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Chapter III

This chapter discusses different types of transmission media used for computer networking, including: - Twisted-pair copper wire is commonly used for local area networks and has low cost but short transmission distances and data rates. - Coaxial cable provides higher data rates over longer distances than twisted pair but is more expensive to install. - Fiber optic cables can transmit data over the longest distances at the highest speeds but require more expensive infrastructure. - Wireless technologies like radio, infrared, and microwave transmit data through the air over short to long distances depending on the technology. The chapter compares the characteristics of different transmission media and their common applications in local and wide area networks.

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128 views

Chapter III

This chapter discusses different types of transmission media used for computer networking, including: - Twisted-pair copper wire is commonly used for local area networks and has low cost but short transmission distances and data rates. - Coaxial cable provides higher data rates over longer distances than twisted pair but is more expensive to install. - Fiber optic cables can transmit data over the longest distances at the highest speeds but require more expensive infrastructure. - Wireless technologies like radio, infrared, and microwave transmit data through the air over short to long distances depending on the technology. The chapter compares the characteristics of different transmission media and their common applications in local and wide area networks.

Uploaded by

chuchu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Chapter III

Transmission Media

1
Preamble:
What are Straight-through and Crossover cable?
 Common Ethernet network cable are Straight
and Crossover cable.
 Both end of cable has RJ45 connector.

2
Straight-through cable

 Usually used to connect different type of devices.


(e.g. Switch to router, Switch to pc, Switch to
server etc.)
 If you need to check how straight-through cable
looks like, it's easy.
 Both side (side A and side B) of cable have wire
arrangement with same color.
3
4
Cross-over cable
 It's usually used to connect same type of devices

 Example: Switch to Switch, Router to Router,


Pc to Pc etc..
 In crossover cable, both side (side A and side B)
of cable have wire arrangement with following
different color .

5
6
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Basics of Transmission Media
QUESTION:

Suppose you want to wire a building to allow


computers to access the Internet or an intranet:
Should you use twisted-pair copper wire, coaxial
cable, or fiber optics?
Which of these media gives the highest bit rates
over the longest distances?
An overview of transmission media

• Guided-wire: e.g. Twisted-Pair cable, coaxial cable,


fiber-optic cable
• Unguided-wireless: e.g. radio, microwave, infrared,
satellite, NFC etc.

11
Twisted-pair copper wire.
 It is the least-expensive and most commonly-
used transmission medium.

 For over one-hundred years it has been used by


telephone networks.
 In fact, more than 99% of the wired connections
from the telephone handset to the local telephone
switch use twisted-pair copper wire.
12
 Twisted cable is more vulnerable to
interference than coaxial
 Unlike fiber optic, both twisted and coaxial
carries electric signal.

13
Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons
 Cheap & readily available
Pros
 Easy to install &work with

 Low data rate


Cons
 Short range
 Susceptibility to interference and noise

14
Twisted Pair: Applications
 Most common medium

 Telephone network

 Within buildings

 For local area networks (LAN)

– 10Mbps or 100Mbps

15
Unshielded and Shielded TP

16
UTP Cable

Insulator Metal

17
STP Cable
 STP cables are similar to UTP cables,
 Except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-
mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated
wires

18
Categories of UTP Cables based on quality
 Category 1: the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in
very old system, not recommended now
 Category 2: good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for
low-speed token ring networks)
 Category 3: at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in
phone networks in residential buildings)
 Category 4: up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)

 Category 5 (or 5e): up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted


for high-speed data communications)
 Category 6: more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps
19
Coaxial cable
 Similar to cable TV wire

 Used for cable television, LANs, telephony

 Shielded from interference

 High attenuation rate makes it expensive over long


distance

 Bulky

 Much less susceptible to interference than twisted pair

20
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Types of coaxial cables
Thinnet:

 Refers to RJ-58 cabling

 Flexible enough to facilitate routing between work-stations

 About ¼ inch thick

 Connected to workstation NIC using British Naval Connecter (BNC) port connecter

 Used for short distance communication

 Max length of thinnet is 185 meters

Thicknet:

 Refers RJ-8 cabling

 About ½ inch thick

 Used for long distance communication

 connected to transceiver NIC using Adapter Unit Interface(AUI) port connecter


22
 max length of thicknet is 500 meters
23
Fiber Optic
• Very high bandwidth (can exceed 1 trillion bps)

• Light shined through a glass fiber

• Expensive to install

– special terminating equipment and training required

• Used primarily for high volume applications

– Internet backbone,

– can also be used for connection of switches/hubs in single


building or campus environment
• Not affected by electromagnetic or radio interference
24
Fiber Optic Layers
• Consists of three concentric sections

plastic jacket glass or plastic


fiber core
cladding

25
 There are two types of optical fiber cables:
 Single mode fiber (SMF) and
 Multimode (MMF).
 Single mode fiber (SMF): uses a single ray of light,
known as a mode, to carry the transmission over long
distance.
 Multimode (MMF): uses multiple rays of light
simultaneously, with each ray of light running at a
different reflection angle to carry the transmission over
short distance.
26
Advantages Fiber-optic
 Noise resistance: external light is blocked by outer jacket

 Less signal attenuation: Currently, the lowest measured


loss is about ~4% or 0.16dB per km)
 Higher bandwidth:

 Very secure:

 Smaller size & weight:


 Greater repeater spacing:
 10s of km at least
27
Fiber Optic Disadvantages
• Expensive over short distance

• Requires highly skilled installers

• Adding additional nodes is difficult

28
Wireless Media

 Data transmitted through the air

 LANs use radio waves

 WANs use microwave signals

 Easy to setup

 Difficult to secure

29
Wireless Transmission Frequencies

30
Satellite Microwave
 Satellite is a dispatch station

 Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or


repeats signal and transmits on another frequency
 Requires geo-stationary orbit
 Height of 35,784km

31
Satellite Microwave Applications

 Television

 Long distance telephone

 Private business networks

32
Satellite Transmission Links
 Earth stations communicate by sending signals to
the satellite on an uplink
 The satellite then repeats those signals on a
downlink
 The broadcast nature of the downlink makes it
attractive for services such as the distribution of
television programming
33
Satellite Point to Point Link

34
Satellite Broadcast Link

35
Microwave Transmission Disadvantages
• Line of sight requirement

• Expensive towers and repeaters

• Subject to interference such as passing


airplanes and rain

36
Terrestrial Microwave
 Used for long-distance telephone service

 Uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 GHz

 Parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high

 Used by common carriers as well as private networks

 Requires unobstructed line of sight between source and


receiver
 Curvature of the earth requires stations (repeaters) ~30
miles apart
37
Radio
 Radio is omnidirectional and microwave is
directional
 Radio is a general term often used to
encompass frequencies in the range 3 kHz to
300 GHz.
 Mobile telephony occupies several frequency
bands just under 1 GHz.
38
Infrared
• Modulate noncoherent infrared light

• Line of sight (or reflection)

• Unlike microwaves, infrared does not penetrate


walls.
• e.g. TV remote control

39
A COMPARISON OF TRANSMISSION
MEDIA

40
Media Selection
Network Transmission Error
Media Type Cost Distance Security Rates Speed

Twisted Pair LAN Low Short Good Low Low-high


Coaxial Cable LAN Mod. Short-Mod Good Low Low-high
Fiber Optics any High Mod.-long V. Good V.Low High - V.High

Network Transmission Error


Media Type Cost Distance Security Rates Speed

Radio LAN Low Short Poor Mod Low


Infrared LAN Low Short Poor Mod Low
Microwave WAN Mod Long Poor Low-Mod Mod
Satellite WAN Mod Long Poor Low-Mod Mod41
End Of Chapter - III

1.42

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