DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER + A structural member which is subjected to compressive forces along its axis is called a compression member. Different terms are used for a compression member depending upon its position in a structure. + ‘The vertical compression members in a building supporting floors or girders are normally called as column. They are subjected to heavy loads. + Sometimes vertical compression members are called posts. E.g., King post, queen post etc. Mostly they are some structural members without any separate foundation. * The compression members used in roof trusses and bracings are called struts. They may be vertical or inclined and normally have small lengths. + The top chord members of a roof truss are called the rafters. * The principal compression member in a crane is called the boom. + Short compression members at the junction of columns and roof trusses or beams are called knee braces, eo tut Rater tuts in Le crane column Z\ ke sna tne (@) Mutistory buteing (©) locust bung as Kee bracing > Definition of Buckling of Compression Members: Buckling can be defined as the sudden large deformation of a compression member due to some lateral disturbance or eccentricity, when the value of an existing compressive load is increased above a certain value. It is characterized by a large deflections perpendicular to the axis of the member. ‘The compressive load at which buckling occurs is called buckling load or critical load. Critical load is calculated using Euler's critical load formula, El oO Lege> Effective length of a column ‘The effective length can be defined as the length of an equivalent pin-ended column, having the same load-carrying capacity as the member under consideration. It is the portion of the column length which is bent in the shape of a half sine curve after buckling. It is expressed as, Ly = KL where, K = effective length factor. The value of ‘K’ depends on the end support condition of the compression member. The theoretical values for different support condition is shown below: P t } t r <> [ 1 ti | : Lb Pa Piped ents Pinned and Fixed ends [Kea] Fived and'free ends Fixed ends Tke07] : ® ©) @ IS 800:2007, recommends the value of effective length corresponding to each support condition in page-45, table-11. Some of them are shown below: o?Te?e]e],)]o L|/ visu] Slee Tt NN ; T Buckiedsnane otcorinn | 7) | { HANA | Strowvyeacnsatne || | a) | [7 Whi | dt i | / / / EE f Reconmanded Kvaie “rontlosleonatore” | os | ov | 12 | 10 | 20 | 20 re approumatas “f*| Rotation fixed, translation fixed (Enidinettiionieite A Rotation free, translation fixed | Rotation ted, ransaion tree + _| Rotation tree, ansation tow > Effective length of Strut or bracing made of angle section Member Direction of buckling Effective length factor (K) | ‘Single angle Tn the plane of the gusset 0.7-1.0 Perpendicular to the plane of 10 the gusset Double angie Tn the plane of the gusset 7-085 Perpendicular to the plane of 0 the gussetRadius of gyration & Slenderness ratio = It is defined as the imaginary distance from an axis of rotation to a point, at which the area of a cross section is imagined to be focused during the rotation. The second moment of the area of the cross section, calculated using this distance, gives the moment of inertia of the area about that axis of rotation. If, the moment of inertia about the Z-axis of a cross section is Iz, then, radius of gyration is T= | = Slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of the effective length (leq) of a compression member to the radius of gyration (r). So, slenderness ratio {ett «ML wnere, K= fective length factor 4 Permissible slenderness ratio The maximum effective slenderness ratio, KL/r values of a beam, strut or tension member shall not exceed those given in page-20, Table of 800: 2007 Maximum Values of Effective Slenderness Ratios st Member ‘Maximum No. Effective Slenderness Ratio LD) ao 2 32 1) A member carrying compressive loads 180 resulting from dead loads and imposed loads i) A tension member in which a reversal 180 of direct stress occurs due to loads other than wind or seismic Forces ii) A member subjected to compression 250 forces resulting only from combination with wind/earthquake actions, provided the deformation of such member does not adversely affect the stress in any part of the structure iv) Compression flange of a beam against 300 lateral torsional buckling ¥) A member normally acting as a tie in a aso roof truss or a bracing system not considered effective when subject to possible reversal of stress into compression resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces! Yi) Members always under tension” (other 400 than pre-tensioned members) ‘Tension members, such as bracing’s, pre-tensioned to avoid sag, need not satisfy the maximum slenderness ratio limi > Buckling Class of Sections In design of compression members IS 800:2007 incorporated some imperfections for which buckling load may vary. The imperfections may be due to the section geometry or eccentricity. Because of these imperfections IS 800:2007, suggests four types of buckling class for differentsteel sections. The classification of different sections under different buckling class a, b, ¢ or 4d, is given in Table 10, page-44 of IS 800:2007. ‘Table 10, page-44 of 18 800:2007: Seton Tinie ocking Grosset o ° w Tale Setons ei x : - iaeam s : se . re soemm «sani es < a ‘ ow Scion x Het rolled Any, a Welded Box Section ~ ‘Gaverily ~ | ry (except as below) = * | =a, Tae wel a " lo aaje30 es ‘ tt fi, <30 ” . L__b__.| = ‘hanol AnleT nd Said Sects ag : ayia ey Buile-up Member Any‘The different buckling behaviours corresponding to different class are shown in page-35, Fig.8 of IS 800:2007. Corresponding to different buckling class, different imperfection factor (a) is introduced in page-35, table-7. 15 2 25 3 Column buckling curves as per IS 800-2007 7 is the non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio = J(f,/foo fa is the Euler buckling stress = x*E(KL/r)’, KLir is the effective slenderness ratio, ‘Table 7 Imperfection Factor, o (Clauses 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.1) Buckling Class a b © d a 021 034 «6049076 > Calculation of design compressive strength of a column ‘The design compressive strength Pi, of a member is given by the cl. 7.1.2 of IS 800:2007, page- 34: Pa = Ae foi Where, Ac= effective sectional area = A, for rolled section where no extra hole is there except bolt holes. Joa = design compressive stress Fy! % mg fa =e = RA ew Design steps for axially loaded columns: The procedure for the design of an axially compressed column as stipulated in IS 800:2007 is as follows: () Assume a suitable slenderness ratio based on the section type to be selected. The following guideline may be maintained: ‘Type of member ‘Slendemess ratio (Lir) Singleangles 100-150—p 149 (CHS, SHS, RHS 90-110 Single channels 90-159-—» 130, Double angles 80-129 —> 110 Doublechannels Single section Double I-setions (ii) Calculate fea for that slenderness ratio. (ii) Calculate effective sectional area, Aeressiea (iv) Select a suitable section taking Acrequret AS Azequiet (w) Calculate the maximum slendemess ratio, (KL/r), taking appropriate minimum radius of gyration (r) of the section (wi) Calculate the actual value of f for this maximum (KL/1) (vil) Check whether the actual value of Pa is more than applied axial load or not. > Design strength of angle strut connected by one leg only (Cl. 7.5.1.2, page-48): (i) The equivalent slenderness ratio, i. as given below: Ae (i + kde, + ket Where, kt, ka, ke = constants depending upon the end condition, as given in Table 12 of IS 800:2007. [abe 2 Constante, and 7 [Note: Generally, single bolt connections are LS aS % assumed to be hinged, otherwise fixed.] oman Sica 0 o » » 1 EGE: * sufeness of in-plane rtmional restraint provided ty the‘Note: In IS 800:2007, in place of B, it ne is wrongly printed as centre length of the supporting member, ‘© radius of gyration about the minor axis, by by= width ofthe two legs ofthe angle, 1 = thickness of the leg. and = yield stress ratio (250/69 (ii) This 4 as calculated here is to be put in place of 4 in the equation of fiy as stated earlier. SOLVED PROBLEMS Prob-1: Obtain factored axial load on the column section ISHB 400 @ 82.2 kg/m. The height of the column is 3.0m and it is pin-ended with respect to 2-z direction and fixed with respect to y- y direction. | f, = 250 N/mm? ; E = 2 x105 N/mm?] Solution: e Given: z AI t z i) Column section = ISHB 400@ 82.2 kg/m. ara ii) = 250 N/mme | iil) B= 2 x10°N/mm? iv) Height of column, L = 3m x v) Support condition pin jointed with respect to z-z direction. So, effective length, KL, Support condition fixed with respect to y-y direction. So, effective length, Kly - 0.65*3*1.95m 1 Section properties of ISHB 400: h=400mm, A; = 10466 mm?, by Radius of gyration about 2 , Yer Radius of gyration about y , ry = 250mm, f= 12.7mm 166.1 mm. 51.6 mm. II, Maximum slendemess ratio (2) — 3000 _ 1906) T), 1661 a < 180 [Hence, Ok] ie) 1950 _ ang C S16 So, maximum slenderness ratio = 37.8 III, Buckling class From table-10 of IS 800:2007 h/by = 400/250 = 1.6 > 1.2 te= 12.7 < 40mm So, about 2-2 axis, buckling class is ‘a’ and about y-y axis, buckling class is ‘b” [Note: In such cases the weaker buckling class should be selected] So, buckling class is ‘b’IV. Calculation of fas For buckling class ‘b’, table 9(b) is selected. From the table for fy = 250, So, by interpolating, 40-30 _ 206-216 378-30 fica 216" So, fai = 208.2 N/mm? V. Catculation of Py So, factored axial load taking capacity, Py = Ae fou = 10466 * 208.2 = 2179.02 KN Prob-2: Design a double angle discontinuous strut to carry a factored load of 175KN. The length of the strut is 3m between intersections. Solution: Given: i) Length of the strut = 3m The effective length may be assumed as, KL = 3m. (For out of the plane buckling KL=L) ii) Factored load (P.) = 175 kN Selection of section: Let's assume the slenderness ratio for the double angle = 110 From, table-10, buckling class is ‘ So, from table-9(c) corresponding to (KL/t) = 110, fea = 94.6 N/mm? So, Azreqires = (175%1000/94.6) = 1849.89 mm? From, SP-6 Part-I, 2-ISA 90x90%6 is selected, So, Azprovides = 1047%2=2094 mm? Section properties: Let's consider the angles are connected on two opposite sides of a 10mm gusset plate. Minimum radius of gyration, te: = 27.7mm. Check for slenderness ratio. Maximum slenderness ratio of the strut, (KL/r) =(3000/27.7) = 108.3 < 180 [Hence OK] Calculation of fia From table-9(¢), So, by interpolating, 110-1 946-107 1083-100 fq —107" So, fea = 96.708 N/mm? So, factored load taking capacity, Ps = 96.708%2094 = 202.51 kN > P, (Hence, ok]Design a single angle discontinuous strut to carry an axial load of 45 KN including self-weight. The length of the member between intersections 3m. Solution: Given: i) Length of the member L-3m For discontinuous single angle effective length, KL=3m. ii) Axial load = 45 kN So, factored load P, Selection of section: Let’s assume slenderness ratio = 130. From, table-10, buckling class is ‘c’. So, from table-9(c) corresponding to (KL/r) = 130, fui = 74.3 N/mm? So, Agreqired = (67.5% 1000/74.3) = 908.48 mm? From, SP-6 Part-I, ISA 90x90x6 is selected. So, Ac proves = 1047 mm? 5x1.5 7.5 kN Section propertie Let's consider the angle is connected to a 10mm gusset plate. Radius of gyration, re = ty © 27.7mm, ny = 35mm, fw = 17.5mm, b; = bz = 80mm, Check for slenderness ratio: Minimum radius of gyration= ry = 17.5mm So, (KL/x) = 3000/17.5 = 171.43 < 180 [Hence OK] Design of connection: Assuming 16mm diameter bolt of 4.6 grade is used Let’s assume pitch p=2.5*16 =40=45mm Edge distance for hand flame cut, e = 1.7 * (16+2) INote: Edge distance preferred = leg width/ 2] {) Design shear strength for single shear, aa ( ii) In bearing, Value of k, is minimum of, @ 2 0.25= 83 |, — 0.25So, ky = 0.58 So, Vipp = 2.5 X 0.58 X 16 X 6 X 410/1.25=45.65 kN Hence, design strength of bolts = 29 kN So, number of bolts required = (67.5/29) = 2.32*3 nos. Design compressive strength: From cl 7.5.1.2, page- For 3nos. of bolts, rigid bolted conne: So, Ix) = 0.20, ky = 0.35, ks =20 3000 Ayy = —EE— - 193 1x In? x2x105 250 5 ion is chosen in Table-12. 3049 4a = Tena OT? 20 So, equivalent slenderness ratio, Ae = VO2 + 0.35 x 1937 +20 x 0.16% = 1.44 Now, from cl.7.1.2.1 of IS 800:2007, 0 = 05 [1+ a(A—0.2) +27 0.5[1+0.49(1.44-0.2}+1.447] = 1.84 So, 250 aa 250 96,127 mma <2 fon] fea = Fearne a aaepe 7627 N) 1a (OK) Design axial load taking capacity = 76.127*1047 = 79.7 kN > P, [Hence, OK] ISA 90.9066 45mm