ZT cc ant Cb ce _amplfers Co amp life? ! “the emitter olawer aA aloo Ghd as Comment collectoy amplifier EC) The dnp Agned 4 cries oe the pase thrergh Coupling Capectan, anc ott on Hiken from he emitter, + Veg wie Ce ft Vouk WV 12 he ap Fy 1@ Emitter jollawer foltwser and LIRVE forms . hn de | Fig (ay Ahews Are Cizeik of emilter foot pecour, te Cledtey 2g of ac ground: The inpot 24 Couple fo Us base. This Ads op an ac enulter current and prduts an ac voltaye acrots tre enter yeurter. Tes 2c Veolkage if Coupled fo She Load yerirker Py 1b) Ahewt Hie Rotel volkage bin the bore ard gals. of haadc Lomperent and an ne Compoent: (at) _ ot22 The ac input voltage vides on tee Quiescent Late Vorkage Vag. Similarly im fey 1c) shot the Koti l Voltage bin the enittey 4 ground: Thy dime, Ate ac np Volloge 0 Cortered sn a quiescent emitter voltage Veg: The ac emitter yohage iA Conphod te fhe Looe wercdisy, THA ovkpuh voltage vw sown in aid, @ pore ac Voltage. Tha ofp Voltage La in phase x4 44 apprvimalily eguel F fhe _inpet voltage Hone fie Tek A CoUed an emibtey Jollee! Since opt voltage fortes Hoe arpet Vollage, The fetal votkage bin fhe Colector and Gua erval te the very voltage, nla Phere A me Catteckay reMetar gt uses ve feedback , pos very high Oye impelane and tow off impelanie.- The Brade- yy is Se Voltage gain, chick hod a mapinunm Volre of J, - qeryisher | omitter Aes KE Ih povollel csith Ri’ The ac emitter yerutence. e= KENR,. —W& Tles 14 tbe extemal ac emitter qeuskonte, Esto A Apyporerk from Ste inkernel ac emitter remidana?, Vote. goin Chy) Fy 2 a) Ahewt fre ac equivalent cixeod in T mode. using ohms Law: Vouk = jeTe —~@) Vin = ie Cvet+7d ) —@)Vi 29 gE a” —- wn eral 4 p(re +72) thor Fe Vouk Fe Voud = ny & &) gra AC equivabal ckt F © sates follower” ie Ve Te a @ i ee 8 ee ually Te >7 7, dhen Ay='- onmpet 4 dompedante ot bate; Fy 2b) whew? te ac eR cn Aame ob fiat ~p Strempecl Cretve) -—G) urvelernk eirauk in A- wrod Bin (bare) anmphipter * Le. Bin (bok) = e Wally 7 77% thon, Zin (hare) = gnaek + dampertant ey FI — Ahege (Zin (stege)) + fae ac Aenrte UW rot ARE, ome op Soe grat cotlt be Lost acras fhe internal rerohane, = RNR Ne Cvetre) —@ Pre —@. btan ae 4 | Zin (skeage) pri) prot 32 the Anpet impedante q fae base in fig (i) if Pozo temo also find Zin (stage); Ay Sein: vps [e1b 2 SV. Ves 5-0-7 he BV. te= Ye 3. = Ima . BKThe extemal ac emitter rematance Yo= Rellke Ye = 4A '3\(lo = oknr The Arpt t eae at bese Kw! Zino) = (vet )= gor (2025) = 69Fkxn The aopot ete Bintstage = &i Ate Crete) = hbk “ pprouieke unten wresdley aperximote Me anpek impedance of o4 Hage U the parol OE Se loiating Becaue the 605k tr Sk yerrstions ety ZinCbar) = tolleo eSknr- Ay 2 BES 3 0-941 fbr) Fr tre problemi erat She 0c inp te the emster foltawey VG = 1¥- vortese ty 2 born Sau eL cL in= “5600 = 018934. Nt it.31 ontpat irmpeclarts otput impedance oF an enitter Yollourer 4 Low, gd urd as an Ampodance matching. ee Ampertane ya Dpcoker Con be moetchad She orhput a oupedante, Ff AM entker foUouyy As Aelivey maximum power to The Apesker. in the voltage gain and 2c Leal yoltaze, jpot3) escheat og belaw tO) IF e150. Veg = ISV AT R560 ce, ywwi—{ Cee [ Vo WV(A)YG NW oe 4@ soln) The Le bore Voltage Vo pee 7-SV 6*B = B-097mA "Te dc emitter conent Dp= 2S— 22Kw? Ac yerstance ¢ Lh emitter dis ide vel BOI 2oTe The external aC cmites verrtonce + [ee eh 6GKK ver 2:2 volleys ge Aye 160 20-HS YetVe [664 8:09B2 ee ert ee ees Zin Chote) = Cre tre) = 1S0 (66 KFBMY)a250kA Ths iu qth qreader Phan Khe binring versions, ot) Ke Clete approximation, Abe snpot impoctante ap Hoe enutter follewer i; Zin (Atay = ATH T= 2:98 Ka. The ac mph voltan os | SSO 2 a7e7r. beet 235K The ac evtpuk volley 4! Vout = Ay Vin = ©1998) CO'TI1) = O'T93V. ontpuk Lmpeclante ef emitter flare ; Vin= = mek C + ak aK, K ad KR, Vot oe Ty 1 A t : iL a Ree Fe : ' ZF &) FeqiCo.) Peg 1a) Ahows the ac equivalent Cizest of an omither follawer: herty Theventiak Lhesrem fe poink A toe get fog Mb)s The ontpet impedance Zout iA much Amoller than CE amplifier. Zod = Rell (ve + R11 iLike)39 doleat action’ 9 Armee hevigns fee bisting yerrrtante Kas emihker yeyrtantia 4 Me ac So owlpat +mpedante divds belimes nagligide + “ aprroimoted oy) Zouk = Bb Jlis A om deat formta for an enitler flour wey Kramper) . Zot = Re (maximum fo pobi) CaLekate pe netee eee intg lay — ce BOV Goon peer | sg | (Vep bn lg Ay 1). Setn 5 Vea= SV, synery Vee, oe quiescenh emitter Graven ib IS _ 1 goma aprrovimaltly ; Ige= Ty The ac verrtane ¥ tas emitter divde ts: Yel = emt OlGTA The tompedant. Acen decking back from the bore is Rg lB Ik = Ob [flol|ro = Kr The Crrremt gain sheps fhe doom te; Re Willer | S36. gan P + goo34 qhis An Gn Acres with xd So tbat te Ampeclante Avok ing pack into the emitter ib, oo + Kg ees = OG THEN TE = ISH . Thin in in paretlel coith tie Ac enithey yenrtante , Se Stet the otph Bonpoclance is Bout = Kell (re + KNEE s ) = toollr9s Zouk = (9 wie z eee eo eecoen = ~ 3cal mE Fey lI) divect Couphact outpt stage. To Allettrate the buffering action ef a Ce amplifier, Aa-ppese We have a Joao verratante. ¥ 27047 9 we Ary Zo Couple fee ontpdt of a ce am abotiay dire thy inte th Aoad reritance, Ore rr overhead He amplifier one Wag to avoid Mus | ouerhoad U by wring an emitter fiiawer bir dre CE amplifier onl tte Aood yerstance The Baral Con be couplet capa ctively oY tt ney ine dioredy conpted an Shown in to. The bese oy fie rtcend Sromitey 1 csrneteol dire dy te Be Cote tor ey the firk Dramator, petome q Ths, She AC Cotlectey vollage oy fr fork Rranmkty 4 rel bier tte Atlond frapesty og Ae Ac Currert gain ep She Beem fromiisr is (oP, the de rerikane hevking irks the bare % Me Seton frorsiey Bw Rinae leer =zTk a pecan 2TER Av forpe Compared fe hte 3-b kn, fae Ac. Collector voltage 9 the fut Me is36 gud, Aightty diakurbade 91 Lgl), Aix omplifiel Voltage ent of the for Akage Arne the enter fotlower and aqpens acres Rie final fond wenskente 2 7o: prithat the emer follower tae DO" prota overtoad ae ferk Mage, Bt otth tne ember polwer, ts impedance effet oA umcrenred by % -farkoy of be arttead 4 appearing Jike w@ 210, +t 2980 Looks Sse 27 kx, im beth tee de the Oc equisrclent ehrastt . pir) areat +4 tie Vertoge gain gq Moe cE HO in Fat for a bee Setn; The de pate Voltage cE tae 4! Va - to (212K) - Wev {212 Meo? The de emitter voltage = (IV. = VE eae eee ee ee qhe Ae © e Ee ce the AC gevitant, oy At emitter Aiods us 2a [Sis a (oima Cotactate derewcs | Se Aryeh impedsnta of She emitter Zine ett = lov(270) = 2TKY Te ac (Medbr yerrkante F CE onmpltier u: Yor BDEKIZTE HBIEKD, vt, = 208 Ye o Suppo the eritler follower in remoted 4 a : UU wed to Cople, Lhe ac Aged Le LION. phot 4 the Av 4 CE amplifer 1 Mes 6K [2TOn= TSIM Av= Zt 2162 The Av lec remneg7 garbingtrr Comme cre + : A Darhinglon Umnection 24 A eannection. og kurv Krarenos shore overall wurrenk grin equet % sae orl of ndividuel current Pm. 9t har very high inp i mpadante of Very huge a tpt Currents. zt 14 paainly used in Vong oegrehrs, poorer amphipiers and high current portching applic tions: @ &) al paix w& 200 Ee &) earn oan Fy 1 @) Dartingh perding Fey Ia) Ahors o parLington pair. sinte Ake emits mittee r current of Q, bA Tle bete Cecrvent for Q,, the porlingtion pair heat an overtL cuvrerk gaim of: Pe Pho — wy Co miimcdntoyr manrfackurers Com pot a darhington pair jnticde a Hoge Cate an Abou in fa 16) pus device, Known 04 Jarbingt Lrarsitay, The analysis 7 jor hingh Ptramsishey 4 Armee ar fat emtter frllower, The bose worrernk 3 Q, = enuther crvrent of Qy. The inph Zmpedance of - bate fis bate YQ) an be found by ZinCbase)= BE _ bY ZinCbory = Pe38 probs) ap catr Avemiter ay fg (I) her a fe =t00, yell Cecvrent goin, bete current ag 447 W. overall Crrrent gain [be F, b,= lor? The Act emitter cunert of Q,: Ig = Ve - Vee, Vee. as Re 2 1824). 4 Vine ome) es en FA pyama The enter Gorrent of Q, = bate current FQ, Te,= Te, = Te, _ IBBMA _ (.43mA Fe Teo Bate Coavend Gf Qh! Tei “et = 43 BA The ac emitter remetance Dae Te = Cell3e =204n The inpek Sonpeclante of @ bate iv * Zin (bon) = Cok) Ge) = 2eka, ashe pa Complementary darkingkon ' Fg 1@) Ahowt She Complementary darbingtin, 2% a a cnnecion oF MPH 4 PNP Krams, IC) oF Q) = Te, a4 tec Pre drome hat a. Current gain of By AM neH ofp trary har a currerk gan of Po:34 +Vec PVout Re vie = te” VEE » +Vee ' Re Vo & Ke Ts = A 2 Vin (Cd) @ Pg 12) Phos a commen bose (CB) amplifier usiog ao dual polarity poder Anppy’ Sint. fhe bate qiunded » his civeit 6 alte ctled 02 grounded. pated amplifier, The Q- pont is At bg enidter pias as Ahvsn by the om Le equivelent cht oy Hy tbe The AC emitter current is found by | qp- Veen Mee é ie F4 ic) Abows Loe velkege-Aivider bias cB amplifier csing a Aingle prwrs Supply Acurte- Note tok2 Pave ds a by pos capaciker acrt Kp: Thee # places the bese at ac grund- Py 1d) Ahows tre Ae Equivelert crest, ik 10 diniler fo Velkage- divider bies configuration: pia inp signal Amer sae emitter of a odtpet signal ++ faken from the Cobteckor. Vouk 442) a) AC equivalent chek the AC equivalert rik Fg during fre Ve halp- Cycle oY thn Comrusik , the ac Collectar Fy re) Aho CB amplifier mput voltage: 9h Vettage OY Vouk = te% Tin aa in phate Cote thr ac input voltage Ve, 1 Sinte the input volkage Vin= Ce7%e A Vet 4e%e Vole a fe pcos The ge gen hy = a al Aes Sint t%cKie- Ye! The ofp velt-ge oL CO amplifier is inphate oith fhe ingot Hgral. gheally, the Collector current frourle Of £4 2a) hat inpinike } . 7 cae he an 4nfe internal impedance .Lovking inte tr ee phat), FE a impedlante i“ given by go we in (emitter) Zin (emitter) f awe Te Aer! ora Tin tapet Lmpedante of bong t Zin= Rallre He a oe Sime Re 77 ve prb |) what is tae atpt volkze Ff + 0) coe IPF Sow 7 + Rg Vin . 2mv = , ep + rg: Soln | : Veg + lov . I ee ae 220) — ey 7 (212 Dok Ver Ve Bin = ellre pee k|] gon 2 SD Pout = Re= 26KAve te z 2se ie z 33 e ! ed . Sd (2%lo Vin (bare = 2& Win) = Tee 22 Imre Vouk= Ay Vint toate) ~ Kat Zin S3xtmv= S3AmV yp Prbz) mm yb!) IF Ve.= OV Eshak (6 the Vet 2 Comparten bln CE cc, ¢ . Darlingtor : a i Ba Z| parties [ee [ae | ep Pp aaigkal po Daa [| Phere ($)) 1 go" a So Difference ° oO o 2.| voltage ‘ gery) median ! Median igh — | 3:| onpot impe- , . dance (Bin) | Medium | High | Low | very high 4.) ont put Lic . Smpedante (Zou Mecdeum Low Heyte Lew . | 5.| current Te. | . eat ~ te | grin (Aj) od Tp vee, aoe YB By | at call cal ad G1 perser gain Ap) Hoh Medium} medium High “1 Appliccticon General ene: 0 Paro | grtacnce| dh fee) Gutter, amplifier, » patch Powpliter, | Hite cuneak toith Votlge| High curr (epee dryer negped | deiver importance | 8 complifier Bi) Civrek4B Vettage aegutadion | Bener ifotlower + a 1@) / Fa (© shows a Zener follower, a velreuik frat Combines 2 Zeney yeguietar os an emitter follower. The Zener voltage ip She inpet te the base of the eomibter folloae7 The de ovtpat voltage of the emitter follower 14+ Vout = V2 Vee: qh extpat Vottage 0 fixed Av Shat ak 424 eaucl te the Zener voltage minus £0 Vag Amp yf Pre frartistoy 2p the Anpply voltage Chonges, Ate Zener Vethege gemains approximately Cmtank >& So does the ovtpet Volkage + 92 other words, fhe covet acts Like a Voltage vegulaler be Cause fa ontpot voltage 24 alomys one Vows dnp fers than fhe Zener Voltage The Zener follower has Alo advantages over an ordinary Zener aeptotar | 1) zener divde 4 +9 10) has to produte a4 food currert & oly Ip= Task he Sint. thin base cusvent iA much Anolter thon the orp Cacvrenk , WE Can Use mock Anraley gGeney dicdte: 2) Low cutpt impeclance » In am oylinary zener qequlator, tee Load yerrter Aces an onkpah impedance Ff approximately Rz, tte Zener impedante- But in tie Zener fortouwey, Tae owk pat impedance 4! Zouk = Yel + at Fig 1b) hows Me equivalent stp coral. pecause Zot 34 suclly very Amall Compared to Ky am emitter followes Com hold fhe Ac output Voltage abmest Corstank became Khe sourt. Javks hss tse -Tramiter Reguboter : f Vin —— \ ee Fy) Tea rrhor Volkoge. regulator Peg) Shaws Leanstoy volbage regulator the de ngs Voltage Vin Uw Connected to unregulated5 pee aupply Aude as a bridge rectifier ltr 4 oO capacitor input forer. Trypicoty Vin basa peak -to- peak tipple atrovk t0'f, y the de Vothage. ‘The final output Voltage Vouk has almost no vipple sb 14 olmett Cortant in value, even thou. the dnpek voltage 4 bead Carrenk my Vory Over eH Sarge wea workings fm atlempled change 270 cup Vettoge produces an amplified -feertboe vollags Phat opposes he. original change: For Uimekante, Anppee the qeatpots! Valtage Loverrentes, “phen, tee vollnge appearing ot He bore °F ai Q) 4 Rp form & cE amplifier, the cole toy vette og Q) UL decreste becawe y the Vplbage. gain + Fee tee eee Voltnge og 2, hos decreed, Be bare Volkaze of Q decrears, cn an embler frlower, AA cutpat Goth Ane rectt » Since. Because Q yrttage cote decreste + mn other cords, We have. weve feed bake. “The Oripinel ANC ?Eore in ofp Vathege prrduces an opposing Aecreate 2% onbput Votbenge Uhe ove poll effect 4 thet the oubput yottage Grill ancreate only Alighthy much Ler Shan. at todd goithot see —ve feedback Conversely tf Lhe puloot Vollage dries fa decren fern Voltege appears at fa. 2; poate, mere Voltegzetre —ve feedback gecame g tte Borer Lode, The Q, emither Velbage a aca! pare Voltage iA ome Vag Lp “ger: fee Velkage oCnoks hy s+ Vy = VatVeEe ceerrent tharvgh Ry 4 Tye Vet VBe Ry Sint. hr current feowt frarough Ry in Aeris eoith Ry, toe evtent voltage + Vout = Dy CR thy) Vewe= Katka (V2+Mee) pre!) Ry Fy (iy amiss & Zener follawrer as Lhe La uracbty damm on a Schemotico Aiegram: hat id fhe cubpab vollage 0 cshats Ls Ate ener Currerk | Pde=(ov2 $ — Selin, The ovtpet Voltage 4 oy Vout = 10-0729:Leek Current, Lyt = Vert 2.93 (= 0624 ey is The bare tumeat &, Tpa CEE = Gi LMA “The Coxrrent thavegh the Asner verrrtay is |, Vin — Ye Te= Vin [Zee Re S 6s0 Te Cede The Zener crrrent UW) Tz = Te- Tot = BS SmA. [Po2) Repeok arbi) ving B:2V Zener dirde ancl an ingot voltage of 1SV rb 3) cshot so Lhe output yettage in Hay, Solas Vout = Ko He (vat Vee) 2 BLED = 2007. iy Cucrrent Lerough fie |kKA veriater is Ips = [ ga GT mA hb hn Cxrrent paws tary, aq fatal qerotanc. Of Zkn, whith Meamt Lot fre ootpt Voltage ist Vouk = Ty (2stly) = 20-7v‘ Gs prob) wring prblem @) > charge Bhe Zener # yale, te SEV od find AO output voltage Vnt,