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Physics II

This document discusses electric charges and fields, including types of charges, laws of electric charge, electron transfer, electric field, electric field lines, calculating electric field strength, superposition principle, electric flux, and Gauss's law.

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17 views

Physics II

This document discusses electric charges and fields, including types of charges, laws of electric charge, electron transfer, electric field, electric field lines, calculating electric field strength, superposition principle, electric flux, and Gauss's law.

Uploaded by

bagongstorage
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charge:
Static Electricity: TYPES OF CHARGING
Buildup of electric charge on an object's Charging by Friction:
surface. Rubbing two materials together transfers
electrons, charging them oppositely.
Discovery of Electric Charge:
Thales of Miletus (624-546 BCE) Charging by Contact:
discovered electric properties by rubbing Touching a charged object to a neutral
amber with fur and attracting feathers. object transfers electrons.

TYPES OF CHARGES Charging by Induction:


Negative Charge: A charged object can induce charge
When an object has more electrons than separation in a nearby conductor without
protons. contact.

Positive Charge: Coulomb's Law


When an object has more protons than This law describes the force between two
electrons. charged objects.
The force is proportional to the product of
Neutral: the charges and inversely proportional to
When an object has an equal number of the square of the distance between them.
protons and electrons.
Formula:
LAWS OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
Law of Attraction: F = k (q1 q2)
Opposite charges attract each other. r2

Law of Repulsion: F = force (Newtons)


Like charges repel each other. k = Coulomb's constant (9 x 10^9 N *
m2/C2)
Charged Object and Neutral Object: q1, q2 = charges of the two objects
A charged object and a neutral object will (Coulombs)
attract each other. r = distance between the objects (meters)

Electron Transfer: Lesson 2: Electric Field


Electrons can be transferred from one Electric Field:
object to another, causing objects to The region around a charged object
become charged. where electric forces can be felt.
Only electrons move freely, protons stay
in place. Electric Field Lines:
Visualize the electric field with lines called
Electron Affinity: electric field lines.
The tendency of a substance to hold onto Arrows on the lines point away from
electrons. positive charges and towards negative
charges.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE Closer spacing of lines indicates a
Quantized: stronger electric field.
Electric charge comes in discrete
packets. Electric Field due to a Point Charge:
The electric field (E) at a point is the force
Conserved: (F) on a test charge (Q) divided by the
The total amount of electric charge in a magnitude of the test charge.
closed system remains constant.
Formula:
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS E=F
Conductivity: q
Ability of a material to allow electrons to
move freely. E = electric field (N/C)
F = Force (on a charge), Electric Force
Conductors: (N)
Allow electrons to move easily (metals). q = Charge (C)

Insulators: Electric Field as a Vector:


Do not allow electrons to move easily The electric field is a vector quantity with
(rubber, wood). both magnitude and direction.
Electric field vectors point away from
positive charges and towards negative
charges.
Calculating Electric Field Strength

Formula:
E=k q
r2

E = electric field vector (N/C)


k = Coulomb's constant (9 x 109 Nm2/C2)
q = charge of the point source (C)
r = distance from the source charge (m)

Coulomb's Constant:
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
Can also be expressed as 1/4πε₀

ε₀= 8.85 x 1012 farads per meter (F/m).

SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
The electric field from multiple charges is
the vector sum of the electric fields from
each individual charge.

Same direction:
Add magnitudes to find the net field.

Opposite direction:
Subtract the smaller magnitude from the
larger magnitude to find the net field. The
net field points in the direction of the
greater field.

ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS'S LAW


Electric flux is a measure of the number
of electric field lines passing through a
surface.

Electric flux lines:


- Originate from positive charges and
terminate at negative charges.
- Concentration of lines indicates field
strength.
- Are parallel to each other.
- Enter or leave a charged surface.

Unit of Electric Flux:


Newton meter2 / Coulomb (Nm2/C)

Formula:
Φ E=EAcos Φ.

Gauss’ Law:
Gauss’ Law states that the total electric
flux passing through a closed surface is
proportional to the net charge enclosed
by the surface.

Formula:
ΦE = q / ε₀

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