Engineering Mechanics Statics Contents

University of Basrah
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vector Mechanics for Engineering

for Static

Lecture: Dr. Raad Jamal & Dr. Raheem Khazal

2023_2024

Lecture: Dr. Raad Jamal & Dr. Raheem Khazal Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Mechanics Statics Contents

Contents
Introduction 1

1.1 What Is Mechanics

1.2 Fundamental Concepts and Principles

1.3 Systems of Units

1.4 Conversion from One System of Units to Another

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2 Statics of Particles

2.1 Introduction

Forces in a Plane 16

2.2 Force on a Particle. Resultant of Two Forces

2.3 Vectors

2.4 Addition of Vectors

2.5 Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces

2.6 Resolution of a Force into Components

2.7 Rectangular Components of a Force. Unit Vectors

2.8 Addition of Forces by Summing x and y Components

2.9 Equilibrium of a Particle

2.10 Newton’s First Law of Motion

2.11 Problems Involving the Equilibrium of a Particle. Free-Body Diagrams

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Contents

3 Rigid Bodies: Equivalent

Systems of Forces

3.1 Introduction

3.2 External and Internal Forces

3.3 Principle of Transmissibility. Equivalent Forces

3.4 Vector Product of Two Vectors

3.5 Vector Products Expressed in Terms of Rectangular Components

3.6 Moment of a Force about a Point

3.7 Varignon’s Theorem

3.8 Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force

3.9 Scalar Product of Two Vectors

3.10 Mixed Triple Product of Three Vectors

3.11 Moment of a Force about a Given Axis

3.12 Moment of a Couple

3.13 Equivalent Couples

3.14 Addition of Couples

3.15 Vectors Can Represent Couples

3.16 Resolution of a Given Force into a Force at O and a couple of

3.17 Reduction of a System of Forces to One Force and One Couple

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Contents

4 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Free-Body Diagram

Equilibrium in Two Dimensions

4.3 Reactions at Supports and Connections for a Two-Dimensional Structure

4.4 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body in Two Dimensions

4.5 Statically Indeterminate Reactions. Partial Constraints

4.6 Equilibrium of a Two-Force Body

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5 Distributed Forces: Centroids

and Centers of Gravity

5.1 Introduction

Areas and Lines

5.2 Center of Gravity of a Two-Dimensional Body

5.3 Centroids of Areas and Lines

5.4 First Moments of Areas and Lines

5.5 Composite Plates and Wires

5.6 Determination of Centroids by Integration

5.7 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus

*5.8 Distributed Loads on Beams

*5.9 Forces on Submerged Surfaces

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Contents

6 Friction

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction

6.3 Angles of Friction

6.4 Problems Involving Dry Friction

6.5 Wedges

6.6 Square-Threaded Screws

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7 Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

7.1 Introduction

Moments of Inertia of Areas

7.2 Second Moment, or Moment of Inertia, of an Area

7.3 Determination of the Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration

7.4 Polar Moment of Inertia

7.5 Radius of Gyration of an Area

7.6 Parallel-Axis Theorem

7.7 Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter One Introduction

Chapter One
Introduction

1.1 WHAT IS MECHANICS?

Mechanics can be defined as that science that describes and predicts the conditions of rest
or motion of bodies under the action of forces. It is divided into three parts: mechanics of
rigid bodies, mechanics of deformable bodies, and mechanics of fluids. The mechanics of
rigid bodies are subdivided into statics and dynamics, the former dealing with bodies at
rest, the latter with bodies in motion. In this part of the study of mechanics, bodies are
assumed to be perfectly rigid. Actual structures and machines, however, are never
absolutely rigid and deform under the loads to which they are subjected. However, these
deformations are usually small and do not appreciably affect the conditions of
equilibrium or motion of the structure under consideration.

1.2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

The basic concepts used in mechanics are space, time, mass, and force. These concepts
cannot be truly defined; they should be accepted based on our intuition and experience
and used as a mental frame of reference for our study of mechanics.

The concept of space is associated with the notion of the position of a point P. The
position of P can be defined by three lengths measured from a certain reference point, or
origin, in three given directions. These lengths are known as the coordinates of P.

The time of the event should also be given.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter One Introduction

The concept of mass is used to characterize and compare bodies based on certain
fundamental mechanical experiments.

A force represents the action of one body on another. It can be exerted by actual contact
or at a distance, as in the case of gravitational forces and magnetic forces. A force is
characterized by its point of application, its magnitude, and its direction; a force is
represented by a vector

SYSTEMS OF UNITS

International System of Units (SI Units)

In this system, which will be in universal use after the United States has completed its
conversion to SI units, the base units are the units of length, mass, and time, and they
are called, respectively, the meter (m), the kilogram (kg), and the second (s).

U.S. Customary Units

Most practicing American engineers still commonly use a system in which the base units
are the units of length, force, and time. These units are, respectively, the foot (ft), the
pound (lb), and the second (s).

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter One Introduction

CONVERSION FROM ONE SYSTEM OF UNITS TO ANOTHER

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter One Introduction

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Chapter Two
Statics of particles
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, you will study the effect of forces acting on particles. First, you will learn
how to replace two or more forces acting on a given particle by a single force having the
same effect as the original forces. This single equivalent force is the result of the original
forces acting on the particle. Later the relations that exist among the various forces acting
on a particle in a state of equilibrium will be derived and used to determine some of the
forces acting on the particle. The use of the word “particle” does not imply that our study
will be limited to that of small corpuscles. What it means is that the size and shape of the
bodies under consideration will not significantly affect the solution of the problems
treated in this chapter and that all the forces acting on a given body will be assumed to be
applied at the same point. Since such an assumption is verified in many practical
applications, you will be able to solve several engineering problems in this chapter.

2.2 Force on a Particles. Resultant of Two Force

A force represents the action of one body on another and is generally characterized by its
point of application, its magnitude, and its direction. Forces acting on a given particle,
however, have the same point of application. Each force considered in this chapter will
thus be completely defined by its magnitude and direction

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Experimental evidence shows that two forces P and Q acting on a

particle A (Fig. 2.2a) can be replaced by a single force R which has the
same effect on the particle (Fig. 2.2c). This force is called the resultant of
the forces P and Q and can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 2.2b, by
constructing a parallelogram, using P and Q as two adjacent sides of the
parallelogram. The diagonal that passes through A represents the
resultant. This method for finding the resultant is known as the
parallelogram law for the addition of two forces.

2.3 Scalars and Vectors

A scalar is any positive or negative physical quantity that can be completely specified by
its magnitude. Examples of scalar quantities include length, mass, and time
A vector is any physical quantity that requires both a magnitude and a direction for its
complete description. Examples of vectors encountered in statics are force, position, and
moment Vector Addition. All vector quantities obey the parallelogram law of addition.
To illustrate, the two “component” vectors A and B in Fig. 2–3 a are added to form a
“resultant” vector R = A + B using the following procedure:
• First join the tails of the components at a point to make them concurrent, Fig. 2–3 b.
• From the head of B, draw a line parallel to A. Draw another line from the head of A that
is parallel to B. These two lines intersect at point P to form the adjacent sides of a

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

parallelogram. The diagonal of this parallelogram that extends to P forms R, which then
represents the resultant vector R = A + B, Fig. 2–3 c.

As a special case, if the two vectors A and B are collinear, i.e., both have the same line of
action, the parallelogram law reduces to an algebraic or scalar addition R = A + B , as
shown in Fig. 2–5 .

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Vector Subtraction. The resultant of the difference between two vectors A and B of the
same type may be expressed as

R_ = A - B = A + (-B)

This vector sum is shown graphically in Fig. 2–6 . Subtraction is therefore defined as a
special case of addition, so the rules of vector addition also apply to vector subtraction.

2.4 Vector Addition of Forces

Finding a Resultant Force. The two component forces F1 and F2 acting on the pin in
Fig. 2–7 a can be added together to form the resultant force FR = F1 + F2

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Finding the Components of a Force. Sometimes it is necessary to resolve a force into

two components in order to study its pulling or pushing effect in two specific directions

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Example -1: The screw eye in Fig. 2–11 a is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2 .
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Example -2: A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the

.
resultant of the forces exerted by the tugboats is a
5000-lb force directed along the axis of the barge,
determine (a) the tension in each of the ropes
knowing that α = 45°, (b) the value of a for which the
tension in rope 2 is minimum

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Example -3: Determine the magnitude of the component force F and the magnitude of
the resultant force FR if FR is directed along the positive y axis.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Problems
Q1: The cable stays AB and AD helps support pole
AC. Knowing that the tension is 120 lb in AB and
40 lb in AD, determine graphically the magnitude
and direction of the resultant of forces exerted by
the stays at A using (a) the parallelogram law, (b)
the triangle rule.

.
Q2: A stake is being pulled out of the ground by means of
two ropes as shown. Knowing that a 5 308, determine by
trigonometry (a) the magnitude of the force P so that the
resultant force exerted on the stake is vertical, (b) the
corresponding magnitude of the resultant

Q3: A telephone cable is clamped at A to the pole AB.

Knowing that the tension in the left-hand portion of the
cable is T1 = 800 lb, determine by trigonometry (a) the
required tension T2 in the righthand portion if the resultant
R of the forces exerted by the cable at A is to be vertical,
(b) the corresponding magnitude of R.

Q4: Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and

its direction measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Q5: A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation.

Knowing that a = 208, determine by trigonometry (a) the
required magnitude of the force P if the resultant R of the
two forces applied at A is to be vertical, (b) the
corresponding magnitude of R.

Q6- Resolve F2 into components along the u and v axes

and determine the magnitudes of these components.

Q7: Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the
magnitude of P is 35 N, determine by trigonometry (a) the required angle a if the
resultant R of the two forces applied to the support is to be horizontal, (b) the
corresponding magnitude of R.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

2.5 Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

When a force is resolved into two components along the x and y axes, the components are
then called rectangular components.

** Here the y component is a negative scalar

since Fy is directed along the negative y- xis.

Cartesian Vector Notation. It is also

possible to represent the x and y components
of a force in terms of Cartesian unit vectors i
and j.

Coplanar Force Resultants

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Example -1: Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the resultant of the forces on
the bolt.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Example-2: The link is subjected to two forces F1 and F2 Determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.

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Example 3: The end of the boom O is subjected to three concurrent and coplanar forces.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

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Problems

1- Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant

force.

2-Cable AC exerts on beam AB a force P directed

along line AC. Knowing that P must have a 350-lb
vertical component, determine (a) the magnitude of the
force P, (b) its horizontal component.

3- Knowing that the tension in rope AC is 365 N,

determine the resultant of the three forces exerted at
point C of post BC.

4-If the resultant force acting on the bracket is to be

750 N directed along the positive x axis, determine
the magnitude of F and its direction ϴ.

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5- Determine the magnitude of the resultant force

and its direction measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis

6- If the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the

eyebolt is 600 N and its direction measured clockwise
from the positive x axis is ϴ = 30, determine the
magnitude of F1 and the angle φ.

7- Determine the magnitude and orientation, measured

Counterclockwise from the positive y-axis, of the

resultant force acting on the bracket, if FB = 600 N and
Ꝋ = 20.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

2.6 Equilibrium of a Particle

2.6.1. Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle

A particle is said to be in equilibrium if it remains at rest if originally at rest, or has a
constant velocity if originally in motion to maintain equilibrium, it is necessary to satisfy
Newton’s first law of motion, which requires the resultant force acting on a particle to be
equal to zero . This condition may be stated mathematically as

where F is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the particle.

2.6.2 The Free-Body Diagram

Springs : The magnitude of force exerted on a linearly elastic spring which has a
stiffness k and is deformed (elongated or compressed) a distance s = l - l0, measured
from its unloaded position, is
F=k.s
Where K: stiffness of spring N/m

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Cables and Pulleys

Two straps A and B. suspend

the 5-kg plate. To find the force
in each strap we should
consider the free-body diagram
of the plate. As noted, the three
forces acting on it form a
concurrent force system.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Two Statics of particles

Example-1: The sphere in Fig. 3–3 a has a mass of 6 kg and is supported as shown.
Draw a free-body diagram of the sphere, the cord CE, and the knot at C.

2.6.3 Coplanar Force Systems

If a particle is subjected to a system of coplanar forces that lie

in the x–y plane, as in Fig. 3–4 , then each force can be resolved
into its i and j Components. For equilibrium, these forces must
sum to produce a zero force resultant, i.e.,

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Example -1: Determine the tension in cables BA and BC necessary to support the 60-kg
cylinder.

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Example -2: The 200-kg crate is suspended using the ropes AB and AC. Each rope can
withstand a maximum force of 10 KN before it breaks. If AB always remains horizontal,
determine the smallest angle Ꝋ to which the crate can be suspended before one of the
ropes breaks.

Example -4: Determine the required length of cord AC a so that the 8-kg lamp can be
suspended in the position shown. The unreformed length of spring AB is l_ AB = 0.4 m,
and the spring has a stiffness of kAB = 300 N/m.

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Example -3: Determine the required length of cord AC a so that the 8-kg lamp can be
suspended in the position shown. The unreformed length of spring AB is l_AB = 0.4 m,
and the spring has a stiffness of kAB = 300 N/m.

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Problems

1- The crate has a weight of 550 lb. Determine the force in

each supporting cable.

2- If the mass of cylinder C is 40 kg, determine the mass of

cylinder A in order to hold the assembly in the position
shown.

3- Two cables are tied together at C and are loaded as

shown. Determine the tension (a) in cable AC, (b) in
cable BC.

4-
4-Knowing that a 5 208, determine the tension
(a) in cable AC, (b) in rope BC.

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5- Two cables tied together at C are loaded as shown.

Knowing that the maximum allowable tension is 1200
N in cable AC and 600 N in cable BC, determine (a)
the magnitude of the largest force P that can be applied
at C, (b) the corresponding value of α.

6- movable bin and its contents have a combined weight of

2.8 kN Determine the shortest chain sling ACB that can be
used to lift the loaded bin if the tension in the chain is not to
exceed 5 kN

7- The 10-lb lamp fixture is suspended from two

springs, each having an unstretched length of 4 ft and
stiffness of k = 5 lb/ft. Determine the angle Ɵ for
equilibrium

8- The spring has a stiffness of k = 800 N/m and

an unstretched length of 200 mm. Determine the
force in cables BC and BD when the spring is
held in the position shown.

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9- Determine the tension developed in each

cord required for equilibrium of the 20-kg lamp.

10-Two forces P and Q are applied as shown to an

aircraft connection. Knowing that the connection is in
equilibrium and that P = 500 lb and Q = 650 lb,
determine the magnitudes of the forces exerted on the
rods A and

11- The concrete pipe elbow has a weight of 400 lb

and the center of gravity is located at point G.
Determine the force FAB and the tension in cables
BC and BD needed to support it.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Three Equivalent Systems of Forces

Chapter Three
Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces
A rigid body can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles in which
all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another, both before and after
applying a load. The size of the body will have to be taken into consideration, as well as
the fact that forces will act on different particles and thus will have different points of
application.
3.1 Moment of a force about a point

When a force is applied to a body it will produce a tendency for the body to rotate
about a point that is not on the line of action of the force. This tendency to rotate
is sometimes called a torque, but most often, it is called the moment of a force
or simply the moment.

M=F.d M=F.d’=F.d.sinϴ M=0

Direction.

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Resultant Moment

Example -1: For each case illustrated, determine the moment of the force about point O.

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Example 2: A 100-lb vertical force is applied to the end of a lever

which is attached to a shaft at O. Determine ( a ) the moment of
the 100-lb force about O ; ( b ) the horizontal force applied at A
which creates the same moment about O ; ( c ) the smallest force
applied at A which creates the same moment about O ; ( d ) how
far from the shaft a 240-lb vertical force must act to create the
same moment about O ; ( e ) whether any one of the forces
obtained in parts b , c , and d is equivalent to the original force.

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3.1 Principle of Moments

Varignon’s theorem: the moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of the
moments of the components of the force about the point.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Three Equivalent Systems of Forces

Example 3: A force of 800 N acts on a bracket as shown. Determine

the moment of the force about B.

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Example -4: Two men exert forces of F= 80 Ib and P=50 Ib on the ropes.
Determine the moment of each force about A. Which way will the pole rotate,
clockwise or counterclockwise?

Problems

1. Determine the resultant moment produced by the

forces about point O.

2. The Achilles tendon force Ft is mobilized when the man tries

to stand on his toes. As this is done, each of his feet is subjected
to a reactive force of Nt = 400 N. If the resultant moment
produced by forces Ft and Nt about the ankle joint A is required
to be zero, determine the magnitude of Ft .

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4- crate of mass 80 kg is held in the position shown. Determine (a)

the moment produced by the weight W of the crate about E, (b)
the smallest force applied at B that creates a moment of equal
magnitude and opposite sense about E.

5- It is known that the connecting rod AB exerts on the crank BC

a 500-lb force directed down and to the left along the centerline of
AB. Determine the moment of the force about C.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Three Equivalent Systems of Forces

3.2 Moment of couple

Two forces F and -- F having the same magnitude, parallel

lines of action, and opposite sense are said to form a couple

M = F.d
Where F is the magnitude of one of the forces and d is
the perpendicular distance or moment arm between the
forces.

Example -1: Determine the resultant couple moment of the three couples acting
on the plate in Fig. 4–30 .

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Example -2: Determine the magnitude and direction of the couple moment acting
on the gear in Fig. 4–31 a .

Example -3: The ends of the triangular plate are subjected to

three couples. Determine the magnitude of the force F so that
the resultant couple moment is 400 N . m clockwise.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Four Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

Chapter four
Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
4.1 Introduction

When the force and the couple are both equal to zero, the external forces form a system
equivalent to zero, and the rigid body is said to be in equilibrium.

Support Reactions

The various types of reactions that occur at supports and points of contact between bodies
subjected to coplanar force systems. As a general rule;

- If a support prevents the translation of a body in a given direction, then a force is

developed on the body in that direction.

- If rotation is prevented, a couple moments is exerted on the body.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Four Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

2-Equations of Equilibrium

The two equations which are both necessary and sufficient for the equilibrium of a rigid
body, namely, _F = 0 and _MO = 0

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Example-1: A fixed crane has a mass of 1000 kg and is used to lift

a 2400-kg crate. It is held in place by a pin at A and a rocker at B.
The center of gravity of the crane is located at G. Determine the
components of the reactions at A and B.

Example-2: Three loads are applied to a beam as shown. The beam

is supported by a roller at A and by a pin at B. Neglecting the
weight of the beam, determine the reactions at A and B when P =
15 kips.

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Example -3: The member shows a is pin connected at A and

rests against a smooth support at B. Determine the
horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin A.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Four Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

Example -4: Determine the horizontal and vertical components

of reaction on the member at the pin A, and the normal reaction
at the roller B.

Problems:

1. Determine the horizontal and vertical

components of reaction at the supports.
Neglect the thickness of the beam.

2. The 25-kg bar has a center of mass at G. If it

is supported by a smooth peg at C, a roller at A
, and cord AB , determine the reactions at these
supports.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Four Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

3. Determine the horizontal and vertical

components of reaction at the pin A and the
reaction of the rocker B on the beam.

4. The floor crane and the driver have a total weight of

2500 lb with a center of gravity at G . Determine the
largest weight of the drum that can be lifted without
causing the crane to overturn when its boom is in the
position shown.

5-The bracket BCD is hinged at C and attached to a

control cable at B. For the loading shown,
determine (a) the tension in the cable, (b) the
reaction at C.

6-The lever BCD is hinged at C and attached to a control

rod at B. If P 5 100 lb, determine (a) the tension in rod
AB, (b) the reaction at C.

7- Determine the reactions at A and B when (a) a = 0,

(b) a = 908, (c) a = 308.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

Chapter Five
Distributed Forces: Centroids and Centers of Gravity
5.1 Areas and lines (Center of Gravity of two-Dimensional Body)
Center of Gravity: A body is composed of an infinite number of particles of differential
size, and so if the body is located within a gravitational field, then each of these particles
will have a weight dW. the total weight of the body, which passes through a single point
called the center of gravity.

Center of Mass of a Body: In order to study the dynamic response or accelerated motion
of a body, it becomes important to locate the body’s center of mass Cm

Centroid of a Volume. If the body in Fig. 9–3 is made from a homogeneous material,
then its density Ꝭ (rho) will be constant. Therefore, a differential element of volume dV
has a mass dm = Ꝭ dV.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

Centroid of an Area

These integrals can be evaluated by performing a single integration if we use a

rectangular strip for the differential area element. For example, if a vertical strip is used,
Fig. 9–5 b , the area of the element is dA = y dx , and its centroid is located at x--- = x and
y-- = y/2 . If we consider a horizontal strip, Fig. 9–5 c , then dA = x dy , and its centroid is
located at x-- = x/2 and y- = y .

Centroid of a Line

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

Example-1: For the plane area shown, determine (a) the first
moments with respect to the x and y axes, (b) the location of
the centroid.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

Example-2: A uniform semicircular rod of weight W and radius r

is attached to a pin at A and rests against a frictionless surface at
B. Determine the reactions at A and B.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

Problems
1.Locate the centroid of the plane area shown

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter five centroids and centers of Gravity

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

Chapter Six
Friction

1- Characteristics of Dry Friction

Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative
to one another. This force always acts tangent to the surface at the points of contact and is
directed to oppose the possible or existing motion between the surfaces.

Theory of Dry Friction

P is slowly increased; F correspondingly increases until it attains a certain maximum

value Fs, called the limiting static frictional force,

μs: the coefficient of static friction.

Impending Motion.

In cases where the surfaces of contact are rather “slippery,” the frictional force F may not
be great enough to balance P, and consequently, the block will tend to slip. In other
words, as P is slowly increased, F correspondingly increases until it attains a certain

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

maximum value Fs, called the limiting static frictional force, When the block is on the
verge of sliding, the normal force N and frictional force Fs combine to create a resultant
Rs, The angle ϕs that Rs makes with N is called the angle of static friction.

Motion: If the magnitude of P acting on the block is increased so that it becomes

slightly greater than Fs, the frictional force at the contacting surface will drop to a
smaller value Fk, called the kinetic frictional force. μk, is called the coefficient of
kinetic friction

This angle is referred to as the angle of kinetic friction ϕk

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

The frictional force is categorized in three different ways:

• F is a static frictional force if equilibrium is maintained.

• F is a limiting static frictional force Fs when it reaches a maximum value needed
to maintain equilibrium.
• F is a kinetic frictional force Fk when sliding occurs at the contacting surface.
• When slipping at the surface of contact is about to occur, the maximum static
frictional force is proportional to the normal force, such that Fs = μsN.
• When slipping at the surface of contact is occurring, the kinetic frictional force is
proportional to the normal force, such that Fk = μkN.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

Example -1: The uniform crate has a mass of 20

.
kg. If a force P = 80 N is applied to the crate,
determine if it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient
of static friction is μs = 0.3

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

Example -2: A 100-lb force acts as shown on a 300-lb block placed

on an inclined plane. The coefficients of friction between the block
and the plane are µs = 0.25 and µk = 0.20. Determine whether the
block is in equilibrium, and find the value of the friction force.:

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

Example -3: The movable bracket shown may be placed at any

height on the 3-in.- diameter pipe. If the coefficient of static
friction between the pipe and bracket is 0.25, determine the
minimum distance x at which the load W can be supported.
Neglect the weight of the bracket.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

.
Example -3: The uniform 10-kg ladder a rests against the smooth wall at B, and the end A
rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static friction is μ s = 0.3.
Determine the angle of inclination Ꝋ of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder
is on the verge of slipping

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

Problems
1. If P = 200 N , determine the friction developed
between the 50-kg crate and the ground. The
coefficient of static friction between the crate and the
ground is µs = 0.3.

2. If the coefficient of static friction at contact points

A and B is µs = 0.3, determine the maximum force P
that can be applied without causing the 100-kg spool
to move.

3-Determine whether the block shown is in equilibrium

and find the magnitude and direction of the friction force
when u = 308 and P =150 N.

4- Knowing that the coefficient of friction between the 25-

kg block and the incline is µs = 0.25, determine (a) the
smallest value of P required to start the block moving up
the incline, (b) the corresponding value of b.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Six Friction

5- The 20-lb block A and the 30-lb block B are supported

by an incline that is held in the position shown. Knowing
that the coefficient of static friction is 0.15 between the two
blocks and zero between block B and the incline, determine
the value of u for which motion is impending.

6- A 120-lb cabinet is mounted on casters that can be locked

to prevent their rotation. The coefficient of static friction
between the floor and each caster is 0.30. Assuming that the
casters at both A and B are locked, determine (a) the force P
required to move the cabinet to the right, (b) the largest
allowable value of h if the cabinet is not to tip over.

7-The 50-lb plate ABCD is attached at A and D to collars

that can slide on the vertical rod. Knowing that the
coefficient of static friction is 0.40 between both collars
and the rod, determine whether the plate is in equilibrium
in the position shown when the magnitude of the vertical
force applied at E is (a) P 5 0, (b) P 5 20 lb.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

Chapter Seven
Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia
7.1 Second Moment, or Moment of Inertia of Area

The magnitude of the resultant R of the elemental forces DF which act over the entire
section is

The last integral obtained is recognized as the first moment Qx of

the section about the X-axis

The last integral is known as the second moment, or moment of inertia,†

Moment of inertia, of an area A with respect to the x axis. Defining in a similar way the
moment of inertia Iy of the area A with respect to the y axis, we write

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Area. For example, let us determine the moment
of inertia of a rectangle concerning its base (Fig.). Dividing the rectangle into strips
parallel to the x-axis, we obtain

Polar moment of Inertia

An integral of great importance in problems concerning the torsion of cylindrical shafts

and in problems dealing with the rotation of slabs is

Parallel -Axis Theorem

Consider the moment of inertia I of an area A concerning an axis AA9 (Fig.). Denoting by y the distance
from an element of area dA to AA9, we write

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

7.2 Moment of Inertia of Composite Areas

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

Example 1: Determine the moment of inertia of the area

shown in Fig. a about the x-axis.

Example-2: The strength of a W14 3 38 rolled-steel beam is increased by attaching a 9*

3/ 4 -in. plate to its upper flange as shown. Determine the moment of inertia and the
radius of gyration of the composite section for an axis that is parallel to the plate and
passes through the centroid C of the section.

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

. Example 3: Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area concerning the x-axis

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

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Engineering Mechanics Statics Chapter Seven Distributed Forces: Moments of Inertia

Problems
1- Determine the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration
of the shaded area with respect to the x-axis.

2- Determine the moment of inertia and the radius of

gyration of the shaded area with respect to the x-axis.

3- Determine the moment of inertia of the composite

area about the centroidal y axis.

4- Determine the moment of inertia of the area

about the x axis.

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