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On the other hand, phraseological units are heterogeneous. Criteria for phraseologacal units Three
approaches towards the study of phraseological units Classification of phraseological units.
Phraseological fusions are units whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their
component parts. Expressive Means of Language (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD). The ambiguity of
these interesting word-groups may lead to an amusing misunderstanding, especially for children who
are apt to accept words at their face value. 6. - Little Johnnie (crying): Mummy, mummy, my auntie
Jane is dead. - Mother: Nonsense, child. Prepositional substantative units, e. g. by heart. If I’d
collected the bricks she dropped all over the place, I could built a villa’. The free word-groups are
only relatively free as collocability of their member-words is fundamentally delimited by their lexical
and syntactic valency. The child was glad is quite correct, but a glad child is wrong. 11. Free word-
groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are
each time built up anew in the speech process whereas idioms are used as ready-made units with
fixed and constant structures. 12. FREE-WORD GROUPS vs PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS The
border-line between free or variable word-groups and phraseological units is not clearly defined. The
problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Classification based on a functional
approach structural-semantic classification (A. V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a contexual
approach classification by N. N. Amosova. The implicit idea about traditional women’s work (cf.
Classification based on a functional approach structural-semantic classification (A.V. Koonin) 3.
Classification based on a contexual approach classification by N.N. Amosova Page 28.
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (A. I. SMIRNITSKY) Prof.
A. I. Smirnitsky classified PUs as highly idiomatic set expressions functioning as word equivalents,
and characterized by their semantic and grammatical unity. If he’s not careful it’ll be a case of “fool
and his money.”, I ’m afraid, 7. A fool and his money are soon parted 8. Big bugs like him care
nothing about small fry like ourselves (a) subject, b) prepositional object). Peculiarities of translation
of phraseological units in Agatha Christie’s “Dead Man’s Folly”. Generally proverbs and sayings are
emotionally coloured. 37. Proverbs are short sayings that express popular wisdom, a truth or a moral
lesson in a concise and imaginative way: It never rains, but it pours. It is a group of words whose
meaning cannot be deduced by examining the meaning of the constituent lexemes. Stylistic use of
phraseological units and set expressions. Alongside absolutely unchangeable phraseological units,
there are expressions that allow some degree of substitution. Charity begins at home. 38. Many
proverbs and sayings are metaphorical: Time is money. John cans swim. 2. I must go now. 3. I don’t
must see Andrew today. 4. Anna can’t to speak English. 5. Last year I must sell my car. 6. It may
rain tomorrow. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the
objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the classification of
phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a PU. Guided
Questions. What is the difference between the English measurement system and the metric system.
The idiom is not infrequently used in detective stories: The police are barking up the wrong tree as
usual, i.e. they suspect somebody who has nothing to do with the crime. Phraseology is concerned
with all types of set expressions including those that stand for certain sentences. Numbers become
symbols at cultural level and not at a linguistic one. They. They are motivated expressions. 21.
Phraseological collocations are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct
meaning, while the other is used metaphorically, e.g. to meet requirements, to attain success.
Smirnitsky 4.Classification by Pr.Koonin 5. Idioms 3. Phraseological unit is a word group with a
fixed lexical composition and grammatical structure, which possesses a certain meaning 4.
These substitutions are not synonymical and the meaning of the whole changes, while the meaning
of the verb meet and the noun success are kept intact. He suggested three classes of stereotyped
phrases: 1. The implicit idea about traditional women’s work (cf. Prepositional substantative units,
e.g. by heart. 24. 2. two-top phraseological units, which were compared with compound words. 1. 2.
3. 4. attributive-nominal, e.g. brains trust, white elephant, blind alley. It is a group of words whose
meaning cannot be deduced by examining the meaning of the constituent lexemes. Peculiarities of
translation of phraseological units in Agatha Christie’s “Dead Man’s Folly”. Structural dissimilarity
(cf: George liked her for she never put on airs (predicate). Structural classification by Prof. A.I.
Smirnitsky type to give up type to be tired prepositionalnominal Two-top units One-top units
Structural classification by Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky attributivenominal verbal-nominal phraseological
repetitions 8. They function as adverbs or adjectives equivalents; adverbial multi-top units, e.g. every
other day. 25. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
(A.V. Koonin) Prof. Koonin distinguishes: phraseological units, phraseomatic units and borderline
(mixed) cases. The idiom is not infrequently used in detective stories: The police are barking up the
wrong tree as usual, i.e. they suspect somebody who has nothing to do with the crime. Proverbs often
form the basis for phraseological units: It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back: the last straw.
Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units
Classification of phraseological units. The essential features of PU are: 1) lack of motivation; 2)
stability of the lexical components. 4. A dark horse - is actually not a horse but a person about whom
no one knows anything definite. Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions including
those that stand for certain sentences. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units.
The implicit idea about traditional women’s work (cf. They exist in the language as ready-made
units. 3. A Phraseological unit (PU) can be defined as a non-motivated word-group that cannot be
freely made up in speech, but is reproduced as a ready-made unit. Generally proverbs and sayings
are emotionally coloured. 37. Proverbs are short sayings that express popular wisdom, a truth or a
moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way: It never rains, but it pours. There no use crying over
spilt milk: cry over spilt milk, spilt milk. If I’d collected the bricks she dropped all over the place, I
could built a villa’. Silence is something an answer. 33. Distinctive features of proverbs: 1. Idioms
are semantically and grammatically inseparable units. A man is known by the company he keeps. “I
have a dream” M.L.King “To be or not to be” Shakespeare to see the light It’s high time to do smth
9. They function as adverbs or adjectives equivalents; adverbial multi-top units, e.g. every other day.
25. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (A.V.
Koonin) Prof. Koonin distinguishes: phraseological units, phraseomatic units and borderline (mixed)
cases. Proverbs, if viewed in their structural aspect, are sentences, and so cannot be used in the way
in which phraseological units are used in the above examples. 34. 2. Semantic aspect: Proverbs could
be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the collective experience of the
community. Alongside absolutely unchangeable phraseological units, there are expressions that allow
some degree of substitution. Vinogradov’s classification of phraseological units: phraseological
combinations e.g. to be good at smth., to deliver a speech phraseological unities e.g. to lose one’s
head (to be out of one’s mind), to lose one’s heart to smb.(to fall in love) Phraseological fusions e.g.
to come a cropper(to come to disaster) 6. A proverb is a collection of words (phrase or sentence that
states a general truth or gives advice: Idleness is the root of all evil. Phraseological fusions are units
whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts. The problem of
terminology Definition of phraseological units.
Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions including those that stand for certain
sentences. 19. 3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS 3.1. SEMANTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (V.V. Vinogradov) is based on the
motivation of the unit 1. A man is known by the company he keeps. “I have a dream” M.L.King “To
be or not to be” Shakespeare to see the light It’s high time to do smth 9. Structural classification by
Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky type to give up type to be tired prepositionalnominal Two-top units One-top
units Structural classification by Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky attributivenominal verbal-nominal
phraseological repetitions 8. The ambiguity of these interesting word-groups may lead to an amusing
misunderstanding, especially for children who are apt to accept words at their face value. 6. - Little
Johnnie (crying): Mummy, mummy, my auntie Jane is dead. - Mother: Nonsense, child.
Phraseological units convey a single concept and their meaning is idiomatic are characterized by
structural invariability are not created in speech but used as ready-made units 5. Free word-groups
may possess some of the features characteristic of phraseological units. Units of this type function as
noun equivalents; verb-nominal phrases, e. g. to know the ropes, to take place, etc. A man is known
by the company he keeps. “I have a dream” M.L.King “To be or not to be” Shakespeare to see the
light It’s high time to do smth 9. Alongside absolutely unchangeable phraseological units, there are
expressions that allow some degree of substitution. Idioms are semantically and grammatically
inseparable units. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. Rome wasn’t built
in a day. (a day); Make the mighty ocean, building Rome (a large task). Denotational (descriptive)
macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected
with categorization, i.e. the classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea
about what is denoted by a PU. 40. 2. Evaluation macrocomponent contains 1. 2. 3. the information
about the value of what is denoted by a PU. Stylistic use of phraseological units and set expressions.
The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. If I’d collected the bricks she
dropped all over the place, I could built a villa’. The aim is to play upon words and achieve a
humorous effect. Phraseological units O are word groups that cannot be made in the process of
speech, they exist in the language as ready made units. The essential features of PU are: 1) lack of
motivation; 2) stability of the lexical components. 4. A dark horse - is actually not a horse but a
person about whom no one knows anything definite. Alongside absolutely unchangeable
phraseological units, there are expressions that allow some degree of substitution. Silence is
something an answer. 33. Distinctive features of proverbs: 1. They function as adverbs or adjectives
equivalents; adverbial multi-top units, e.g. every other day. 25. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (A.V. Koonin) Prof. Koonin distinguishes:
phraseological units, phraseomatic units and borderline (mixed) cases. She phoned me 5 minutes ago.
- Little Johnnie: But I heard Mrs. Brown say that her neighbours cut her dead. O A well-known
phrase that expresses a general truth about life or a rule about behavior 12. 13. Epigram O A concise,
clever, often paradoxical statement, thought or observation; sometimes expressed as a short, witty
poem. The effect created is either originally fresh, or humorous, or sometimes ridiculous, since the
writer, as it were, pretends to understand the phrase literally (i.e. words are used in their primary
sense). Expressive Means of Language (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD). Communicative
phraseological units e.g. Never say “never” 7. The green-eyed monster is jealousy, the image being
drawn from Othello. Motivational macrocomponent correlates with the notion of the inner form of
PU. The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units.
PUs of the type to be tired, e. g. to be surprised, to be up to, etc. Structural dissimilarity (cf: George
liked her for she never put on airs (predicate). They are understood literally: Better late than never.
Criteria for phraseologacal units Three approaches towards the study of phraseological units
Classification of phraseological units. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the
information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the
classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a PU.
It takes two to tango (both parties involved in a situation or argument are equally responsible for it).
39. 3.3. SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS BY PROF. V.N.TELIYA The
semantic structure of PUs is formed by semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of
meaning: 1. The meaning of the components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole;
20. 2. Phrasological unities are expressions the meaning of which can be deduced from the meanings
of their components; the meaning of the whole is based on the transferred meanings of the
components, e.g. to show one’s teeth (to be unfriendly), to stand to one’s guns (to refuse to change
one’s opinion), etc. Semantic structure of the word and its changes. (Lecture 3). Classification based
on a functional approach structural-semantic classification (A.V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a
contexual approach classification by N.N. Amosova Page 28. Structural classification by Prof. A.I.
Smirnitsky type to give up type to be tired prepositionalnominal Two-top units One-top units
Structural classification by Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky attributivenominal verbal-nominal phraseological
repetitions 8. These substitutions are not synonymical and the meaning of the whole changes, while
the meaning of the verb meet and the noun success are kept intact. 3. 22. 3.2. STRUCTURAL
CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (A.I. SMIRNITSKY) Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky
classified PUs as highly idiomatic set expressions functioning as word equivalents, and characterized
by their semantic and grammatical unity. Proverbs, if viewed in their structural aspect, are sentences,
and so cannot be used in the way in which phraseological units are used in the above examples. 34.
2. Semantic aspect: Proverbs could be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum
up the collective experience of the community. Smirnitsky 4.Classification by Pr.Koonin 5. Idioms 3.
Phraseological unit is a word group with a fixed lexical composition and grammatical structure,
which possesses a certain meaning 4. Idioms are semantically and grammatically inseparable units.
The problem of terminology Definition of phraseological units. On the other hand, phraseological
units are heterogeneous. They are motivated expressions. 21. Phraseological collocations are not only
motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used
metaphorically, e.g. to meet requirements, to attain success. The implicit idea about traditional
women’s work (cf. Expressive Means of Language (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD). Proverbs often
form the basis for phraseological units: It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back: the last straw.
Communicative phraseological units e.g. Never say “never” 7. Phraseological fusions are units whose
meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts. Proverbs, if viewed in
their structural aspect, are sentences, and so cannot be used in the way in which phraseological units
are used in the above examples. 34. 2. Semantic aspect: Proverbs could be best compared with
minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the collective experience of the community. The world
is a ladder for some to go up and for other to go down. Research methods of lexico-phraseological
level of the language. Structural classification by Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky type to give up type to be
tired prepositionalnominal Two-top units One-top units Structural classification by Prof. A.I.
Smirnitsky attributivenominal verbal-nominal phraseological repetitions 8. In spite of occasional
changes the meaning of a phraseological unit is preserved. In this group of PUs some substitutions
are possible which do not destroy the meaning of the metaphoric element, e. g. to meet the needs, to
meet the demand, to meet the necessity; to have success, to lose success. Proverbs often form the
basis for phraseological units: It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back: the last straw. The
functions of the interjectional phraseological units in the context.
The green-eyed monster is jealousy, the image being drawn from Othello. If I’d collected the bricks
she dropped all over the place, I could built a villa’. They exist in the language as ready-made units.
3. A Phraseological unit (PU) can be defined as a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely
made up in speech, but is reproduced as a ready-made unit. On the other hand, phraseological units
are heterogeneous. Rome wasn’t built in a day. (a day); Make the mighty ocean, building Rome (a
large task). Vinogradov’s classification of phraseological units: phraseological combinations e.g. to
be good at smth., to deliver a speech phraseological unities e.g. to lose one’s head (to be out of one’s
mind), to lose one’s heart to smb.(to fall in love) Phraseological fusions e.g. to come a cropper(to
come to disaster) 6. The implicit idea about traditional women’s work (cf. The functions of the
interjectional phraseological units in the context. Classification based on a functional approach
structural-semantic classification (A. V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a contexual approach
classification by N. N. Amosova. He suggested three classes of stereotyped phrases: 1.
Phraseological units are Idioms an arm and a leg To drop a line Sayings Proverbs Quotations Cliches
Haste makes waste An apple a day keeps the doctor away. The meaning of the idiom, is created by
the unit as a whole: A mare’s nest - a false discovery, illusion, or deliberate hoax to let the cat out of
the bag - to divulge a secret 2. If he’s not careful it’ll be a case of “fool and his money.”, I ’m afraid,
7. A fool and his money are soon parted 8. He suggested three classes of stereotyped phrases: 1. O
While a proverb is characterized by the completeness of thought, a saying is not so completely
expressed 9. 10. O We also has differences between proverbs and maxims, which are non-
metaphorical. Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions including those that stand
for certain sentences. Proverbs, if viewed in their structural aspect, are sentences, and so cannot be
used in the way in which phraseological units are used in the above examples. 34. 2. Semantic
aspect: Proverbs could be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the
collective experience of the community. The world is a ladder for some to go up and for other to go
down. Structural dissimilarity (cf: George liked her for she never put on airs (predicate).
Prepositional substantative units, e.g. by heart. 24. 2. two-top phraseological units, which were
compared with compound words. 1. 2. 3. 4. attributive-nominal, e.g. brains trust, white elephant,
blind alley. Units of this type function as noun equivalents; verb-nominal phrases, e.g. to know the
ropes, to take place, etc. The essential features of PU are: 1) lack of motivation; 2) stability of the
lexical components. 4. A dark horse - is actually not a horse but a person about whom no one knows
anything definite. They function as adverbs or adjectives equivalents; adverbial multi-top units, e.g.
every other day. 25. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS (A.V. Koonin) Prof. Koonin distinguishes: phraseological units, phraseomatic units and
borderline (mixed) cases. Proverbs, if viewed in their structural aspect, are sentences, and so cannot
be used in the way in which phraseological units are used in the above examples. 34. 2. Semantic
aspect: Proverbs could be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the
collective experience of the community. Communicative phraseological units e.g. Never say “never”
7. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it
is the procedure connected with categorization, i.e. the classification of phenomena of the reality,
based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a PU. 40. 2. Evaluation macrocomponent
contains 1. 2. 3. the information about the value of what is denoted by a PU. Smirnitsky
4.Classification by Pr.Koonin 5. Idioms 3. Phraseological unit is a word group with a fixed lexical
composition and grammatical structure, which possesses a certain meaning 4. The ambiguity of these
interesting word-groups may lead to an amusing misunderstanding, especially for children who are
apt to accept words at their face value. 6. - Little Johnnie (crying): Mummy, mummy, my auntie Jane
is dead. - Mother: Nonsense, child. Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions
including those that stand for certain sentences. 19. 3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS 3.1. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS (V.V. Vinogradov) is based on the motivation of the unit 1. Classification based on a
functional approach structural-semantic classification (A. V. Koonin) 3. Classification based on a
contexual approach classification by N. N. Amosova.