CRIMINOLOGY 1

INTRODUCTION TO
CRIMINOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF
CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY
• the scientific study of crime, criminals and criminal
behavior

Criminologists scientifically study the following:

 nature and extent of crime
 patterns of criminality
explanations and causes of crime and criminal behavior
 control of crime and criminal behavior (Glick, 1995)
CRIMINOLOGY
- a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social
phenomenon. It includes within its scope, the
making of laws, the breaking of laws and the
society’s reaction toward the breaking of laws
(Sutherland and Cressey)
CRIMINOLOGY
• study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of
analyzing scientifically their causes, control and the
treatment of criminals

• defined as the scientific study of causes of crimes in

relation to the society who set and define rules and
regulations for himself and others to govern (Tradio,
1999)
CRIMINOLOGY
• scientific study of crime and its treatment (Elliot)

• the study which includes all the subject matter

necessary to understanding and prevention of crimes
together with the punishment and treatment of
delinquent and criminals (Taft)

• scientific study of crimes as a social phenomenon, or of

criminals and their mental traits, habits and discipline
(Webster)
CRIMINOLOGY
In its broadest meaning, criminology is the body of
knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the effort of
society to prevent and repress them. This means that
criminology is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry.

In a narrower sense, criminology is the scientific study

of crimes and criminal behavior
CRIMINOLOGY

• a body of knowledge regarding crimes and

criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and
repress them (Maglinao)

• is a multidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol)

Etymology of the word Criminology

The term criminology came from the Latin word, crimen,

which literally means accusation (referring to crime or
offense), and from the Greek word, logia, which means
to study.

The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law

professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia.
The French anthropologist Paul Topinard used it for the
first time in French (criminologie) around the same time.
From all the definitions, it can be said that criminology is a
field of study which tries to answers the following
questions:
• what is a crime?
• what makes an act a crime?
• what causes people to commit crimes?
• how can crimes be committed?
• how can crimes be controlled?
• who is responsible for controlling them?
CRIMINOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
1954
-criminology program started in the Philippines through
Plaridel Educational Institution now known as Philippine
College of Criminology (PCCr)

PCCR
the school that paved way for criminology education in the
Philippines
 the pioneer school of Criminology in the Philippines
 founded by Eliseo Vibar, Pedro Solis and Felix Angelo
Bautista
CRIMINOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
July 1, 1972

-RA 6506, “An Act Creating

the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines
and other Purposes”, was
enacted, sponsored by
Congressman Teodulo Natividad
1987
The first Board of Examiner was composed of
Dr. Sixto de Leon as Chairman, Atty. Virgilo
Andres and Jaime S. Navarro as members

 the syllabi subjects in the licensure

examination for criminologists was promulgated

April 1988
 the first board examination for Criminologist in
the Philippines
PHILIPPINE EDUCATORS ASSOCIATION
FOR CRIMINOLOGY EDUCATION
(PEACE)
• organized and founded primarily to professionalize
criminology education in the context of national
development

• it was created on January 13 to 25, 1983

Founder/President: Dean Cirilo M. Tradio

PROFESSIONAL CRIMINOLOGISTS
ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
(PCAP)
• was accredited by Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) as the
professional organization for
criminologists in the country on March 25,
1990

• the legitimate organization of

criminologists
RA 11131
• An act Regulating the Practice of Criminology Profession
in the Philippines Repealing RA 6506.

• short title, “The Philippine Criminology Profession Act

of 2018”

• Approved on November 8, 2018 by President Duterte,

authored by Reps. Gary Alejano and Maximo Rodriguez,
Jr.
MAIN SUBJECTS RELATIVE WEIGHT
1. Criminal Law, Jurisprudence and Procedure -20%
• Introduction to Philippine Criminal Justice System
• Human Rights Education
• Criminal Law (Book 1)
• Criminal Law (Book 2)
• Evidence
• Criminal Procedure and Court Testimony

2. Law Enforcement Administration -15%

• Comparative Models in Policing
• Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts
• Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping
MAIN SUBJECTS RELATIVE WEIGHT
3. Crime Detection and Investigation - 20%
– Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation with Intelligence
– Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine
– Specialized Crime Investigation with Simulation on Investigation and Interview
– Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving
– Technical English 1 (Investigative Report Writing and Presentation)
– Fire Protection and Arson Investigation
– Vice and Drug Education and Control
– Technical English 2 (Legal Forms)
– Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws and Protection
4. Forensic Science -15%
• Forensic Photography, Personal Identification
• Techniques, Forensic Chemistry andToxicology
• Questioned Documents Examination
• Lie Detection Techniques
• Forensic Ballistics
MAIN SUBJECTS RELATIVE WEIGHT
5. CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION -
10%
• Institutional Corrections
• Non-InstitutionalCorrections
• Therapeutic Modalities

6. CRIMINOLOGY -20%
• Introduction to Criminology
• Theories of Crime Causation
• Human Behavior and Victimology
• Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
• Juvenile Delinquencyand Juvenile Justice System
• Dispute Resolution and Crises/Incident Management
• Criminological Research

TOTAL --- 100%

Source: WJRC Review Center
• Those who failed five (5) times whether
consecutive or cumulative in the criminologist
licensure examination, must present a
certification issued by a reputable institution
duly recognized by the CHED that such
applicant has satisfactorily completed a
refresher course in criminology.
Members of the Board • SECTION 6. Creation and Composition of
the Professional Regulatory Board for
Criminologists. — There is hereby created
a Professional Regulatory Board for
Criminologists, a collegial body under the
administrative supervision and control of the
RAMIL G. GABAO
Chairman
Commission, to be composed of a
chairperson and four (4) members appointed
by the President of the Philippines from a
list of three (3) recommendees for each
position, chosen and ranked by the
Commission from a list of three (3)
nominees for every position endorsed by the
WARREN M. CORPUZ LANI T. PALMONES
Member Member
AIPO. The new Board shall be organized not
later than six (6) months from the effectivity
of RA No. 11131.
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
A. In line with the practice of profession or occupation as a law
enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant, officer,
investigator, agent or employee in any private or government
agencies performing law enforcement and quasi-police functions
at the:
• Philippine National Police (PNP)
• National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
• Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
• Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
• Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
• Provincial Jail
• Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR)
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
• Probation and Parole Administration (PPA)
• Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
• Bureau of Customs (BoC)
• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), other government and private banks
• Philippine Postal Corporation (PPC)
• Sea and Air Marshalls
• VIP Security, Airport and Seaport Police
• National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)
• Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP)
• and agencies of the government exercising similarly related functions in
the field of national security, public safety, and peace and order;
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
B. In line with the practice of teaching
profession such as those performed by a
professor, instructor or teacher in any
university, college or school duly recognized
by the government on any of the following
professional and component subjects of the
criminology program:
(1) Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure; (2)
Criminalistics; (3) Law Enforcement
Administration; (4) Crime Detection and
Investigation; (5) Correctional Administration;
and (6) Criminal Sociology and Ethics, and
other technical and specialized subjects in the
criminology curriculum provided by the CHED;
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
C. As a technician, examiner/
criminalist, or specialist in
dactyloscopy, questioned document,
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lie
detection, firearms identification,
forensic photography, forensic
chemistry, other scientific crime
detection and investigation or forensic
science;
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
D. As a correctional administrator,
executive, supervisor, or officer in
any rehabilitation, correctional, and
penal institution or facility, and in
any community-based corrections,
and rehabilitation agencies and/or
programs;
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
E. As a counselor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any
government or private agency on any aspect of criminological
research or project involving the causes of crime, children in
conflict with the law, treatment and correction of persons
deprived of liberty (PDL), police operation, law enforcement
administration, scientific criminal investigation or public safety
and national security administration; and

F. As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or agent,

or detective in any private security and investigation agency
organized under the laws of the Philippines.
WHO IS A CRIMINOLOGIST?

-person who is a graduate

of the Degree of Criminology,
who passed the examination for
criminologists and registered as
such by the Board
PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS
• All registered criminalogists shall be exempt from taking any other entrance
or qualifying government or civil service examination and shall be
considered civil service eligible to the following government positions,
among other: (1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document
Examiner; (4) Forensic Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation
Officer I to Chief PPROBATION Officer; (7) Assistant Parole Officer; (8) Special
Investigator; (9) Special Agent; (10) Investigative Agent; (11) Intelligence Agent;
(12) Law Enforcement Evaluation Officer; (13) National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14) Traffic Operation Officer; (15) Associate Graft
Investigation Officer; (16) Special Police Officer; (17) Safekeeping Officer; (18)
Sheriff; (19) Government Security Officer; (20) Criminal Investigator; (21) Warden;
(22) Reformation Officer; (23) Firefighter or Fire Officer One; (24) Fire Marshall;
(25) Jail Officer One, Corrections Officer and Corrections Technical Officer One up
to the rank of-Superintendent or its equivalent; (26) Police Officer up to the rank of
Police Superintendent or its equivalent in other law enforcement, national security
and public safety agencies, and criminal justice administration.
PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS
SECTION 36. Lateral Entry of Registered Criminologists.
— Registered criminologists who are not in the government service
shall be eligible and given preference for appointment via lateral
entry as Police, Fire, and Jail Inspectors or its equivalent in the
PDEA, NBI, and other law enforcement agencies: Provided, That
they possess the general qualifications for appointment as provided
in the existing laws on appointment of personnel in the PNP, BJMP,
BFP, PDEA, NBI and other agencies: Provided, further, That those
who are already in the police, fire, jail, and other government
agencies involve in national security, public safety, and criminal
justice administration as non commissioned officers and who are
already registered and licensed criminologists shall be given
Distinction between
Criminologist and Criminalist
Criminologist Criminalist
- one who is a graduate of - a practitioner in the field of
Criminology and passed the forensic sciences, such as
PRC Criminologist licensure fingerprint examiner,
examination ballistician, etc.
- a criminologist may be
employed as a criminalist *In short, all criminologists
because forensic science or are licensed criminologists
criminalistics is part of the but not all criminalists are
competencies of criminology licensed criminologists.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Generally, criminology cannot be considered a
science because it has not yet acquired universal
validity and acceptance. It is not stable, and it varies
from one time and place to another. However,
considering that science is the systematic and
objective study of social phenomenon and other
bodies of knowledge, criminology is a science in itself
when under the following nature:
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. It is an Applied Science
Applied science is defined as the application of
scientific knowledge. Natural Science, on the other hand,
is concerned with the physical nature or environment.

*Criminology make use of the different principles of other

sciences. In the causes of crimes, psychology, sociology
and other natural sciences are applied while chemistry,
medicine, mathematics, ballistics are utilized in criminal
investigations
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
2. IT IS A SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE is defined as a branch of science that

studies the society and human behavior in it, including
anthropology, communication studies, geography, history,
political science and psychology.

Crime is a societal creation and that it exists in a society, its

study must be considered as part of social science.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
3. IT IS DYNAMIC
Dynamic is used to describe something that is always in
motion and always active

Criminology changes as social condition changes, that

means the progress of criminology is concordant with the
advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it

it is able to adapt to the changing times

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
4. IT IS NATIONALISTIC
 this means that the study of criminology takes into
consideration the history, the culture, the social norms
and laws of the country

Crimes are studied in relation to criminal laws applied in the

country or place where these crimes are committed. Each
country has its own set of laws and crimes as defined by
the laws of the country.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
5. IT IS INTERDISCIPLINARY

Many disciplines are

involved in the study of crimes
and criminal behavior.


Science that examine criminal behavior using
scientific methods:
• Criminal Demography
– the study of the relationship between criminality and population

• Criminal Epidemiology
– tries to understand the cause and transmission of crime within a population

• Criminal Ecology
– study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community
– this studies the criminality in relation to competition, social discrimination,
division of labor, social conflicts as well as interaction of the people with their
natural or developed environment
Science that examine criminal behavior using
scientific methods:
• Criminal Physical Anthropology
- the study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men

• Criminal psychology
-the study of human behavior in relation to criminality

• Criminal psychiatry
- the study of human mind in relation to criminality
-study of mental and behavioral disorders in relation to criminality
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Criminal Sociology
-otherwise known as Sociology of Crime
-study of the making, breaking, and enforcing of criminal
laws
-it aims to understand empirically and to develop and test
theories explaining criminal behavior, the formation and
enforcement of laws, and the operation of criminal justice
system
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
2. Criminal Biology
-Biological Theories of Crime

-attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal

expectations through examination of individual characters

-these theories are categorized within a paradigm called

positivism (also known as determinants) which asserts that
behaviors, including law-violating behaviors are determined by
factors largely beyond individual control
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
3. Criminal Psychology/
Criminological Psychology
-study of the views,
thoughts, intentions, actions
and reactions of criminals and
all who participate in criminal
behavior
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
4. Criminal Anthropology/
Anthropological Criminology
-study of human species
and the study of criminals
-it is a field of offender
profiling, based on perceived
links between the nature of a
crime and the personality or
physical appearance of the
offender.
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
5. Criminal Psychopathology
Psychopath is someone with
mental disorder characterized by
an extremely antisocial personality
that often leads to aggressive,
perverted or criminal behavior
(Garner, 2004). This type of
definition paves the way for
science and medicine to influence
the usability of criminal defenses
based on mental illness or insanity.
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
6. Penology
-derived from Latin word
“Poena” means punishment and
Greek word “logia” means “study ”
-study of punishment of crime
and prison management
-deals with the treatment of
prisoners and the subsequent
rehabilitation of convicted offenders
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
7. Criminal Etiology
-study dealing with the causes of
criminal behavior

8. Victimology
-the study of the role of the victim in the
commission of the crime
-scientifically studies the relationship
between an injured party and an offender by
examining the causes and the nature of the
consequent suffering
ALLIED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY
9. Criminal Phenomenology/
Phenomenological Criminology
-its roots are derived from
phenomenology, that an idea is
relevant only to the human mind and
human consciousness, and
imperceptible to the outside world
-it claims that any action of
criminal nature would have been
committed for a reason only
knowable to the participants
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
1.CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY (origin)

 deals with the scientific study of

the causes of crime. It tries to
find explanations as to the
causes of criminal behavior in an
individual and determine different
factors that contribute to crime
causation.
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
2. SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

refers to the study of the nature of criminal law and its

administration or application
 scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal
laws develop as a process of social control

CRIMINAL LAW is defined as branch of public law which defines crimes,

treats of their nature and provides for their punishment. It is sometimes
referred as penal law
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
3. PENOLOGY
the study of the control of
crimes and the rehabilitation of
offenders

 a branch of criminology that

deals with the treatment,
management and
administration of inmates
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY

4. Criminalistics or Forensic Science

refers to the study of the criminal things, the

analysis of physical evidence taken from the
crime scene left behind a perpetrator
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
CRIMINOLOGY
• a source of philosophy of life
• a background in a profession or for social
service
• because criminals are legitimate objects of
social interest. They should be understood in
order to control them
• because crime is a costly problem
PURPOSES OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY
• to prevent crime problem
• to understand crimes and criminals which are basic to know
the actions to be done to prevent them
• to prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific
crime detection
• to develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees
and due process of law in the administration of justice
• to foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership
together with an understanding of one moral and legal
responsibilities to his fellowmen, his community and the
nation