the tripod is not levelled correctly, it can introduce errors in vertical angle
measurements. Users should ensure the tripod is levelled using a spirit level or
electronic levelling device.

e. Power and Battery Issues: Digital theodolites rely on batteries or power sources for
operation. Battery depletion or power interruptions can disrupt measurements or cause
the instrument to shut down unexpectedly. It is essential to have spare batteries, check
their charge level, and ensure a stable power supply if using external power sources.
f. Data Transfer and Communication: Digital theodolites often feature data recording
capabilities and the ability to transfer data to external devices or software.
Connectivity issues, compatibility problems, or errors in data transfer can occur.
Users should be familiar with the data transfer methods and troubleshoot any
communication problems that arise.

g. User Error: User error can be a common issue when operating digital theodolites. This
can include misinterpretation of readings, incorrect button presses, incorrect settings,
or improper handling of the instrument. Training and familiarity with the instrument's
operation manual can help minimize user errors.

Conclusion
We can conclude that A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in
horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications and
have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology and rocket launch
technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two
perpendicular axes, the horizontal or trunnion axis and the vertical axis. When the telescope
is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great
precision.

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