MODULE I

LESSON 1:
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish correction from penology
2. Distinguish correctional administration from penal management
3. Identify theories and approaches of penology
4. Elaborate the significance of community-based correction

Correction and Penology

The Difference
Correction Penology (Penal Science)
Is the study of the methods that have Is that part of the science of criminology
been and are employed for the that studies the principles of punishment
punishment and deterrence of such and the management of prisons,
behavior and the study of the efforts to reformatories and other confinement
accompany punishment with measures units. The word “penology” was coined
that are intended to change or correct by Francis Lieber. It is also derived
the offender. from a Latin word “poenalis” which
One of the pillars of the Criminal Justice means “punishment” and from a Greek
System used in the administration of word “poene” which means “penalty or
Justice. fine”.
(Influence by Positivist School of (Influence by Classical School of
Thoughts) Thoughts)
Therefore, the purpose of Therefore, the purpose of
punishment is rehabilitation and the punishment is retribution and the
corner stone is education. corner stone is discipline.

Correctional Administration and Penal Management

The Difference

Correctional Administration Penal Management

the study and practice of a system refers to the manner or practice of
management of jails or prisons and other managing or controlling places of
institution concerned with the custody, confinement as jails or prisons.
treatment and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.

The term correction could mean two separate meanings. First, it is the institution
that provides community’s official reaction to a convicted offender, such institution is a
branch of the administration of criminal justice, charge with the responsibility for
custody, supervision and rehabilitation of the convicted offender. Second, it is a study
of methods that have been and are employed for the punishment and deterrence of
such behavior and a study of efforts to accompany the punishment with measures that
are intended to change or correct offenders. Both definitions comes from the principle
of punishment and the management of prisons, reformatories and other confinement
units. The birth of penology is also considered the birth of a humane approach in the
administration of justice.

Corrections stand as the fourth pillar of the components of our Criminal Justice
System. Some people viewed it as the weakest pillar among the pillars of criminal
justice. This is due to an assumption that correctional institutions cannot rehabilitate
offenders, which is manifested through the increase of criminalities and recidivism. But,
the fact is nobody wants nor loves to be imprisoned, nobody wants their freedom be
curtailed. If one commits a crime we scientifically explain it why he commits a crime,
and not allege that it is due to some failure or our criminal justice system, that pushes
the individual to commit crime.

Corrections denoted its concern and operate as society’s primary formal

dispenser of punishment. Corrections, however, is more than simply a nice term for
punishment. The root of the word implies and focuses on correcting a problem or series
of problems in society. It has come to stand for a broad category of activities ranging
from incarceration of offenders, to assisting ex-offenders in securing employment and
education in the community to provide assistance for the victims of crimes. These
systematic and organized efforts directed by society that punished offenders, protect
the public from offenders, change the offender’s behavior, and in some cases
compensate victims. Thus, evolving within the milieu of social control that keeps to
work through the ambit of social justice where its sight is located to keep at pace the
norms of human behavior in particular and social norm in general.

Revolutions in the History of Correction

1. Age of Reformations- replaced corporal punishments exile and physical disfig-

urements with the penitentiary.

2. Age of Rehabilitation- assumed that animals were handicapped persons suf-

fering from mental or emotional deficiencies. Under this individual therapy
aimed at healing these personal maladjustments became the preferred style.

3. Age of Reintegration- society becomes the patients as well as the offender.

Much more emphasis is placed on the pressures exerted on the offender by
the social groups to which he belongs and on the society that regulates his
opportunity to achieve his goals.

Theories of Penology

1. Absolute Theories – these theory concerns with the legalistic approach on penal ap-
plications as a ground of calling justice. The imposition of punishment is a retributive
nature of justice reformation, deterrence, crime prevention, self-defense and con-
trol. It adopts the principle of “nullum crimen, nulla sine poena lege” there is no
crime if there is no law punishing it.

2. Relative Theories – these theory concerns that punishment is a utility and usefulness
of the society.
Classifications:

a. Reformative – reformation is the ultimate objective of punishment.

b. Exemplarity – punishing criminals will deter the others from committing crimes.
c. Protective – people must be protected from socially danger persons.

3. Compromisual Theory – this theory settles the concept of justification, sentiments

and grounds for punishment through compromises of conflicting views. Its objec-
tives concern with retribution and deterrence of criminals.

Approaches in Corrections

Institutional Corrections Non-Institutional Corrections

agencies and institution responsible for also known as the Community Based
maintaining physical custody of an Corrections, it is a correctional activity
offender. (ex. Prison, jail, rehabilitation that takes place outside the institution/
center) prison walls. (ex. parole and probation)
(Traditional Method that requires (Modern Method that does not requires
incarceration) incarceration. Also known as Community
Based Corrections.

Innovative Programs Introduce in Corrections

1. Chicago Area Projects – founded by Clifford R. Shaw is delinquent prevention

program and the first organized program in the U S to use workers estab-
lished direct and personal contacts with the unreached boys to help them find
their way back to acceptable norm of conducts. Its procedural principles are:

a. developments of youth welfare organizations among residents of

delinquency areas.
b. employments of the so called indigenous workers whenever possible
groups.
c. fostering and preservation of the independence of these groups.

2. Cambridge Somerville study- was the first relatively vigorous attempt to

test the effectiveness of individual counseling with troublesome schoolboys
who were regarded by teachers as hardheaded e,.g. delinquents
careers .The approached was friendly rather than professional. This commit-
ted in watching two groups of delinquent boys one groups was to be let alone
thus serving as a “control” to other experimental or “treated” group. The out-
break of war however, forced to restricts operation of the study.

3. Synanon House- is a communal, voluntary setting for during addicts which is a

private projects devoted to the communal rehabilitation of narcotic addicts
former addicts live and work together in a state of total abstinence from
drugs. Newly arrived addicts are restricted to Synanon property, participating
in general housekeeping and maintenance course which is now as “first
Stage”. As the resident hopefully matures ad gathers strength h graduates to
the Second stage during which he works outside of Synanon and returns I
the evening in the Third stage which is the Final one the former addicts
lives outside of Synanon and returns for occasional meetings.

4. PORT Program—port program is an acronym for probationer offenders reha-

bilitated and training established in Rochester Minnesota in live in community
based community directed treatments program for both adults and juveniles.
The care of its treatments program is a combination of group treatments
and behavior modification

Basic Principles Underlying Philosophy of Community- Based Corrections

1. All efforts consistent with the safety of others should be made to reduce in-
volvements of the individual offender with the institutional aspects of correc-
tions.

2. Need for extensive involvement with the multiple aspects of the community,
beginning with the offender and his world and extending to the larger social
system.

3. Community- based corrections demands radically new rules for inmates’ staff,
and citizens.

Significance of Community- Based Corrections

1. Humanitarian Aspects- to subjects anyone to custodial coercion is to place

him in physical jeopardy to narrow drastically his access to sources of per-
sonal satisfaction and to reduce self-esteem.

2. Restorative Aspects- concern measures expected to achieve for the offender

the position in the community in which he does not violates the laws. These
measures maybe directed at change control or reintegration, I the failures of
offenders to achieve these goals can be measures by recidivism and their
success in defined by reaching specific objectives set by correctional decision
makers.

3. Managerial Aspects – are of special importance because of the sharp contrast

between the peer capital cost of custody and any kind of community pro-
gram. When offenders can be shifted from custodial control to community-
based programming without loss of public protections the managerial criteria
requires that such shift be made.

Lesson 2: Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Categorize the concept of penalty
2. Distinguish punishment from penalty
3. Distinguish Social Justification of Punishment and Legal Condition of Punishment

The Concept of Penalty

Penalty in its general sense signifies pain; in the juridical sphere, it means
suffering undergone, because of the action of society, to one who commits a crime.
The very purpose or reason why society has to punish a criminal is to secure justice.
The society or state has to protect its existence, assert what is right for the people
based on moral principles, which must be vindicated. The giving of punishment, which
is exercised by society, is the fulfillment of service and satisfaction of a duty to the
people it protects.
Purpose of Penalty

1. Retribution or Expiation – the penalty is commensurate with the gravity of the

offense as a matter of payment for the damage done.

2. Correction or Reformation – as shown by the rules which regulates the execu-

tion of the penalties consisting in deprivation of liberty, thereby giving chance
for his reformation.

3. Social Defense – as shown by its inflexible severity to recidivist and habitual

delinquents. Society must provide the welfare of the people against any disor-
der in the community.

Goals of Sentencing:

1. Retribution – is the act of taking revenge upon a criminal perpetrator.

2. Incapacitation – is the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the

likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses.
3. Deterrence – is a means, which seeks to prevent others from committing
crimes or repeating criminality.

4. Rehabilitation – is the attempt to reform a criminal offender, the state in

which a reformed offender is said to be rehabilitated.

5. Restoration – a goal of which attempts to make the victim whole again.

Unanticipated Consequences of Punishment – Positive or negative effects.

“Reasons for Limitations of Punishment”

a. Punish often isolates the criminal, leaves in him a stigma and develops in
His person a strong presentment of authority;
b. It develops caution on the part of criminal; committing crimes during nighttime;
resorting to the use of indigenous methods, or may even undergo physical trans-
figuration to avoid punishment.
c. It generally stops constructive efforts, lack of respect for the law, lack or patrio-
tism, and loss of self-respect ;
d. Public attitude by idolizing the criminal, this giving an offender higher.

Punishment and Penalty

The Difference

Punishment Penalty
Is the redress that the state takes Is the suffering inflicted by the State
against an offending member. for the transgression of law.

Nature of Punishment

The general concept of punishment is that it is infliction of some sort of pain on

the offender for violating the law.

Social Justification of Punishment and Legal Condition of Punishment

The Difference

Social Justifications Legal Conditions

1. Prevention – the state must punish 1. The penalty must be productive of
the criminal to prevent or suppress suffering without affecting the in-
the danger to the state arising from tegrity of the human personality.
the criminal acts of the offender. 2. The penalty must be commensurate
2. Self-defense – the state has a right to with the offense, that different crime
punish the criminal as a measure of must be punished with different
self-defense so as to protect society penalties.
from the threat and wrong inflicted by 3. The penalty must be personal in that
the criminal. no one should be punished for the
3. Reformation – the object of punish- crime of another.
ment in criminal cases is to correct 4. The penalty must be legal, that it is
and reform the offender. the consequence of a judgment ac-
4. Exemplarity – the criminal is punished cording to law.
by the state as an act to deter others 5. The penalty must be certain, that no
from committing crimes. one may escape its effects.
5. Justice – that crime must be punished 6. The penalty must be equal for all.
by the state as an act of retributive 7. The penalty must be correctional.
justice, a vindication of absolute right
and moral violated by the criminal.

Nicomedian Ethics:

 This is a title of a book that was written by Aristotle (in Athens) in his 1 st
attempt to explain crime.
 This is about the corrective justice stating “Punishment is a means of
restoring the balance between pleasure and pain”.
 Also forwarded the concept of restitution when he wrote “punishment is
a means whereby the loss suffered by the victim is compen-
sated”.

Theoretical Foundations in dealing with Criminals:

1) The Classical School of Thought – (Beccaria) “Let the punishment fits the
crime”. The philosophy of hedonism and freewill, this is to make a rational
choice between what will cause pain and what will result in pleasure.

2) The Neo-Classical School of Thought – Children and lunatic persons do not

have freewill thus they must be excluded to any punishment since they do
not know what is right or wrong.

3) The Positive School of Thought – (Lombroso) “Let the treatment fits the
criminal”. People cannot always be held accountable for their behavior be-
cause of the factors beyond their control. This is known as “Determinism”,
man’s freewill can be influenced and dictated by physical, psychological
and environmental conditions. Therefore, criminals should not be pun-
ished but rather be treated because he is having illness which leads him to
do wrong.
Lesson 3: Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Trace the early beginnings of correction
2. Identify the early forms of punishment
3. Classify penalties according to constitutional restrictions

EARLY FORMS OF CORRECTION:

(Brief Background)

(People believe that when a person commits a crime he was possessed by demon. The
system of correction is focused on casting out demons inside the person’s body.)

 Pungent Potion – drink potion to drive away evil spirit that leads him to commit a
crime.
 Grotesques Mask – they wear masks and dance around the person who commits
a crime to drive out evil spirit in his body.
 Trephination Method – a piece of stone or wood which has very sharp edge that
will use to make a hole at the person’s forehead.
 Banishment – a person will be rejected in the community, if he refuse to do so,
he will be killed.

EARLY FORMS OF CORRECTION:

(Detailed Background)

During the early development of civilization, people believe that when a person commits
a crime he is being possessed by demon. The system of their correction is focused to
cast out the demon inside the person’s body. Which was the very cause why he
committed crime. The following methods were used:

1. Pungent Poison – when an individual commits a crime they let the person
drink a pungent poison to drive away the evil spirit inside his body which
leads him in the commission of crime.
2. Grotesques Mask – they wear a grotesque mask and they dance around the
person who commits a crime in order to drive out the spirit in his body.
3. Trephination Method – a piece of stone or wood which has very sharp edge
will be used to make a hole at the forehead of the person who violates the
law and they will pray or cast out the evil spirit to get out of his body.
4. Banishment – when a person commits a crime he will be rejected by the com-
munity for him not to influence others to commit crime, if he refuses in his
community he will be killed.

EARLY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT:

(Brief Background)
 Flogging – is the whipping of stick, rope or leather to a person who violates the
law.
 Mutilation – cutting some parts of the offender’s body.
 Branding – lesser of that mutilation as punishment of crime.
 Public Humiliation – gives opportunity to the members of the community to take
vengeance. Offender was heckled and spit upon by passers, throwing of toma-
toes or rotten eggs to the offender.
 Exile or Banishment – England prisoners were sent to America in early 1618 as
their captive labor force for the development of colonies. Also known as “Trans-
portation”.
 Work House – inmates will work instead of punishing them.

EARLY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT:

(Detailed Background)

Flogging – it is the whipping of a stick, rope, or leather to a person who violates the
law.
The famous whip, was the Russian knot made out of leather thongs tipped with
fishhook like wires. A few strides with the knot produced serious lacerations and often
resulted in much blood loss. Another type of whip is the cat-o-nine tails, which is made
of nine strands of leather or rope.

Flogging was widely used in England during the Middle-Ages, were offenders are
beaten as they run through the streets with their hands tied behind their back.

Mutilation – it is the cutting of some parts of the offender’s body. Throughout history
various societies have tongues ripped out, and pickpockets have suffered broken
fingers.

Extensive mutilation, which included blinding, cutting off the ears, and ripping out the
tongue, was instituted in eleventh-century in Britain and imposed upon hunters who
poached on Royal Lands.

Today, Iran and Saudi Arabia still use the mutilation type of penalty which incapacitates
offenders and giving to society a walking example of the consequences of crime.

Branding – was used as a lesser form of mutilation, the Romans, Greeks, French,
British, and may other societies have all used branding. In 1829 the British parliament
officially eliminated branding as a punishment of a crime. Offenders who are branded
have an identifying marks on the hand if he repeat its violation the marking is placed at
the forehead.
Public Humiliation – it gives an opportunity of the members of the community to take
its vengeance. Offenders are sent to the stock or pillory found themselves captive and
on public display. They will be heckled and split upon by passers-by. Other citizens
might be gather to throw tomatoes or rotten eggs. On occasions, citizen who were
particularly outraged by the magistrate or nature of the offense would substitute rock to
end the offender’s life.

Exile or Banishment – the ancient Hebrew periodically forced a sacrificial goal

symbolically carrying the tribes sin into the wildness, a practice which has given us the
modern word “scapegoating”. Since then, many societies have banished “sinners
directly. The French sent criminal offenders to devil’s Island, Russian’s had used Siberia
as the land where banished people are sent. England sent their prisoners to America
beginning in 1618, the British program of exile, is known as “transportation”, which
served the dual purpose of providing a captive labor force for development of the
colonies, as they oppose the corporal punishment.

In 1776, the American Revolution forced the practice to end. The British penology
shifted to the use of aging ships, called hulks, as temporary prisons. Hulks were
anchored in harbors through England and serves as floating confinement facilities.

In 1787, after Captain Cook had discovered the continent, Australia became the new
port of call for English prisoners.

Work houses – during the sixteenth century, Europe was faced with an economic
upheaval product of their industrial revolution. Thousands were unemployed and
vagrants where in towns and villages seeking food and shelter. Because their homes
and pieces of land were sold for the industrialization of Europe. Churches that time was
the primary social relief of the people’s situation.

The government of Europe believed that poverty was the caused of laziness. They
created workhouses designed to instill the habits “Saint Bridget’s Well”. The name in
Europe opened in 1557 in a former British Brides well became synonym for workhouses.
Brides well taught word habit to the inmates and not punish the convict instead, it was
replaced by hard work.

Constitutional Restriction on Penalties

The Philippine Constitution directs that excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel
and unusual penalties when it is so disproportionate to the offense committed as to
shock the moral sense of all reasonable when as to what is right and proper under the
circumstances.
Classification of Penalties

1. Capital or Corporal Punishment – death through lethal injection.

2. Afflictive Penalties – deprivation of freedom
a. Reclusion Perpetua – 20 years and 1 day to 40 years of imprisonment.
b. Reclusion Temporal – 12 years and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
c. Prison mayor and Temporary disqualification – 6 years and 1 day to 12
years. Except when disqualification is accessory penalty, in which case
its duration is that of the principal penalty.
3. Correctional Penalties – deprivation of freedom or restriction of freedom
a. Prison Correctional : 6 months and 1 day to 6 years, except
b. Arresto Mayor : when suspension is that of the principal
c. Destierro

4. Light Penalties
a. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days of imprisonment
b. Public Censure

Preventive Imprisonment – The accused undergoes preventive imprisonment

when the offense charge is non-bailable, or even if bailable he cannot furnish the
required bail.

Subsidiary Penalty – It is subsidiary personal liability to be suffered by the

convict who has no property with which to meet the fine, at the rate of one (1)
day for eight pesos, for its imprisonment. This is only applicable when the
penalty imposed a fine and not to damages or civil liabilities imposed upon the
convicted felon.

The death penalty – was restored through R.A. 7659 which took effect on
December 3, 1993 for certain heinous crime. Such as Treason, piracy, Qualified
Piracy, Qualified Bribery, Parricide, Murder, Infanticide, Kidnapping and Serious
Detention, Robbery with Homicide, Destructive Arson with Homicide, Plunder
Dangerous Drugs and Carnapping.

The death sentence shall be executed by Lethal Injection as provide under

Republic Act No. 8177, which was approved on March 20, 1996.

The death sentence shall be carried out not earlier than one (1) year nor later
than 18 months after the judgments becomes final and executory. Provided, that
the Supreme Court who does the review of the case in which death penalty was
imposed have reach a vote of eight (8) Justices as provided under Republic Act
No. 296. Otherwise death penalty shall not be imposed. The convicted felon will
be given a penalty of reclusion perpetua.

In all cases where the death sentence has become final, the records of the cases
shall be forwarded the office of the President for possible exercise of the
pardoning power.
Death Penalty shall not be imposed if:

1. When the guilty person is more than 70 years of age;

2. When upon appeal or automatic review of the case by the Supreme Court,
the required votes is not obtained for imposing the death penalty;
3. When the convict is a minor under 18 years old of age.
Death Penalty shall be suspended when the convict is a:

1. Pregnant woman;
2. Within one (1) year after delivery of a pregnant woman;
3. Person over 70 years of age.

Lesson 4:
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Categorize the development of prisons
2. Distinguish Auburn prison system from Pennsylvania prison system
3. Elaborate the world history, philosophy and objectives of prisons

Developments of Prisons

Prisons were developed gradually as a substitute for transportation exile public

degradations especially corporal punishments and the death penalty (by virtue of
Pennsylvania Reform Act of 1790). Imprisonments was introduced to substitute for
corporal punishments was initiated by William Penn of Pennsylvania as well as the
abolition of death penalty except for the first degree murders. Prisons and Penitentiaries
were constructed for the confinements of persons with longer sentences who are
convicted of serious crimes.

Penitentiary Concept

The term penitentiary came from the Latin word “Paennitentia”, meaning penitence and
was coined by an English prisoner reformer, John Howard, it referred to a place were
crime and sin may be stoned for a penitence produced. Massive edifies of concrete and
steel, the original penitentiaries were designed to facilitate solitary contemplation of
one’s misdeeds. It was felt that introspection in solitude was conductive to personal
reform. It was also believed that if prisoners were allowed to associate, they would
criminally contaminate one another. At present, the terms prison and penitentiary are
used synonymously.

The Rival Prison System in Early History of Imprisonment

Auburn Prison System and Pennsylvania Prison System
The Difference
Auburn System (Congregated Pennsylvania System (Solitary
System) Confinement)
 Prostituted and convoluted version of  Late 18 century to early 18th century,
th

the St. Michael system as espoused by Pennsylvania became a leading inno-

the Roman Catholic Church. vator in prisons operation.
 In Auburn, New York ( 19th Century )  The rival of Auburn system during
 Solitary confinement began to be ex- these times.
perimented on some three (3) years  Based on the concept on solitary con-
after it started to operate. finement and rendering labor.
 Tiny cells where built for individual  Each cell has small exercise area to al-
prisoners where he is confined with- low the prisoner to maintain physical
out any exercise or any activity. condition to be more valuable in pro-
 This system was designed to make duction.
the prisoners not in inactivity while in  This facility has a work area for day
solitary confinement. time works.
 Any prisoners who dared speak or  Allow bible reading for spiritual and
make any sound was severely emotional transformation, to be pro-
whipped. ductive upon release.
 This system resulted in substantial  This system is applied in European
number of suicides and insanity and Countries.
the practice was abandoned 5 years
after it was introduced.
 Solitary confinement as a method of
punishment was abandoned in the
U.S. because prisoners can’t be made
productive and unprofitable to main-
tain.
 This system was modified to allow the
prisoner to work during day time in
common areas but must maintain ab-
solute silence and then spend their
nights in solitary confinement.
 This modification was adopted be-
cause it was found out that people
working collectively in common areas
produced more benefits that working
individually.

A World History, Philosophy and Objective of Prisons:

 Code of Hammurabi
 1750 BC to 1900 BC (Babylon)
 Found in Manama Dharma of India, and Hermes Trismegitus of Egypt
 The principle of LEX TALIONES (an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth)
 Two (2) tired concept (not everybody is equal in imposition of punish-
ment)
 Stiffer punishment in offenders from upper classes
 Uncivilized due to naked revenge than modern concept of rehabilitation
and treatment.

 Mosaic Code
 Also retribution
 But allows restitution (settlement)
 Allowed flogging or burning alive

 King Ur-Nammu’s Code

 In city of Ur in ancient Sumeria
 Restitution as a concept of justice (restorative justice)
 Allows fines, mutilation and other savage penalties
 Punished offenders and at the same time will paid the victims as a reim-
bursement as a result of the crime committed
 No death penalty, in case of death is Fine/ Financial consequences
Retribution defers from Restitution:

Retribution – personal vengeance (Retaliation)

- Justice flows from the victim to the offender
- It lowers down the offender

Restitution (restore) – justice flows from offender to the victim

- Elevates the status of the victim
- Older than the code of Hammurabi, 350yrs before
- 2100 years before Christ

Early Forms of Imprisonment:

 Furca
 Ancient Greece around 400 BC
 V-shape yolk, worn around the neck
 Outstretched arms of the convict were tied

 In Ancient Greece
 Testimony of the slaves can only be accepted if it was acquired through
torture
 Reason of imprisonment is to detain those who are undergoing trial
 If convicts refuse to be punish or to pay fines will be imprisoned in Ro-
mans Style
 Their justice is not vengeful/ retributive and must reform the offender also
to deter others to commit crime (humane method only for Greek citizens
or prominent inhabitants “privileged class of Greek society have rights”)
 Most brutal find of punishment will only be inflicted to aliens and slaves
(those who belongs to exploited classes)
 Citizens will be fined for a crime. If committed by slaves or aliens will
likely be flogged.

 Underground Cistern
 Detainees are those who are undergoing trial
 Sentenced offenders will be hold and be starved to death

 Ergastulum (Roman Prison)

 The prisoners and slaves were forced to do hard labor
 It confines slaves and be attached to workbenches

 Justinian Code
 In middle ages around 529 AD (Roman Emperor Justin)
 This became the Standard Law in Roman Empire particularly in Europe
 A revision of the “12 Tables of Roman Law”

 12 Tables of Roman Law

 Originated between 500 BC
 Every crime was contained and specified the penalty for every offense
listed in the said tables

 Burgundian Code (500 AD)

 Existed around same time as Jesus Christ
 Introduced the concept of restitution
 Punishment were met according to the social class of the offender
 The offender should pay specific value in order not to undergo physical
sufferings as penalty. This is only applied to nobility and middle classes
 Death penalty awaits on slaves who commit murder, assaults on noble or
middle class women, sexual relations with the noble and middle class, and
giving aid and comfort to escape offenders
 Xenophon and Demosthenes suffered this punishment for their philosophi-
cal beliefs

 Paterfamilias:
 A concept wherein the head of the family has virtually limitless power to
punish erring family members and slaves.

 Centuriate Assembly:
 By 509 B.C. a law was passed prohibiting flogging or execution except if
this assembly will affirmed.

 Stocks:
 A kind of device that was fastened at the ankle, neck and wrist of offender
for a long period of time.

 Stoning to Death:
 This is practiced in the time of Jesus that is still existed today in Islamic
countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan.

 Breaking on the Wheel:

 The offender’s body is fastened by metal bands to a board made of wood
and then had their bones systematically broken.

 Burning Alive:
 Existed in Ancient Greece which was also practiced by the Romans.
 Roman Catholic Church also resorts to this punishment during the time of
the inquisition for unbelievers, witches and heretics.

 Destierro:
 This was Banishment before that was also practiced by the Spaniards and
was incorporated in Codigo Penal in the Philippines. (Not less than 25 km
radius not more than 250 km radius. Remember: if you go beyond 25 km
there will be a crime of evasion of service of sentence, but if you go be-
yond 250 km there is no crime for the main purpose of destierro is protec-
tion)

 Ecclesiastical Court:
 A court that conducts trials to priests offenders and all those connected
with the church.
 More compassionate
 Later granted to anyone who was literate

 Papal Bull:
 By Pope Innocent VIII, in 1487
 This allowed refugee offenders to be driven out of the sanctuary if they
used this for committing a crime.

 The Inquisition:
 Another Ecclesiastical court that has gained historical notoriety throughout
the Ages for his viciousness.
 Responsible for detection and punishment of unbelievers and heresy
 Officially begin with declaration of the Lateran Council, 1215 which al-
lowed “Torture”.
 Throughout this Dark Age Church can punish anyone, many become vic-
tims of trumped up charges that they were witches or advancing scientific
studies.

 Galileo Galilee:
 Almost burn at the Stake, if only for his popularity.
 Because of his discovery that the earth was not flat.

 Pope Leo 1:
 The 1st Pope that fully express approval for killing human.
 Sanctioned death as punishment
 Heresy was the crime that was strictly for death penalty.

 Priscillian:
 The 1st recorded Christian who was put to death for being a heretic.

 Pope Innocent III:

 Tried to wash hands like Pontius Pelate when it turned over heretics to
secular authorities for proper punishment including death.

 Papal Encyclical “Excommunicamus”

 By Pope Gregory IX, in 1231, initiated inquisition that led to the burning of
hundreds of heretics.
 The burning of non-believers at the stake.

 Pope Innocent IV:

 Officially introduced torture to the inquisition procedure in 1252.

 Encyclical “TertioMillenioAdvenicute”:
 By Pope John Paul II, a pro-life pope who reversed culture of death.
 Formally apologized past intolerance and use of violence in the defense of
truth.

 Evangelium Vitae:
 By Pope John Paul II, he calls to reject death penalty, abortion, use of
contraceptives and euthanasia.
 This challenges to break away from the “culture of death” especially treat-
ment of killings.

 Galleys:
 From the middle of 14th century to the beginning of 19th century.
 they were slaves chained to oar the ship
 practiced in Ancient Rome and Greece

 Gaols – also known as Jails (old legal term for Jail)

Gaolers – also known as Jailers
 Hard for poor prisoners but not for the wealthy ones because of the high-
est rate of accommodations and other payments.

 The Brank:
 This is a metal frame that was put in the head like a hat and a painful
mouthpiece was inserted in the mouth.

 King Henry VIII (In England)

 He decreed corporal punishment for vagrants in 1531 and penal slavery in
1547.
 Nobility gets their privileged status in the society.
 Bridewell Institution:
 In 1556 Bridewell England
 Some writers claim that this took place in 1552 during the reign of King
Edward VI
 Established as a workhouse for vagabonds, idlers and rogues.
 Employs a system wherein vagrants and prostitutes were given works
while serving their sentence. This system is called the Bridewell System.
 This system is utilizing prison labor for benefits of wealthy individuals and
government officials.
 In 1166 A.D. Assize of Clarendon (Constitution of Clarendon) constructed
the first facility designed solely for public incarceration. This facility was
known as Gaol (known as Jail today). The gaol was being managed by
the Shire Reeve.

 Mercantilism – Capitalism

 Feudalism – Landlords
 Guillotine:
 Introduction of a cleaner and swifter method of executing convicts.
 Penitentiary Act:
 An act passed in the year 1779, mandated the establishment of a prison
system based on solitary confinement, hard, labour, and religious instruc-
tion.

 Norfolk Prison:
 At Wymondham, England was opened after five years of P.A. of 1779.

 National Penitentiary:
 Of Millbank followed to open in 1821.
 Pentonville National Penitentiary in 1842.

 1895 – A committee tasked to make an assessment of the entire English prison

system found it to be a failure and recommended that both deterrence and refor-
mation should be carried equally as to goal of imprisoning convicts or training
should be incorporated in the program of prisoners.

 Fort Santiago in Manila and Fort Pillar in Zamboanga City:

 Built by Spaniards as a defence against pirates and bandits groups who
refuse to recognize the colonial authority of Spain.
 Built thru corvee labour.
 Corvee Labour - Services rendered not for punishment but thru force
labour, abducted at large from general populace by Spanish conquista-
dors.
 Prison Labour in Marseilles, France ( 18th Century )
 Was organized into state factory and was rented out to a group of mer-
chants. A M.O.A. is signed by the contracting merchant on state for uti-
lization of able bodied prisoners. This development sowed the seeds of
practice of providing health service.in prisons to treat medical problems of
prisoners.

 Amsterdam, New York (1600’s )

 A place where the first recorded prison in the colonies was established.
 Incarceration’s common use was for those undergoing trial and for those
who refused to pay debts other than for punishment.

 Connecticut and Maine:

 Used underground facilities to incarcerate offenders for many years due to
lack of funds for the establishment of formal prison institution. (New Gate
Prison is established and known to be as “black hole of horrors”)

 Maine State Prison:

 Contained cells in the pits similar to underground cistern that used to de-
tain offenders undergoing trial and hold sentence offenders where they
will be starve to death.
 These pits are entered through an iron grate in the ceiling and are being
used (1828 ).

 The State of Connecticut:

 Used a copper mine at Simsbury from 1773 to 1827 as prison facilities.
 Prisoners worked in the mines during the day and their ankles and necks
are shackled during night time to prevent escape.
 Sing-Sing Prisons:
 Became famous in the world and was the plot of many movies filmed be-
cause of Sing2x Bath inflicted aside from floggings, denial of reading ma-
terials and solitary confinement.
 The shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop a volume of wa-
ter on the head of a locked naked offender.
 The force of icy cold water hitting the head of the offender caused much
pain and extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into the comas
due to the shock and sudden drop in the body temperature.
 The Sing-Sing bath becomes more frequent when flogging was declared
illegal in 1847.

 St. Michael Prisons:

 Introduced by Roman Catholic as an innovative prison system for punish-
ing offenders.
 The prison that was divided into cells and this was first established in
1704.
 During the reign of Pope Clement XI
 The prototype of the reformatories for juvenile offenders.
 A proof that retribution and repression is an object failure in the control of
criminality.
 Emphasized the rehabilitative concept and pioneered the segregation of
prisoners and force silence to make the prisoners contemplate their
wrongdoings.
 Physical torture was minimized and reserved for incorrigibles.
 This was supplanted by mental and psychological stress due to extreme
loneliness of segregation and force labour.
 Convicts are chained in one foot and observing strict rule of silence.
 They listened to religious brothers giving religious teachings.
 Many of the practices pioneered in St. Michael were later adopted in U.S.
in what is now known as the Auburn System of Imprisonment.

 Walnut Street Jail:

 The first American penitentiary (Philadelphia) adopting the principles of
John Howard of segregating offenders based on sex, age and mental ca-
pacity.

 Australia:
 The biggest penal colony of the world before it become a country. Prison-
ers in England were transported in this place in 1790-1875 to avoid de-
congestion.

 Indiana and Massachusetts:

 first Correctional for Women

 Ossining, New York:

 Mount Pleasant Female Prison in 1837

 New York House of Refuge:

 The first Juvenile Reformatory opened on January 1825
 Followed by Boston house of Reformation in 1826

 State of Massachusetts:
 Reform school for boys at Westborough in 1847
 First Public Institution for Juvenile Delinquent

 New Orleans:
 Municipal Boys Reformatory in 1845
Philippines Written Codes

The Philippines Early Codes

 Code of Kalantiao (1433) -first written law in the Philippines that provides the
most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh punishment.

 Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)

 Sikatuna Law

Lesson 5:
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Recognize the importance of reformatory movement
2. Identify important personalities in correction
3. Elaborate the contribution of the golden age of penology

The Reformatory Movement

This consisted in the introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by

certain persons, gradually changing the old punitive philosophy of punishment (mass
treatment, enforce silence, idleness regimented rules and severe punishment); to a
more humane treatment of prisoners with innovative institutional programs. There was
no significant progress in prison work worth mentioning until the middle of the 19th
century. Most of the prisons established between 1819 and 1870 were constructed on
the basis of a program espousing the punitive philosophy, the features of which were
mass treatment, enforced silenced, idleness, regimented rules and severe
punishment.
There are persons responsible for introducing reforms in correctional field.
They are:

A. Manuel Montesimos – He was the Director of Prisons of Valencia, Spain in 1835,

who divided prisoners into companies and appointed prisoners as petty officers
in charge; allowed the reduction of inmates sentence, by one third (1/3) for good
behavior; offered trade training to prepare the convicts for return to society.

B. Domets of France – established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in

1839, providing housefathers as in charge of this boys. He concentrated on re-
education; upon their discharge, the were placed under the supervision of a pa-
tron.

C. Alexander Macanoche - as a Superintendent of the Penal Colony at Non Folk Is-

land in the island in Australia in 1840, he introduced a progressive humane sys-
tem to substitute, for corporal, punishment, known as the “mark system”
wherein the prisoners was required to earn a number of marks based on proper
department, labor, and study in order to entitle him to a ticket of leave or condi-
tional release which is similar to a parole.

Macanoche’s Mark System consisted of five stages:

1. Strict custody upon admission to the penal colony;

2. Work on government gangs;
3. Limited freedom on the island within a prescribed areas;
4. Ticket of leave; and
5. Full restoration of liberty

He also introduced other progressive measures such as fair disciplinary trials, buildings
of churches, distributing books and permitting prisoners to tend small gardens.

D. Sir Walter Crofton – He was the director of the Irish prisons in 1856, who intro-
duced the Irish system which was later on cared the progressive stage system.
The Irish system was gradually a modification of Manoche’s work system, and
consisted of four (4) stages:

1. Solitary confinement of prisons for 9 months, receiving reduced diet and

monotonous work, gradually progressing to a better treatment towards
the end pf the first stage;
2. Assignment to a public works in associating with other convicts;
3. Sending to place which was a sort a preparation for release where the
prisoner worked without custodial supervision. Exposing him to ordinary
temptations of freedom; and finally
4. Release of the prisoner of the supervision under conditions equivalent to
parole.

E. Zebulon R. Brockway – He was the superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in

New York in 1876 who introduced a new institutional program for boys, 16 to 30
years of age. Under this program:
1. A new prisoner was classified as second grade;
2. Promoted to first grade after six months of good behavior;
3. Another six months of good behavior in the first grade qualified him for
parole. However, if the prisoner committed misconduct. He was demoted
to third grade where he was required to show good behavior for one
month before he could be re-classified to second grade.

The Elmira Reformatory is considered as the fore runner of modern penology because it
had all the elements of a modern correctional system, among which were: A training
school type, that is compulsory education: casework method; and intensive use of
parole based on the indeterminate sentence.

NOTA BENE: An indeterminate sentence is a sentence with minimum and maximum

periods of imprisonment. A prisoner is not eligible for parole consideration until he has
served his minimum sentence.

F. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise – was the director of English Prisons who open the
Borstal institution after visiting the Elmira Reformatory in 1897, such Borstal in-
stitutions.
Today are considered as the best reform institutions for young offenders. This
system was based entirely on individualize treatment.

Other Important Personalities in Correction

John Howard (1726-1790)

 He was sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune
to prison reform.
 Prisoners must be segregated according to sex, age, and gravity of their
offense;
 The jailer or staff must be paid to prevent extortion to prisoners;
a chaplain and a medical officer must be employed to address the spiri-
tual and medical needs of the prisoners;
 Prisoners should be provided with clothing and food;
 Liquor should be prohibited in jail.
 He designed the Milbank Penitentiary 1812-1821, the first English Prison
 He published a book in 1777, “State of Prison”

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

 He is the greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal law.
 He designed the panopticon, consisted with a large, cast iron and glass
containing multi- tiered cells around the perimeter with an observation
tower that has a special shutter to prevent the prisoners from seeing the
guards.

Jean Jacques Philippe Villain

 Established the Maison de Force (The Prison of Ghent)
 Considered to be the Father of Penitentiary Science at Ghent, Belgium in
1773.

William Penn (1614-1718)

 the governor of the state of Pennsylvania initiated early reforms in their
prison system. He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
 Quaker leader of Pennsylvania
 “Prison should be Penetentiaries”

Rutherford B. Hayes
 Former president of the United States, was elected as the first president
of the National Prison Association.
 PNA Principles:
 Reformation not the vindictive infliction of suffering should be the purpose
of penal treatment.
 Prisoners should be classified on the basis of a mark system.
 Rewards should be provided for good conduct.
 Prisoners should be made to realize that their future rest in their own
hands.
 Indeterminate sentences should be substitute fixed sentences and dispari-
ties in sentences removed.
 Religion and education are the most important agencies of reformation.
 Discipline should be administered so that it gains the cooperation of the
inmate and maintains his self-respect.
 The goal of the prison should be to make industrious free citizens, not or-
derly and obedient prisoners.
 Industrial training should be fully provided.
 Prisons should be small; separate institutions should be provided for dif-
ferent types of offenders.
 The social training of prisoners should be facilitated; silence rules should
be abolished.
 Society at large must realize that they are responsible for the conditions
that bleed crimes.

Gaylord B. Hubbell
 Warden of Sing Sing Prison in New York;
 Visited and studied the prisons in England;
 Recommended indeterminate sentences be used in American prisons;
 Reformatory based upon the concept of an earned early release if the in-
mate reformed himself.

Charles Montesiquieu (1689-1755)

 Was a French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expres-
sion of justice.
 He believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that ap-
pealing to moral sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.

The Golden Age of Penology/ The Age of Enlightenment in Penol-

ogy

The period from 1870 to 1880 was called the “Golden Age of Penology” because of
the following significant events:

 In 1870, the National Prison Association, now American Correctional Associa-

tion, was organized and its first annual Congress was held in Cincinati, Ohio. In
this Congress the Association adopted a “Declaration of Principles,” so modern,
comprehensive in scope that when it was revised in the prison Congress of 1933,
few amendments were made. Since founding the Association has held annual
congresses of corrections in has taken active leadership in reform movements in
the field of crime prevention and treatment of offenders.

 In 1872, the first International Prison Congress was held in London. Repre-
sentative of the government of the United States and European countries at-
tended it. As a result of this congress, the International Penal and Peniten-
tiary Commission, an inter-governmental organization was established in 1875
with headquarters at The Hague. The IPPC held international congresses every
five years. In 1950, the IPPC was dissolved in its functions were transferred to
the Social Defense Section of the United Nations.

 The Elmira Reformatory, which was considered as the forerunner of modern

penology, was opened in Elmira, New York in 1876. The figures of Elmira were a
training school type of institutional program, social casework in the institution,
and extensive of parole.

 The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana, Massa-
chusetts.

The Decline of Reformatory Movement

The Reformatory system movement subsided gradually following the opening of
Elmira because of the founders’ lack of faith in the effectiveness of the program. The
defect of the system was laid on the lack of attempt to study criminal behavior from
which to base treatment. By 1910, it was generally conceded that the reformatory
system of the United States was a failure in practice. It was not until 1930 that the
reformatory idea was revived as the direct result of the revamp of the educational
program of the Elmira Reformatory.

The Industrial Program Movement

The Elmira Reformatory movement was succeeded by the industrial prison

movement. The U.S commonwealth preferred the Auburn Prison system to the
Pennsylvania Prison system because of its congregated work program. The value of
prison labor began to be recognized in every prison system because of contribution that
the work program gave to the finances of the institution. As the economic problem
during the depression years became more acute, the need for more income from the
operation of the work programs in prison became more deeply felt. State governments
could hardly afford to provide the funds with which to run the prisons because of the
economic depression that hit the United States before and in the early 1930’s. In this
movement, there was an operation of industries inside penal institution and therefore,
considered a noble innovation that help support the prisons. Nearly every prison,
therefore, was converted into a factory engaged in the manufacture of articles which
were sold in the open market for profit. At about this time, it was observed that there
was a sudden increase of criminality in the United States. Some people attributed the
increase of criminality to the depression. The United states Congress created a
Congressional Committee were that the rise in criminality was caused by the increase in
recidivism and repeaters in crime, and that the increase in recidivism and habitual
delinquency was attributed to the abandonment of the rehabilitation program in penal
institutions in favor of the operation of industries. As a remedial measure, Congress
passed a law in 1934, which in effect, prohibited the sale of prison-made articles to
the public, and limited their use to government-owned institutions and agencies. This
law put an end to the Industrial Prison Movement.

The Six (6) Prison Labor

Six systems of inmate labor used:

1. Contract System – materials were provided by private businesses its manufac-

turing process was supervised inside the prison.

2. Piece-price system – materials and the products are produced by the prisons
and bought by the private businesses.
3. Lease system – prison institutions acting like labor firm or labor agency to
private businesses that need manpower.

4. Public Account system – goods and products are owned and manage by the
prison and sold it to the market.

5. State-use system – prisoners provided the labor for state agencies.

6. Public works – prisoners worked in roads and highways construction

Treatment Era of Prisons

Treatment era came after the World War II in 1940’s, this is based on a medical
model of corrections. This concept combined the correction, reformation and
behavioral treatment or psychiatric approach. Inmates are treated as “clients” or
patients” than offenders.

 Individual Treatment – The offender and the therapist develop a face-

to-face relationship. Most individual approaches depict the offenders as
someone who has not developed sufficiently to manage his own behavior
effectively. One reason for this is traumatic experiences in early life, the
therapist will try to uncover its causes and let the inmate understand in
order to produce effective behavioral changes.

 Group therapy relies upon the sharing of insights gleaned by process,

making it clear to the client the emotional basis of his or her criminal be -
havior. The inability of the inmates to own up responsibilities must be at-
tack and rid them off as values or self-concept, for them to accept positive
and productive image.

 GGI or Guided Group Interaction is a treatment strategy, which com-

bines elements of individual treatment, and group therapy. In GGI the
therapist assists the group in uncovering individual fears, hidden experi-
ences, and anxieties which act as barriers to conventional behavior.

 Behavior therapy was structured so as to provide rewards for approved

behavior, while punishing undesirable behavior. If the client was able to
follow good behavior rewards will be provided unto them such as: better
housing conditions, better foods, TV privileges, and the like.
 Chemotherapy – involved the use of drugs, especially tranquilizers, to
modify behavior.

 Neurosurgery – was used on highly aggressive inmates to control their

destructive behavior.
 Sensory Deprivation – is sought to calm disruptive offenders by deny-
ing them the stimulation, which might set off outbursts of destructive be-
havior.

 Aversion therapy – is through the use of drugs or electric shocks in an

attempt to teach the offender to associate pain and displeasure with a
certain stimuli, which previously led to criminal behavior.

Types of Informal Prison Groups according to

Donald Clemmer

 “The Politicians” or “Big Shots. The politicians have achieved distinc-

tion as a group in the prisoner community because of their checkered
criminal careers and participation in one or more notorious crimes. Their
chief function in prison consist in seizing power, and the planning of sabo-
tage, strikes, riots, and future prison breaks.

 The “Right Guys”. The right guys exert tremendous power and influence
over other inmates in enforcing strict observance of the “Prisoners’ Code”.

 The “Moonshiners”. The moonshiners comprise those inmates who en-

gage in the secret manufacture and sale of moonshine liquor to other in-
mates. The ingredients of this spirituous concoction may include shaving
lotion, Listerine antiseptic, shoe polish, rubbing alcohol, sugar stolen from
the commissary, and perhaps other available components. This liquor is in
considerable demand by the “long termers,” neurotic prisoners, and de-
pressed inmates who require exotic stimulation.

 The Dope Peddlers. In many institutions a small informal group of in-

mate dope peddlers has the monopoly on the distribution and sale of nar-
cotics at exorbitant prices to fellow inmates. Narcotics are often smuggled
into an institution by unreliable guards and irresponsible visitors, who act
as liaison agents for the drug traffic.

 The Larceny Boys. The larceny boys make a special business of stealing
the personal belongings of unsuspecting prisoners and selling the loot to
still other inmates.

 The Gambling Syndicate. Gambling in prison is often organized into a

hierarchy consisting of several informal gambling groups. A monopoly of
gambling may exist within the institution whereby the Kingpin at the top
of the hierarchy exacts a toll, tax or levy from the stakes of each game
played.
 Leather Workers. The leather workers consist of one or more informal
groups which devote all of their leisure time to the manufacture of artistic
leather goods for sale to the public.

 The Religionists. Many prisons have one or more fanatically religious

groups which believe in giving emotional expression to their radical reli-
gious beliefs at any time or place within the institution.

 The Homosexuals or “Wolves”. The prison community is abnormal in

that it is a one-sex community. The prison rules and regulations strongly
disapprove of all types of sex expression. The resulting sex repression and
frustration create an environmental climate within the prison conducive to
emergence of homosexuality, which may take the form of promiscuity,
prostitution, or even “marriage”.

 Manufacturers of Weapons. The prison also has its informal inmate

group secretly engaged in the production and sale of weapons to other in-
mates, such as knives, saws, hatchets, black jacks, whip, and the like.

 The Spartans. The Spartans, an absolutely harmless informal group, are

primarily interested individual and as a group in displaying their physical
bodies in the nude. They take great delight in strutting about the locker
rooms, showers and toilets, flexing their muscles, displaying their sexual
organs, and exhibiting their hair on their breasts as evidence of masculin-
ity.

Prison Lifestyles and Inmates Types according to John Irwin

 The Mean Dude. Some inmates adjust to prison by being mean. They
are quick to fight, and when they fight, they fight like wild mean (or
women). They give no quarter and seem to expect none in return. Other
inmates know that such prisoners are best left alone. The mean dude re-
ceives frequent write-ups and spends much time in solitary confinement.

 The Hedonist. Some inmates build their lives around the limited plea-
sures which can be had within the confines of prison. The smuggling of
contraband, homosexuality, gambling, drug running, and other officially
condemned activities provide the center of interest for prison hedonists.
Hedonists generally have an abbreviated view of the future, living only for
“now”.

 The Opportunist. The opportunist takes advantage of the positive expe-

riences prison has to offer. Schooling, trade training, counseling and other
self-improvement activities are the focal points of the opportunist’s life in
prison. Opportunists are the “do-gooders” of the prison subculture. They
are generally well-liked by prison staff, but other prisoners shun and mis-
trust them because they come closest to accepting the role which the staff
defines as “model prisoner”.

 The Retreatist. Prison life is rigorous and demanding. Badgering by the

staff and actual or feared assaults by other inmates may cause some pris-
oners to attempt psychological retreat from the realities of imprisonment.
such inmates may experience neurotic or psychotic episodes, become
heavily involved in drug and alcohol abuse, or even attempt suicide.

 The Legalist. The Legalist is the “jail house lawyer”. Just like the mean
dude, the legalist fights confinement. The weapons in this fight are not
fists or clubs, however, but the legal “writ”. Convicts facing long sen-
tences, with little possibilities for early released through the correctional
system, are most likely to turn to the courts in their battle against confine-
ment.

 The Radical. Radical inmates picture themselves as political prisoners.

Society, and the successful conformists who populate it, are seen as op-
pressors who have forced criminality upon many “good people” through
the creation of a system which distributes wealth and power inequitably.
The radical inmates speaks a language of revolution and may be versed in
the writings of the “great” revolutionaries of the past.

 The Colonist. Some inmates think of prison as their home. They “know
the ropes,” have many “friends” inside, and may feel more comfortable in-
stitutionalized than on the streets.

 The Religious. Some prisoners profess a strong religious faith. They may
be “born again” Christians, committed Muslims, or even Hare Krishnas.
Religious inmates frequently attend services, may form prayer groups, and
sometimes ask the prison administration to allocate meeting facilities or
create special diets to accommodate their claimed spiritual needs.

Types of Correctional Officers according to John Irwin

 The Dictator. Some officers go by the book; others go beyond it, using
prison rules to enforce their own brand of discipline. The guard who de-
mands signs of inmate’s subservience, from constant use of the word “sir”
or “ma’am” to frequent free shoeshine, is one type of dictator. Another
goes beyond legality, beating or “making” inmates even for minor infrac-
tions or perceived insults. Dictator guards are bullies. They find their
counterpart in the “mean dude” inmate.

 The Friend. Friendly officers try to fraternize with inmates. They ap-
proach the issue of control by trying to be “one of the guys”. They seem
to believe that they can win inmate cooperation by being nice. Unfortu-
nately, , such guards do not recognize that fraternization quickly leads to
unending requests for special favors from delivering mail to being “minor”
prison rules.

 The Merchant. Contraband could not exist in any correctional facility

without the merchant officer. The merchant participates in the inmate
economy, supplying drugs, pornography, alcohol, and sometimes even
weapons to inmates who can afford to pay for them.

 The Indifferent. The indifferent type of officer cares little for what goes
on in the prison setting. Officers who fit this category may be close to re-
tirement, or they may be alienated from their jobs for various reasons.
Low pay, the view that inmates are basically “worthless” and incapable of
changing, and the monotonous ethic of “doing time” all combine to numb
the professional consciousness of even young officers.

 The Climber. The climber is apt to be a young officer with an eye for
promotion. Nothing seems impossible to the climber, who probably hopes
eventually to be warden or program director or to hold some high-status
position within the institutional hierarchy.

 The Reformer. The reformer is the “do-gooder” among officers, the per-
son who believes that prison should offer opportunities for personal
change. The reformer tends to lend a sympathetic ear to the personal
needs of inmates and is apt to offer “arm-chair” counseling and sugges-
tions.

Types of Female Inmates according to Esther Heffernan

 The Square – Square inmates had few early experiences with criminal
lifestyles and tended to sympathize with prison values and attitudes of
conventional society.

 The Cool – Cool prisoners were more likely to be career offenders. They
tended to keep themselves and were generally supportive of inmate val-
ues.
 The Life – Life group members were full participants in the economic, so-
cial, and familial arrangements of the prison. The life offered an alterna-
tive lifestyle to women who had experienced early and constant rejection
by conventional society.

Inmate Work Programs

The Bureau’s work program for inmates has the purpose of keeping inmates
busy and compensating them for their labor in order that they can be have money for
their personal expenses in prison and families. These work programs are funded from
three (3) sources, namely: (1) from appropriated funds for inmates utilized as janitors,
orderlies and other administrative odd jobs; (2) from the Prison Agro-Industries trust
funds for inmates utilized as farm workers; and (3) from joint ventures such as TADECO
as banana plantation workers, Prison Inmate Labor Contract Office and Sam sung for
handicraft contracts. Inmate workers hired by private companies earn higher wages as
shown.

Inmate Education and Training

As a major program in inmate rehabilitation, the Bureau through its seven (7)
prisons undertakes, there are two types of education and training. The first is the non-
formal education offered by all penal institution; (1) Adult Literacy (2) applied Training
and (3) Orientation. The second is the formal education offered only at the New Bilibid
Prison, which covers College (BS Commerce), High School, Elementary and Vocational
Courses.

Religious Guidance and Counseling

The religious which includes worship and formation, ministerial rites, para-
lethargical and counseling is headed by a religious Guidance Adviser. Various religious
volunteers representing Christian denominations and Muslim groups attend the spiritual
need of the inmates. The influence of religion in prison life is strong positive factor in
the restoration of their faith, dignity and manhood.

Counseling Defined. A relationship in which one endeavors to help another solve his
problems of adjustments. This implies mutual consent between the counselor and the
client.
Inmate Health Care

The prison Medical Service of the Bureau of Corrections provides health care to
about 18,000 inmates. The Bureau’s biggest hospital has a five hundred (500)
employees. Each of the six (6) other penal institutions has its own hospital/infirmary
with one (1) to three (3) medical officers.

Medical cases that cannot be effectively treated at these hospital/infirmaries and

referred to better equipped government hospitals outside the prisons, chargeable to the
funds of the Bureau. As a standard procedure, inmates referred other hospital are
escorted by security officers and a members of the medical staff a medical allowance of
p.50 (US $0.02) a day is allotted each inmate.

Visitation Services

Inmates are allowed under supervision to be visited by the families and duly
registered friends from Sunday to Thursday from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. daily.
Overnight conjugal visits are made only during special holidays like Christmas, New
Year, valentines and Independence Day.

Parole Examination

Then inmates’ carpets or record of service of sentence are submitted to the

Board of Pardons and Parole a month before the expiry of their minimum sentence
including Good Conduct Time Allowance and incentive imprisonment credits that they
may have earned.

Prison Agro-Industries

Prison agro-industries, which are the source of inmates livelihood programs, are
turned into joint ventures with private companies and non-governmental agencies to
improve production output and to provide adequate work programs for the inmates that
will enable them to earn just compensation while serving their prison sentence. Income
fro the Operation of Agro-industries in partnership whit the private sector augments the
Bureau limited appropriation.