Compression Members

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Outline
Introduction
Resistance of Cross-Sections
Sections not prone to local buckling
Sections prone to local buckling

Buckling Resistance of Members

Sections not prone to local buckling
Sections prone to local buckling
Reduction Factor for Buckling Resistance
Elastic Critical Force & Buckling Length
Non-Dimensional Slenderness for Flexural Buckling
Buckling Curve of Perfect Column
Buckling Curves of Imperfect Columns
Selection of Buckling Curve and Imperfection Factor
Design Procedure
Examples
Example CM-1 (UC with intermediate restraint under compression)
Example CM-2 (CHS under compression)

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Introduction
 Compression members are structural components that are subject to
axial compression loads only.
 These generally refer to compressed pin-ended struts found in trusses,
lattice girders or bracing members.
 Most real columns are subjected to significant bending moments in
addition to the axial loads, due to the eccentricities of axial load and the
presence of transverse forces. They are referred to as beam-columns
and are covered in a separate chapter.
 Compression members must be checked for
→ resistance of cross-sections
→ buckling resistance of members

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Resistance of Cross-Section

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Resistance of Cross-Sections
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.4 (1)
The design value of the compression force NEd at each cross-section shall satisfy:
N Ed ≤ N c , Rd Internal element
c / t ≤ 42ε
Non slender
Outstand element
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.4 (2) c / t ≤ 14ε
Sections NOT PRONE to local buckling Sections PRONE to local buckling
Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections are Class 4 sections suffers from local buckling
unaffected by local buckling. which prevents the attainment of squash load.
Design resistance of cross-section Nc,Rd Design resistance of cross-section Nc,Rd
equals the plastic resistance Npl,Rd. limited to local buckling resistance.
Af y Aeff f y
N c , Rd = N c , Rd =
γM0 γM0
γM0 = 1.00 If Class 4 section is unsymmetrical, it has to be
designed as beam-column due to the additional
moment arising from eccentricity of the
centroidal axis.
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Buckling Resistance of Member under Axial Force
NEd

NEd 6
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Buckling of compression members

• Axial compression causes failure by buckling (out-of-plane
deflection) in slender members.

Buckling about major (y-y) axis. Buckling about minor (z-z) axis.
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Elastic Buckling of Columns

Euler Buckling Load

Ncr = π EI
2
I = i2 A
L
Lcr 2
i = radius of gyration

Buckling stress
N cr π2 E
=
f cr =
A (Lcr / i) 2
Buckling Curve of Perfect Column
Failure by elastic buckling

Ncr =
f/fy

1.0

Failure by
Cross section yielding Euler elastic buckling

λ=1.0 Af y
λ=
N cr

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Factors Influence the Buckling of Columns

f /fy
1.0 α =0

Euler buckling curve

0.8
1. Effective length of Column
2. Residual Stresses
Imperfect
0.6 columns
3. Member initial out-of-straightness
4. Types of cross section
5. Local buckling of component plate
0.4

0.2 Elastic buckling

Practical Region
Inelastic buckling
0.0
0 1 2 3 λ=
Af y 4
N cr
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Factors that affect overall buckling of columns
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T -125 N/mm
C C 2
+55 N/mm

2
+260 N/mm C

C C

δ =L / 1000 T

Rolled Section
T
T
C C

Initial out of straightness C

C C
T
T Web Distribution

Welded section
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Buckling Resistance of Members
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.1.1 (1)
The design value of the compression force NEd shall be checked against the design
buckling resistance:

N Ed ≤ N b , Rd

EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.1.1 (2)

Sections NOT PRONE to local buckling Sections PRONE to local buckling
Design buckling resistance Nb,Rd should be Design buckling resistance Nb,Rd should be
taken as: taken as:
χAf y χAeff f y
N b , Rd = N b , Rd =
γ M1 γ M1
If Class 4 section is unsymmetrical, it has to be
γM1 = 1.00 designed as beam-column.

Holes for fasteners at the column ends need NOT

to be taken into account in determining A and Aeff.
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12/8/2016

Reduction Factor χ for Buckling Resistance

EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.1.2

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χ= but χ ≤ 1.0
Φ+ Φ −λ 2 2

where Φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ 2 ]

α – imperfection factor (refer to Table 6.1 & 6.2)

Af y
λ – non-dimensional slenderness λ= for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross - sections
N cr
π 2 EI Aeff f y
N cr = 2 λ= for Class 4 cross - sections
L cr N cr

For λ ≤ 0.2 , or for N Ed ≤ 0.04 , the buckling resistance check

N cr
can be ignored and only cross sectional checks apply.
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Elastic Critical Load

π 2 EI
N cr =
L2cr

where

I – Second moment of area which is determined based on the

gross cross sectional properties for all classes of cross-sections.

Lcr – Effective buckling length in the buckling plane considered.

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Effective buckling lengths Lcr for compression members

Non-sway mode Sway mode

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Non-Dimensional Slenderness for Flexural Buckling
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections,

Af y Af y  A  1 fy 
=λ = = Lcr    
N cr (π EI / Lcr )
2 2
 I  π E 

Lcr f y
λ = λ / λ1 λ = Lcr/i λ1 = π(E/fy)0.5
πi E
For Class 4 cross-sections,

Aeff f y Aeff f y  Aeff A  1 fy 

=λ = = Lcr   
(π EI / Lcr )  A I  E 
 π
2 2
N cr 
⇒ λ = Lcr Aeff fy
πi A E

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Buckling Curves of Imperfect Columns
f /fy
α =0
1.0
Euler buckling curve

0.8
α =0.13
α =0.21
0.6 α =0.34
α =0.49
α =0.76
0.4

0.2

0.0
0 1 2 3 Af y 4
λ=
N cr 17
Selection of Buckling Curve and Imperfection Factor
Table 6.2: Selection of buckling curve for a cross-section Table 6.1: Imperfection factors for buckling curves
Buckling curve a0 a b c d
Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

Imperfections can be attributed to the following:

〄 initial out-of-straightness
〄 eccentricity of applied loads
〄 material variations
〄 residual stresses

Typical residual stress profile in a hot-rolled I-section

Residual compressive stress
Residual tensile stress

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Design Procedure
Determine design axial force NEd.
Select a trial section such that NEd / A < fy for non class 4 cross-sections
NEd /Aeff < fy for Class 4 cross-sections.

Perform section classification.

N b , Rd = χAf y
For each axis of buckling, determine
➥ buckling length Lcr 1
χ= but χ ≤ 1.0
➥ Limiting slenderness λ1 Φ+ Φ −λ 2 2

➥ non-dimensional slenderness λ
➥ appropriate strut curve (a0, a, b, c or d) from Table 6.2
➥ imperfection factor α from Table 6.1
➥ buckling reduction factor χ

Use the smaller value of χ to determine buckling resistance Nb,Rd.

Check if Nb,Rd > NEd. Else, repeat steps –.

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Example CM-1: Universal column with intermediate restraint under compression
Determine the maximum compression load that can be taken by a 5m column using
203x203x60UC in S275 steel. Both ends of the column are pin supported about both y-y and
z-z axes. A lateral restraint, that is aligned to the y-y axis, is provided at mid-height.

N y

2.5m z z

A A

y
Section A–A
2.5m

N
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Yield Strength
tw = 9.4mm, tf = 14.2mm.
Maximum thickness = 14.2mm < 16mm (EN 10025-2)
For S275 steel, fy = 275N/mm2

Section Classification
ε = (235/fy)0.5 = 0.92
Classification of flange
c f / t f = 6.20 ≤ 9ε = 9 * 0.92 = 8.32
⇒ Flange is Class 1 (Plastic).

Classification of web
cw / t w = 17.1 ≤ 33ε = 33 * 0.92 = 30.4
⇒ Web is Class 1 (Plastic).
Section is Class 1 (PLASTIC). 21
Resistance of Cross–Section
Af y (76.4 * 102 )(275) * 10 −3
N c , Rd = N pl , Rd = = = 2101kN
γM0 1.0
Flexural Buckling about y-y axis
Lcr , y = 500cm
λ1 = π E / f y = π 210000/275 = 86.8
Lcr , y 1  500  1 
λy = =   = 0.643
i y λ1  8.96  86.8 

h 209.6
= = 1.02 < 1.2 & t f = 14.2mm < 100mm
b 205.8
Use buckling curve b ⇒ α = 0.34

Φ y = 0.5[1 + α (λ y − 0.2) + λ y2 ] = 0.782

Buckling curve a0 a b c d
1
χy = = 0.815 Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Φ y + Φ y − λy
2 2

Af y (76.4 * 102 ) * 275

N b , y , Rd = χ y = 0.815 * * 10 −3 = 1712kN
γ M1 1.0 22
Flexural Buckling about z-z axis
Lcr , z = 250cm
λ1 = 86.8
Lcr , z 1  250  1 
λz = =   = 0.554
iz λ1  5.20  86.8 
h
< 1.2 & t f < 100mm
b
Use buckling curve c ⇒ α = 0.49

Φ z = 0.5[1 + α (λz − 0.2) + λz2 ] = 0.740

1
χz = = 0.812
2 2
Φ z + Φ z − λz Buckling curve a0 a b c d
Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Af y (76.4 * 10 ) * 275
2
N b , z , Rd = χ z = 0.812 * * 10 −3 = 1707kN
γ M1 1.0

Buckling Resistance of Member

N b , Rd = min( N b , y , Rd , N b , z , Rd ) = 1707kN

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Example CM-2: Circular hollow section under compression
A circular hollow section (CHS) member is to be used in a 4m long column which is pinned at
both ends. The design axial compression, NEd, is 2400kN. Assess the suitability of a hot-rolled
244.5x10 CHS in grade 355 steel for this application.

Yield Strength
t = 10.0mm < 16mm (EN 10025-2)
For S355 steel, fy = 355N/mm2

Section Classification
ε = (235/fy)0.5 = 0.814
d/t = 244.5/10.0 = 24.5 ≤ 50ε2 = 33.1
Section is Class 1.
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Resistance of Cross–Section
Af y (73.7 * 102 )(355) * 10 −3
N c , Rd = = = 2616kN > 2400kN
γM0 1.0

Buckling Resistance of Member

Lcr = 400cm
λ1 = π E / f y = π 210000/355 = 76.4
Lcr 1  400  1 
λ= =   = 0.631
i λ1  8.30  76.4 

Use buckling curve a ⇒ α = 0.21

Φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ 2 ] = 0.744

1
χ= = 0.854
Φ+ Φ −λ 2 2

Af y (73.7 * 102 ) * 355

N b,Rd = χ = 0.854 * * 10−3 = 2230kN < 2400kN
γ M1 1.0
∴The chosen cross-section, 244.5x10 CHS, in grade S355 steel is not acceptable.
Try 244.5x12.5 CHS, in grade S355
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Effective buckling length Lcr of

compression members
K

Effective length of
column in frame
Lcr =KL

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Effective length factor for continuous columns based on
stability analysis
Projects to Illustrate the
Concept of Steel Design

Prof. Richard Liew

Dept of Civil & Environmental
National University of Singapore

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Members with intermediate lateral restraints

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Pin-connected space frame

There are conics, bolts, nuts and pins at both ends of pipes.
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Collapse of Hartford Civil Centre Stadium
Connecticut, USA (1971)

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Top chord buckling length was assumed to be 4.57m

4.57m

The top chord was free to deflect in the

9.14m
out of plane horizontally.

Collapse under heavy snow load

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Adequate Bracing during
Construction
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5
4
Sequence of erection 3

2
1
1

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Cantilever Structure

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Cantilever trusses
6
5
4
3

2
1
1

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Lateral bracing for
cantilever trusses
6
5
4
3

2
1
1

Purlin

Fly bracing Cantilever truss

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