Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.

Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

CE 001

Statics of Rigid Bodies

Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Resultant
Resultant- is the single force that can replace two or more forces(components) acting on a given particle having
the same effect as the original forces(components).
Force Systems- is any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body or on a group of related bodies.

Force- is considered as the action(push or pull) of one body on another. It is 𝑃

characterized by its point of application, its magnitude, and its direction(sense). 𝜃

The Parallelogram Law- states that two forces acting on a particle may be
replaced by a single force, called their resultant, obtained by drawing the
diagonal of the parallelogram which has sides equal to the given forces.
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Vector 𝐹
Vectors- defined as mathematical expressions possessing magnitude 𝐹Ԧ 𝜃
and direction, which add according to the parallelogram law, which
can be represented by an arrow above a letter (𝐹).Ԧ Samples of which
are forces, displacements, velocities, accelerations and momenta.
Scalars- are physical quantities that are completely described by its magnitude such as volume, mass, energy,
length and time which can be represented by plain numbers or scalars and can be added according to ordinary
arithmetic or algebra.
Terminologies
Fixed or Bound Vectors- vectors that has a well-defined point of application and cannot be moved without
altering the conditions of the system.
Free Vectors- vectors that can be freely moved in space without altering the conditions of the system.
Sliding Vectors- vectors that can be moved or slid along their lines of action without altering the conditions of
the system.
Coplanar Vectors- vectors whose lines of action lie on the same plane.
Concurrent Vectors- vectors whose lines of action pass through a common point called point of concurrency.
Parallel Vectors- vectors whose lines of action are parallel with each other and never intersect.
Non-Concurrent Vectors- vectors whose lines of action neither pass through a common point nor parallel.
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Equal Vectors- are vectors with the same magnitude
and direction regardless of point of application. =
𝑃 𝑃
Negative Vectors- are vectors with the same
→ magnitude but opposite direction as another vector.
𝑃 −𝑃
Addition of Vectors using Graphical Method
The Parallelogram Law- states that two forces acting on a
𝐴Ԧ 𝑅 particle may be replaced by a single force, called their
𝐴Ԧ + = resultant, obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
𝐵
𝐵 parallelogram which has sides equal to the given forces.
𝐵 𝑅 Commutative
𝐴Ԧ + = 𝐴Ԧ = Triangle Rule
𝐵 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ
𝑅 𝐴Ԧ
𝐵
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Illustrative Example
Let scalar 𝑑 represent the distance(7 𝑚) Let vector 𝐷 represent the displacement(5 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E)
travelled from A to B from A to B
4𝑚 𝐵 4𝑚 𝐵

𝑉+𝐻 = 𝐷
3𝑚 𝑑 = 3 𝑚 + 4 𝑚 = 7𝑚 3 𝑚 53.13°
5𝑚 3 𝑚 𝑁 + 4 𝑚 E = (5 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E)

𝐴 𝐴
Polygon Rule
Addition of Three or More Vectors
𝐵 𝐵
𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ 𝑅
Ԧ
𝐴Ԧ + +𝐶 = = 𝐶Ԧ = 𝐶Ԧ = 𝐶Ԧ
𝐵 𝐶Ԧ
𝐵 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅
𝐵 𝐴Ԧ

𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 + 𝐶Ԧ = (𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵) + 𝐶Ԧ = Ԧ = (𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 + 𝐶)
𝐴Ԧ + (𝐵 + 𝐶) Ԧ = (𝐶Ԧ + 𝐵 + 𝐴)
Ԧ
Associative Commutative
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Subtraction of Vectors Multiplication of a Scalar to a Vector
𝐵 𝐴Ԧ
𝑘 𝑥Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑘𝐴Ԧ −𝑘 𝑥Ԧ = 𝑘𝐴ശ
𝐴Ԧ − =
𝐵 𝑅 𝐴Ԧ

𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ + −𝐵 𝑘 𝑥Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑘𝐴Ԧ −𝑘 𝑥Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑘𝐴ശ
Illustrative Example
Let scalar 𝑑 represent the distance(7 𝑚) Let vector 𝐷 represent the displacement(5 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E)
travelled from A to B from A to B
4𝑚 𝐵 4𝑚 𝐵

𝑉+𝐻 = 𝐷
3𝑚 𝑑 = 3 𝑚 + 4 𝑚 = 7𝑚 3 𝑚 53.13° 3𝑚
5𝑚 3 𝑚 𝑁 + 4 𝑚 E = (5 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E)
𝐴 4𝑚
𝐴
4 𝑥 𝑑 = 4𝑑 4 𝑥Ԧ 𝐷 = 4𝐷
4 𝑥Ԧ (5 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E) = (4𝑥5 𝑚)(𝑁 53.13° E) =(20 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E)
4 𝑥 7𝑚 = 28𝑚
(20 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E) ÷ 4 = (20 ÷ 4 𝑚)(𝑁 53.13° E) = (5 𝑚 𝑁 53.13° E)
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃
𝑅
Rectangular Components of a Force 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃
Two components which are perpendicular
to each other regardless of orientation. 𝑅= (𝑅𝑥 )2 +(𝑅𝑦 )2
𝑥 𝜃
𝑅𝑥
𝑅𝑦
𝜃= tan−1
𝑅𝑥
𝑦
Addition of Three or More Forces by Analytical Method
𝐵
𝐴Ԧ 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 = ෍ 𝐹𝑦
Ԧ
𝐴Ԧ + +𝐶 = 𝜃 𝐶Ԧ
𝐵 2 2
𝑅 𝑅= (𝑅𝑥 )2 +(𝑅𝑦 )2 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 + ෍ 𝐹𝑦
Component Method 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑦 σ 𝐹𝑦
𝜃= tan−1 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥 σ 𝐹𝑥
𝑅𝑥
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
1. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force 𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 and its direction, measured counterclockwise
from the positive x axis.
Solution:
Using component method:
Using graphical method:
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 =→ + ෍ 𝐹𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 𝑅𝑥 = 250 cos 60 + 375 cos 45
𝐹𝑅 2 = (375)2 +(250)2 −2 375 250 cos 75°
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 =↑ + ෍ 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑅 = 393.188 𝑙𝑏
𝜃 𝑅𝑦 = 250 sin 60 − 375 sin 45
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙:
𝐹𝑅 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤: = = 𝑅= (𝑅𝑥 )2 +(𝑅𝑦 )2
75° 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
sin 𝐴 sin 75° 𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅 = 393.188 𝑙𝑏
MODE =
2: CMPLX 250 𝐹𝑅
𝑅𝑦
250∠ 90 − 30 + 375∠ −45 = 𝐹𝑅 ∠𝜑 𝐴 = 37.89° 𝜃= tan−1
𝐹𝑅 ∠𝜑 = 393.188∠ −7.11 𝑅𝑥

393.188 𝑙𝑏∠ 352.89° 𝜃 = 360 − (45 − 𝐴) = 352.89° 𝜃 = −7.11° 𝑜𝑟 352.89°

Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
2. If the magnitude of the resultant force is to be 500 N, directed along the positive y axis, determine the
magnitude of force F and its direction 𝜃.
Solution:
Using graphical method:
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙:
𝐹𝑅 = 500 𝑁 105° 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶
𝐴 𝐹 2 = (500)2 +(700)2 −2 500 700 cos 105° Using component method:
𝐹 = 959.78 𝑁 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 =→ + ෍ 𝐹𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙:
0 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − 700 cos 15
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤: = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 =↑ + ෍ 𝐹𝑦
MODE sin 𝐴 sin 105°
= 500 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − 700 sin 15
2: CMPLX 700 𝐹
𝐹∠ 𝜃 + 700∠ 15 + 180 = 500∠90 𝐴 = 44.79° 𝜃 = 45.21°
𝐹∠𝜃 = 959.78∠ 45.21
959.78 𝑁∠ 45.21° 𝜃 = 90 − 44.79 = 45.21° 𝐹 = 959.78 𝑁
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
3. If the resultant force of the two tugboats is required to be directed towards the positive x-axis, and 𝐹𝐵 is to be
a minimum, determine the magnitude of 𝐹𝑅 and 𝐹𝐵 and the angle 𝜃.
Solution:
Using component method:
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 =↑ + ෍ 𝐹𝑦
0 = 2 sin 30 − 𝐹𝐵 sin(90)
0 = 2 sin 30 − 𝐹𝐵 sin 𝜃
2 sin 30 𝐹𝐵 = 1 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐵 =
sin 𝜃
𝜃 𝑑𝐹𝐵 𝑑 2 sin 30 Using the right triangle formed:
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 30 =
𝑑 2
0 = 2 sin 30 csc 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝐹𝑅 = 1.732 𝑘𝑁
0 = 2 sin 30 [− csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃]

𝜃 = 90
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Equilibrium of Force Systems
Equilibrium- is the condition wherein the resultant (force and moment) of a system of forces is zero.

𝐷 𝐵
𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ
𝐴Ԧ
𝐵 𝐵
= 𝐶Ԧ 𝑅𝑦 = 0 = 𝑅=0
𝐷
𝐶Ԧ 𝐵

𝑅𝑥 = 0
Conditions of Equilibrium 2 2

𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅= (𝑅𝑥 )2 +(𝑅𝑦 )2 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 + ෍ 𝐹𝑦 =0
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
An isolated view of a body which shows only the external forces exerted on it.
𝑃 𝑃

𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

𝑃 𝑃
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
4. A sailor is being rescued using a boatswain’s chair that is suspended from a pulley that can roll freely on the
support cable ACB and is pulled at a constant speed by cable CD. Knowing that 𝛼 =30°and 𝛽 = 10° and that the
combined weight of the boatswain’s chair and the sailor is 900 N, determine the tension (a) in the support
cable ACB, (b) in the traction cable CD
Solution:
Draw the FBD: 𝑅𝑥 =+→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 cos 10 − 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 cos 30 − 𝑇𝐶𝐷 cos 30 = 0
𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵
30 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 (cos 10 − cos 30) − 𝑇𝐶𝐷 cos 30 = 0
10 𝑅𝑦 =+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

900 𝑁 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 sin 10 + 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 sin 30 + 𝑇𝐶𝐷 sin 30 − 900 = 0

𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 (sin 10 + sin 30) + 𝑇𝐶𝐷 sin 30 = 900
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹 = 𝑚(0) MODE 𝑇𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 1212.567 𝑁
𝐹=0 5: EQN
∴ in equilibrium! 1: anx+bny=cn 𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 166.313 𝑁
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Forces in Space
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦
𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑧
𝑦 (𝐹ℎ )2 = (𝐹𝑥 )2 +(𝐹𝑧 )2
𝐹𝑦
𝐹= (𝐹ℎ )2 +(𝐹𝑦 )2
𝜃𝑦 𝜃 𝐹
𝑥
𝐹= (𝐹𝑥 )2 +(𝐹𝑦 )2 +(𝐹𝑧 )2
𝜃𝑧 𝐹𝑥 𝑥
𝐹𝑧 Φ
𝑧 𝐹ℎ
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Cartesian Vector Form
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘

𝐹= (𝐹𝑥 )2 +(𝐹𝑦 )2 +(𝐹𝑧 )2

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑧
𝑦
=𝐹𝑦 𝑗Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + (𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑧 )𝑘

𝐹Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑘

λ λ = cos 𝜃𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑘
𝐹𝑦 𝑥Ԧ 𝑗Ԧ
𝑖Ԧ 𝑥Ԧ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ԧ 𝑥 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 λ
= 𝐹𝑧 𝑘
𝑘 𝑥Ԧ 𝐹𝑧 Unit vector λ = 1
𝑧
1 = (cos 𝜃𝑥 )2 +(cos 𝜃𝑦 )2 +(cos 𝜃𝑧 )2
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Cartesian Vector Form
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘

𝐹= (𝐹𝑥 )2 +(𝐹𝑦 )2 +(𝐹𝑧 )2

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑧
𝑦
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + (𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑧 )𝑘

𝐹Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑘

λ𝑦 λ λ = cos 𝜃𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑘
λ𝑧 𝑥 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 λ
λ𝑥
𝑧 Unit vector λ = 1
1 = (cos 𝜃𝑥 )2 +(cos 𝜃𝑦 )2 +(cos 𝜃𝑧 )2
Direction cosines of the force λ𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑥 λ𝑦 = cos 𝜃𝑦 λ𝑧 = cos 𝜃𝑧
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Force with Direction determined from Two Points
𝑑Ԧ = 𝑑 λ
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 𝐹𝑦 𝑑Ԧ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑Ԧ
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) =λ
𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑑
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹𝑧 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑Ԧ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘 =λ
𝑑𝑧 𝑑
𝑑= (𝑑𝑥 )2 +(𝑑𝑦 )2 +(𝑑𝑧 )2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
λ= 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑘
𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑧
Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 λ
λ 𝑑λ 𝑑
𝑥Ԧ 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Ԧ
𝐹=𝐹 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
cos 𝜃𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑦 = cos 𝜃𝑧 =
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Force with Direction determined from Two Points
𝑑Ԧ = 𝑑 λ
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑Ԧ
𝑦 𝑑Ԧ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 =λ
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) 𝑑
𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐵 𝑑Ԧ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘 =λ
𝐴Ԧ 𝑑
𝑑= (𝑑𝑥 )2 +(𝑑𝑦 )2 +(𝑑𝑧 )2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
λ= 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥
𝑧 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 λ
λ 𝑑Ԧ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥Ԧ 𝑑 = Ԧ
𝐹=𝐹 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐴Ԧ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹
𝐵 − 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑Ԧ cos 𝜃𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑦 = cos 𝜃𝑧 =
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
1. A force F whose line of action coincides with the line joining points A and B has a y-component of 136.75 N. If
point A is at (-2,+1,+3) and point B is at (+3,+5,-3), find the value of force F.
Solution:

Fy= 136.75 N
y z
B(+3,+5,-3) • Fx
F •
A(-2,+1,+3)
Fz
x
Other solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
λ= 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

MODE
8: VECTOR
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Addition of Concurrent Forces in Space
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥
𝑦
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑦
𝑅𝑦
𝑅
𝜃𝑦 𝑅𝑧 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃𝑧 = ෍ 𝐹𝑧
𝜃𝑥
𝜃𝑧 𝑅𝑥 2 2 2
𝑅𝑧 𝑥
𝑅= (𝑅𝑥 )2 +(𝑅𝑦 )2 +(𝑅𝑧 )2 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 + ෍ 𝐹𝑦 + ෍ 𝐹𝑧
𝑧
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Resultants of Force Systems
Equilibrium of Force Systems in Space
2 2 2
𝑦
𝑅= (𝑅𝑥 )2 +(𝑅𝑦 )2 +(𝑅𝑧 )2 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 + ෍ 𝐹𝑦 + ෍ 𝐹𝑧 =0

Conditions of Equilibrium
𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑧 𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝑧 = ෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
Three cables are used to support a 900-N ring, which are arranged as shown.
2) Determine the tension of cable at A.
Solution:
z FBD of ring:

3sin30°
TAz
x TCz T TA TAx
C

x TC 30°
TA
TAy
TBz TB 900 N TB
LA
4 3cos30°
y
3 y

MODE TA=475.48 N
5: EQN TB=237.74 N
2: anx+bny+cnz=dn TC=411.78 N
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
Three cables are used to support a 900-N ring, which are arranged as shown.
3) Determine the tension of cable at B.
Solution:
z FBD of ring:

3sin30°
TAz
x TCz T TA TAx
C

x TC 30°
TA
TAy
TBz TB 900 N TB
LA
4 3cos30°
y
3 y

MODE TA=475.48 N
5: EQN TB=237.74 N
2: anx+bny+cnz=dn TC=411.78 N
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Sample Problems:
Three cables are used to support a 900-N ring, which are arranged as shown.
4) Determine the tension of cable at C.
Solution:
z FBD of ring:

3sin30°
TAz
x TCz T TA TAx
C

x TC 30°
TA
TAy
TBz TB 900 N TB
LA
4 3cos30°
y
3 y

MODE TA=475.48 N
5: EQN TB=237.74 N
2: anx+bny+cnz=dn TC=411.78 N