5.

Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

5.1 Introduction

This chapter is devoted to the reduction or suppression of power system

harmonics. Particular attention on how to attain this in converters, capacitor
banks, transformers and rotating machines is given.
Solutions to harmonic problems are categorised as preventive and reme-
dial [3].

Precautionary (Preventive) solutions are those policies sought for at

discretion to avoid harmonics and their consequences. These include:
• Phase cancellation or harmonic control in power converters.
• Developing procedures and methods to control, reduce or eliminate har-
monics in power system equipment; mainly capacitors, transformers and
generators.
Attempting at keeping harmonics at a low "damage-free" level, standards are
further developed setting limits on the level of individual frequency harmonics
and/or harmonic distortion factors.

Corrective (Remedial) solutions are those techniques recoursed to aim-

ing at overcoming existing harmonic problems. They include:
• The use of filters.
• Circuit detuning which involves the reconfiguration of feeders or relocation
of capacitor banks to overcome resonance.
References [28, 29, 30, 31] address numerous approaches and electric drive
system topologies aimed at reducing supply harmonics.

5.2 Harmonic Filters

Harmonics can be efficiently reduced through the use of a passive filter [3]
which consists, basically, of a series combination of a capacitor and a reac-
tor tuned to a specific harmonic frequency. Filters provide a low impedance
106 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

"trap" to a harmonic to which the filter is tuned. Theoretically, the filter has
a zero impedance at the tuning frequency thus absorbing the harmonic of
interest. Shown in Fig. 5.1, typical harmonic filters are discussed hereafter.
References [6, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37] report on the details of passive
filters; their configurations and design tactics. Design steps for series-tuned
and second-order damped filters are discussed in Section 5.7.

5.2.1 Series-Tuned Filters

A series-tuned filter consists of a series combination of a capacitor and a

reactor and is tuned to low harmonic frequencies. At the tuned harmonic, the
capacitor and the reactor have equal reactances and the filter has a purely
resistive impedance. The filter's impedance is capacitive for lower harmonics
and inductive for higher harmonics, a consequence of which is aggravating
the impedance below the lowest tuned frequency [6].

5.2.2 Double Band-Pass Filters

A double band-pass filter is a series combination of a main capacitor, a main

reactor and a tuning device [4] which consists of a tuning capacitor and a
tuning reactor connected in parallel. The impedance of such a filter is low at
two tuned frequencies.

5.2.3 Damped Filters

Damped filters can be 1st, 2nd or 3rd_order. However, the most commonly
used is the 2nd-order. A 2nd-order damped filter consists of a capacitor in
series with a parallel combination [4, 6] of a reactor and a resistor. It provides
a low impedance for a moderately wide range of frequencies.
When used to eliminate high order harmonics (17th and above), a damped
filter is referred to as a high-pass filter, providing a low impedance for high
frequencies but stopping low ones.
Damped filters have a low quality factor, 0.5 < Q < 5, and are usually
tuned to hn < hr, that is 10.7, 16.5, ...

5.2.4 Detuned (Anti-Resonant) Filters

A detuned filter is tuned below [3] a characteristic harmonic (usually tuned

to the fourth harmonic), thus absorbing some of the harmonic but not as
much as a higher tuned one.
5.3 Power Converters 107

I I I
r······· .......1 I
I
~ i
~
' .
i
1................1 ~

(i) (ii) (iii)

Fig. 5.1. Typical harmonic filters: (i) Series-tuned (ii) Double band-pass (iii) 1"\
2nd and 3rd-order damped

5.2.5 Active Filters

Active filters are being developed to alleviate the disadvantages of conven-

tional passive filters, namely:
• The filtering characteristics being dependent on the source impedance.
• Aggravating the impedance below the lowest tuned harmonic.
• Being inadequate for filtering non-characteristic harmonics (different from
the filter's tuned frequency), such as those produced by cycloconverters.
A discussion of active filters is beyond the scope of this text. References [38,
39, 40, 41, 42] provide recent information on active filters.

5.3 Power Converters

It has been shown in Section 3.9 that harmonics of pulse converters con-
structed through the operation of lower pulse number converters can be
eliminated through the proper selection of phase shifts. This is called phase
cancellation [3] or phase multiplication. Analysis revealed that 5th, 7th, 17th,
19th, · · · harmonics are eliminated in two six-pulse converters operating in
parallel or series with 0 and -30° phase shifts. This means that a twelve-pulse
converter has a lower harmonic impact than two six-pulse units of a com-
parable size. Grady [3] further points out that two twelve-pulse converters
operating in parallel or series through +7.5° and -7.5° phase shifts elimi-
nate eleventh and thirteenth harmonics. A consequential conclusion is to use
converters with higher number of pulses.
108 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

5.4 Transformers

Harmonics are reduced through the ingenuity of transformer connection.

Delta-connected transformers prevent the flow of zero sequence triplen har-
monics, thus acting as two-way filters [4] protecting both the source and load
sides of a power system.
Harmonic currents can be damaging to transformers designed to operate
at 50 / 60 Hz. Oversizing the neutral conductor and derating the trans-
former [1] represents a short-term solution. Dini [22] re-examines a formula
for the derating factor based on the equations derived in [21].
K-rated transformers [17, 22] are specifically designed to tolerate harmon-
ics and have the following features [17]:
• They have lower than normal flux densities and can, thus, tolerate over-
voltages coupled with circulating harmonic currents.
• They employ an electromagnetic shield between the primary and secondary
windings of each coil, thus attenuating higher frequency harmonics.
• They provide a neutral with twice the size of a phase conductor, to account
for increased neutral currents due to the flow of triplen harmonics
• Windings are designed with several smaller sizes parallel conductors, there-
fore reducing skin effect at higher frequency harmonics.
• They use insulated and transposed conductors resulting in reduced losses.
Reference [43] provides some background information on K-rated transform-
ers.
The K-factor is a useful term for describing the additional heating that
occurs in a transformer supplying non-linear loads, and is defined as

K= L (h· h)2
h=t It
(5.1)

Normalising by the rms current through the transformer, the K-factor be-
comes

(5.2a)

(5.2b)

Transformers specifically designed for use with non-linear loads are marked
"Suitable for non-sinusoidal current load with K-factor not to exceed ... "
where standardised K-factor ratings are 4, 9, 13, 20, 30, 40, 50 [22].
5.4 Transformers 109

Should the K-factor exceed 4, it becomes necessary to use a K-rated trans-

former or derate a standard transformer. The derating factor for standard
non-harmonic rated transformers, per method 1 ofiEEE C57.110-1986, is [21)

D= 1.15 (5.3)
1 +0.15 ·K
Example 5.1. The current through a 3 MVA, 11000/690 V, 157.5/2510 A,
Ll- Y 9 , Z = 1 + J6.2 %transformer is given in the following table. Can the
transformer operate in this harmonic environment? Provide a plot for the
transformer current waveform neglecting phase angles.

Table 5.1. 11000/690 V transformer current

h 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25

h,% (primary) 100 19 13 8 5 3 2 1 0.9

h, % {secondary) 100 -19 -13 8 5 -3 -2 1 0.9

Solution Based on the harmonic current spectrum of Table 5.1, transformer

current is plotted in Fig. 5.2. Transformer current THD is further calculated
to be 25.18 %.

THD1 ~ J 1
jLP.
h=2

%THDI = L (o/~h) 2 = 25.18%

h=2 1

The pu rms current is then

Jrms
l,.Tri.S
= J1 + THD~ = 1.031
The K-factor is

K=2:(h·~h) 2 =4.436 1
h=1

and the normalised K-factor is

2:<hh/h) 2

K- h= 1 = 4.171
- 1 +THD~
110 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Accordingly, should a standard non-harmonic rated transformer be used, the

derating factor is

D = 1. 15 = 0.7074
1 + 0.15K
As the K-factor was calculated to be 4.171, one has one of two options:
• Use a standard transformer and make sure it is derated (no more than
70 % loaded).
• Use a K-rated transformer with K = 4. The transformer can then be fully
loaded.

Current on transfonner primary Current on transformer secondary

1.2

0.8

0.4
5.
--
· 0.4

60 120 180 240 300 360 60 120 180 240 300 360
rot, 0 rot, 0

Fig. 5.2. Transformer current

5.5 Rotating Machines

Inspection of Equations 4.14, 4.19a and 4.23b shows that

kPh < kPt < 1

kdh < kdl < 1
Eh < E1.

This makes it clear that, although distribution and chording result in reduc-
ing the fundamental component of the induced emf, this negative effect is
more than outweighed when considering the purpose they were intended for,
namely harmonics. Obviously, they have the advantage of reducing harmonic
voltages. Recalling that

kPh =
. ((3h)
sm 2 (5.4)

where
kPh is the pitch factor at the hth harmonic
5.6 Capacitor Banks 111

kp 1 is the pitch factor at the fundamental frequency, kp 1 = sin(,B /2) < 1

,8 is the coil span in °elect., ,8 =sa:
s is the coil span in slots,
it is noticed that any one harmonic can be completely eliminated through
selecting a coil span (fractional pitch) that results in the respective pitch
factor being zero.

k Ph = sin (2,Bh) = 0 "or

L'
~ = 360°
fJ h or (5.5)

That is to say, a coil span of 4/5 pole pitch (144 °elect.) results in eliminating
the fifth harmonic. The third harmonic is suppressed through using a coil
of 2/3 pole pitch (120 °elect.) span. Furthermore, a coil span of 5/6 pole
pitch (150 °elect.) greatly reduces fifth and seventh harmonics (kp 5 = kP7 =
0.2588).
Finally, damper (squirrel-cage) windings, consisting of copper bars that
are short-circuited at both ends, are introduced into the pole shoes [14] of
rotating machines to, as the name implies and among other functions, damp
the effect of backward mmf. Bearing in mind that harmonic-generated fields
interact with the rotor field of rotating machines to produce a pulsating
field, this pulsating field can be thought of as the combination of two fields
rotating in the forward and backward directions. The backward component
does not contribute to the energy transfer 1 but produces double-frequency
eddy-currents in the pole shoes. Eddy-currents flowing in the damper winding
set-up a flux that, by Lenz's law, counterbalances the backward field thus
keeping it at a low level.

5.6 Capacitor Banks

Examination of Equation 2.56 leads us to the conclusion that:

• Relocating capacitors changes the source-to-capacitor inductive reactance
thus avoiding parallel resonance with the supply.
• Varying the reactive power output of a capacitor bank will alter the reso-
nant frequency.
Capacitors can be designed to trap a certain harmonic by employing a
tuning reactor whose inductive reactance is equal to [3, 4] the capacitive
1 For energy transfer between the electrical and mechanical channels, the following
conditions should be satisfied:
• mmf from both the stator and rotor sides should exist.
• The two mmf's should be relatively at rest.
• The two mmf's should have the same number of poles.
112 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

reactance of the capacitor at the tuned frequency. Parallel resonance involving

a capacitor and a source inductance is achieved when
Xc1
Xcr = h; = Xsr = h.,,Xsl

that is, at a resonant frequency of

1
Wr = hrWo = JLslCl red/sec
or
1
fr = hrfo = 2 rr-7': Hz (5.6)
1TyL18 1v1

Equation 5.6 can be rewritten as

h _ fr _ 1 _ {X;; _
r - fo - Wo~ - Yx;; - (5.7)

where
Xcr is the capacitor's reactance at resonance
Xc1 is the capacitor's reactance at the fundamental frequency
hr is the harmonic order activating resonance
Xsr is the source inductive reactance at resonance
Xsl is the source inductive reactance at the fundamental frequency
fr is the resonant frequency, fr = hrfo
fo is the fundamental frequency, fo =50/60Hz
Qc,,u is the capacitor rating in pu MVA, Qc,,... = 1/Xclpu
SCCpu is the bus short-circuit capacity (SCC or SCMVA) in pu MVA,
SCCpu = 1/ Xslpu·
The above says that a capacitor with a reactance of Xc 1 = h~X81 excites
resonance at the h~h harmonic frequency.
Tuning the capacitor to a certain harmonic, alternatively, designing the
capacitor to trap (filter) a certain harmonic, requires the addition of a reactor.
At the tuned harmonic,
Xc1
XLn = hnXLl = Xcn = hn = Xn

which implies that

xn2 = XLl Xcl = cl

L1

from which one can find the characteristic reactance as

5.6 Capacitor Banks 113

The tuned frequency is then

1
Wn = hnWo = ..;r;;cfl red/sec
or
(5.8)

where
Xn is the characteristic reactance, Xn = XL .. = Xc ..
XLn is the reactor's inductive reactance at the tuned frequency, XLn =
..)Ll/C1
XL 1 is the reactor's inductive reactance at the fundamental frequency
Xcn is the capacitor's reactance at the tuned frequency, Xcn = ..)Ll/C1
hn is the tuning order, alternatively the harmonic order to which the ca--
pacitor is tuned or which is to be filtered
In is the tuned frequency, In = hnlo·
The reactor's inductive reactance can now be found as

Xc1 h~
XL1 = /;,2
n
= h2Xs1
n
(5.9)

Should the capacitor be tuned to the harmonic activating resonance, i.e.

hn = hr, Equation 5.9 reduces to XL1 = Xsl·
Expressed differently, Equation 5.8 becomes

(5.10)

which clarifies that a reactor with XL 1 = 0.04Xc 1 represents a fifth harmonic

filter (hn = ..)1/0.04 = 5).

Example 5.2. A 33 kV, 6.2 MVA capacitor bank is to be installed at a bus

where the short-circuit capacity is 750 MVA. Investigate resonance and avoid
the problem!

Solution Interaction between the capacitor bank and the system would
cause resonance at

hr = lr =
lo
!Xc =
YX:
rscc
YTc
= 11

kV2 33 2
Xc = - = - = 175.645 n
Qc 6.2
114 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Design the capacitor bank to trap the eleventh harmonic by adding a reactor
in series with
XL= Xc = 175.645 _ 1 452 [l
h2 112 - .
n

With Q = 60, the reactor would have a resistance R of

Xn = JxLXc = 15.968 fl

R = ~ = 0.266 fl

The filter's impedance, plotted in Fig. 5.3, is

Rated filter size is

kV 2 h2
QFilter = Xc _XL = h~ ~ 1 · Qc = 6.252 MVAr.

Sertes~Tuned Filter Series-Tuned Fitter

180
160 100 ~~~==========~
80 ~
140 60
Capacitive 40
t...
120
c: 100
I lnduc11\
\
20
0 . -·
.!t 80
..--- j
~
60 \ 11.
-20
-40

k--: ~
40 -60
20
."-. _....-; -80 f--- '---"'
0 ·100 '---'---'--'--L---'---'-'--.J....._..J.._...J
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 5 1
Harmonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5.3. Impedance of the 33 kV eleventh-tuned filter

5. 7 Harmonic Filter Design

Tuning a capacitor to a certain harmonic, alternatively, designing the capac-
itor to trap (filter) a certain harmonic, requires the addition of a reactor. At
the tuned harmonic
Xc1
XLn = hnXLl = Xcn = hn = Xn

so that
5. 7 Harmonic Filter Design 115

The tuned frequency is then

1
fn = hnfo = 2 7r..;r;;c;_ Hz

and the tuning order is

The reactor's inductive reactance can now be found as

Xc1
XL1=~ (5.11)
n
Being sensitive to peak voltages, the capacitor needs to be able to with-
stand the total peak voltage across it. That is, it needs to have a voltage
rating equal to the algebraic sum of the fundamental and tuned harmonic
voltages [3, 4].
(5.12)
However, since it is likely that a capacitor tuned to a certain harmonic will
absorb other harmonics, a safety measure would be to let the capacitor have
a voltage rating of

VaLL = L Vc,,LL = L v'3 Xc,, Ic,, = L v'3 ~c Ic,. (5.13)

h=l h=l h=l

while the rms voltage is

3 E ( -,;:Ic,.
h=l
Xc ) 2
(5.14)

The reactive power absorbed by the reactor is

v2
QL = L VL,,h,. = L hXL I'i,. = :E h~~ (5.15a)
h=l h=l h=l

~ = Lh (IL,.) 2
= L ~ (VL,.) 2 (5.15b)
Q£1 h=l hl h=l h VLl

The reactive power delivered by the capacitor bank is

(5.16a)

(5.16b)
116 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

5.7.1 Series-Tuned Filters

A series-tuned filter is a capacitor designed to trap a certain harmonic by

adding a reactor with XL = Xc at the tuned frequency fn·

Design steps: For a series-tuned filter tuned to the hn harmonic:

• Determine the capacitor size Qc in MVAr, say the reactive power require-
ment of the harmonic source.
• The capacitor's reactance is

kV2
Xc=-
Qc
• To trap the hn harmonic, the reactor should have a size of

• The reactor's resistance is found as

where Q is the filter's quality factor, 30 < Q < 100.

The characteristic reactance is given by

Filter size is then

kV2 kV2
QFilter = Xc _XL = Xc
Xc- -h-2
n
h2 kV2 h2
=--n-·-=--n-·Qc (5.17)
h~ -1 Xc h~ -1

For a series-tuned filter, the impedance at any harmonic h becomes

Z F( h) = R + J ( hXL - ~c) (5.18)

so that
5. 7 Harmonic Filter Design 117

The voltage appearing across the capacitor would be

(5.19)

and

(5.20)

where
Ve 1 is the fundamental component of the voltage across the capacitor
Vbusl is the fundamental component of the voltage at the bus
Ven is the capacitor voltage at the tuned frequency
Vbusn is the bus voltage at the tuned frequency
Xn is the filter's characteristic reactance, Xn = XLn = Xen = JL1/C1 =
JXL1Xe1
Q is the filter's quality factor defined as Q = Xn/ R.
The bus voltage is then

Vibus1 h~ - 1 v;
= ---,;:x-- ' e1 = v;e1 -
Vel
h2 = v;e1 - ,,v L1 (5.21)
n n

Example 5.3. A filter is tuned to the 13th harmonic. Given Xe = 507 n,

calculate the filter elements and plots its impedance.
Solution The reactor has a size of

The characteristic reactance is

For a quality factor of 100, the reactor would have a resistance of

Xn
R= Q =0.39(}

Filter impedance is plotted in Fig. 5.4.

Example 5.4. What is the tuning order and the quality factor for a 33 kV
series-tuned filter with Xe = 544.5 n, XL = 4.5 (} and R = 0.825 (}?
Solution The tuning order is
118 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Sertes-Tuned Filter Series-Tuned Fmer

~ r-------------+---+-;-~ 60
Capacitive 40
c:
400
t:i 20 r--- - 1- - f - - - - - + - - 1 ----1
~ 300
nductiv
.
:; ~2 0
-"'
~ ~o r---r-,r-r-------~r-~~
.oo r---·~~r-------~~~~
100

O L-L-~~L-~i-i-~~~~
-eo
-100L t:::i::±:~===l=!j
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 5 9 13 1721 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Harmonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5.4. Impedance of a series-tuned filter

The filter's quality factor is

Q = Xn = VXi}[C = 60
R R
The reactive power delivered by the capacitor bank is

332
Qc = - - =2MVAr
544.5
The filter's rated size is
kV2 h2
QFilter = Xc _XL = h; ~ 1 · Qc = 2.017 MVAr.

Assuming the filter were intended to tackle resonance at the eleventh har-
monic, the SCC (SCMVA) at the bus where the filter is installed would be

sec = h; .Qc = 242 MVA.

The filter's impedance, ZF(h) = R + J(hXL- Xc/h), is plotted in Fig. 5.5.

Series-Tuned Filter Series-Tuned Filter

600 100
80
~
60
40
400
.gc
...
c: 20
;t m

.\['.._--: ..-----------
:; -20
200 -"'
~ ~0

100 .00
-80 r-- 1---"
0 ·100
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51
Harmonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5.5. Eleventh-tuned 33 kV filter impedance

5.7 Harmonic Filter Design 119

Example 5. 5. Which harmonics are being trapped by a filter comprising four

series-tuned circuits with 3¢, 50 Hz, 400 V, Y -connected, lx30+3x20 kVAr
capacitor banks and 0.779, 0.583, 0.233 and 0.166 mH reactors?
Solution With Xc = kV 2 /Qc (Qc in MVAr) and hn = ...jXc/XL, one
finds that the filter is designed to trap the sth' 7th' 11th' and 13th harmonics.
The reactor's resistance (R = Xn/Q, where Xn = JXL Xc) is calculated
with a quality factor of 100.
Filters are tuned to 4.7, 6.6, 10.5 and 12.4 to compensate for the variation
of capacitance with time. As capacitor units age, their dielectric material
degrades resulting in a decrease of capacitance (increase of reactance), and
thus an increase of the filter's resonant frequency.

Table 5.2. Four-branch filter data- 400 V

Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3 Filter 4

Qc, kVAr 30 20 20 20
Xc, n 5.33 8 8 8
Ic, A 43.33 28.87 28.87 28.87
L,mH 0.779 0.583 0.233 0.166
xL, n 0.24473 0.18315 0.07320 0.05215
hn 4.67 6.61 10.45 12.39
Xn, [l 1.142 1.210 0.765 0.646

Q 100 100 100 100

R,mn 11.42 12.10 7.65 6.46

The filter's impedance, which is the parallel equivalent of four series-tuned

circuits with Zp(h) = R + J(hXL - Xc/h), is plotted in Figs. 5.6 and 5.7.

400 V 4-Brarn.:h Filter - Impedance Lcx.:u.'> 400 V 4-Branch Filter - Impedance locus

Resistance R, (l

Fig. 5.6. Four-branch 400 V filter impedance locus

120 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Branch I • Tuned 5 Branch 2 • Tuned 7

12
I /
' v
~/ -1- :;/ / _,
10 ' '
~-~ -.---- -1-

7
:

ss
• •· -v i
c _/.
' --
N N j 1-
'
v
I

\ /

1\> /
.,
\
/. ·- ·- 1-
I
••
()
l .l 17 21 l.l 29 _1:\ .11 4l I 9 I) 17 ll 25 l9 )) )7 41 4! 49
Hantllmicorder Harmonic order

Branch I ·Tuned 5 Br~meh 2 • Tuned 7

HIO
...
,..,
ton '-:::~::E::t:=E:=:=:::t::3f=fl3:::3
M<II--

0 ... NI~-1------~------~~+-~--~
~~-+---r-+---~+-4-~-+---1

"
~
2()

+ i 20
o ._ , • r , t -t--
·: -]--
Cl
~ __, --T- -,...--f--t-- li----1--
f
...._..,
-20
,---
-· ~ -20
_.., _ ,_ -: - · - - - - 1--f---,---.
-~

.., ~;~i . ---L-...o..- f--1-----t--L--,

- 110 ~
-110 I
1----r
-100
I s • IJ 17 21 25 29 11 17 41 ._, •• .1(1()
I S 9 1l 17 21 ll l9 .\3 .l7 41 4!§ 49
Hanoonic onkr HarmJDic order
Branch 3 • Tuned II Braoch 4 • Tuned lJ

c c
+-
N i::i

._,
• 11 11 21
Hanoonicorder
25 l9 )J J1 41
•• 9 11 17 21 l5
Hanoonicordcr
29 JJ 37 41 4S 49

Bnmch 3 • Tuned II Branch 4 -Tuned I:\

100
8(1 ""I=~'=:=J::J=::::::;:::::=r:~=l=:;:~
Nl : L I -~

~ ~ f---1..
I
-L--•-· I··
~
211 20
t---- . ~-

~ -20
_..,
t ...... t---- -r---

..., l - -.-. - - f--

+--r--
.... I=== ..f(l

_;: lh--+--
,---

l
. 1{0
I
·' • IJ 11 21 tl ,. :u )7 41 ._, •• S 9 I~ 17 21 ~ ~ D n 41 4S ~

Harmonic order Harroonic order

4fKI V 4-Branch Alta 400 V 4-Branch Filter

... IIX>

L
..."" - i I ~~--l

--
c 2..1
f '"" ~ t:- T . :
N

I.S ~ -20
_..,
I.. -1----- _L___W.....--
-

. ---
--+-!--+-
- - ,.
..

..... \'\ I
..., 1 --,-

I
T -:::::::= -110 -
· 100
Y ll 17 21 2..\ 29 33 37 •1 4..~ .f~
I s IJl 1.1 11 21 2.~ 29 11 Jl •• cs 4Y
Harmonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5 . 7. Four-branch 400 V filter impedance as a function of frequency

5.7 Harmonic Filter Design 121

5. 7.2 Second-Order Damped Filters

Design steps: For a second-order damped filter tuned to the hn harmonic:

• Determine the capacitor size Qc in MVAr, say the reactive power require-
ment of the harmonic source.
• The capacitor's reactance is
kV 2
Xc=-
Qc
• To trap the hn harmonic, the reactor should have a size of

• The resistor bank has a size of

R=Xn·Q
where Q is the filter's quality factor, 0.5 < Q < 5.
The characteristic reactance is given by

Filter size is then

kV2 h2
(5.22)
QFilter = Xc- XL = h;, ~ 1 . Qc

For a second-order damped filter, the impedance at any harmonic h becomes

(5.23a)

(5.23b)

The current in the reactor is

(5.24)

The current in the resistor is

(5.25a)

(5.25b)
122 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Power loss in the resistor is

PR = "
~RIR,.
" 2 = Xt ""
R ~(hh,J 2 (5.26)
h=l h=l

Example 5. 6. A second-order damped filter is tuned to hn > 17. Knowing

Xc = 1.734 D, calculate the filter elements and plot its impedance.
Solution The reactor size is
Xc
xL = h2 = o.oo6 n
n
The characteristic reactance is
Xn = VXL Xc = 0.102D
For a quality factor of 0.5 and 5, the resistor bank size is
R= X . Q = { 0.051 D for Q = 0.5
n 0.51 n for Q = 5
The filter impedance is plotted in Fig. 5.8.

Second-Order Damped Fitter Second-Order Damped Fiher

1.8 .--.-,.--,.--,,---,,---,--,--,-..,.-..,.--"T--,
oIr51·····-
80,---,~~-r-.~,-~~~,---,
0:0.5 - ' 0=0.5 -
1.6 f--- - - - - - 1 - 60 ~-+--t--~----o-..-s--.
1.4 40 1
1.2 ~------'--t~--l 20~-+--H~------+---~
fj ·20
0

c: 1

~ ~:: -\
:~
0. : - _ -1-
~-+--,f--------t-1--
)~r-
._-1

...........-
0.4
.0
02t~~~~~;;~~~--~~~-
...
·-••
-80 ~--·.
·100 L....ll_.._.I.------L--L.-'-....1....-'-_.__..L.,_..___L......J
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Harmontc order Harmonic order

Fig. 5 .8. Impedance of a second-order damped filter

Example 5. 7. A 33 kV, 6.8 MVAr capacitor bank is to be used as a second-

order damped filter tuned to hn :2:: 4. Find the elements of the filter.
Solution Filter elements are calculated as follows and the impedance is
plotted in Fig. 5.9.
33 2
Xc = - = 160
6.8
n
Xc
xL = h2 = 10 n
n
Xc ~
Xn = - = hnXL = y XLXc = 40 {l
hn
R = Xn · Q = 20 n, 80 n, 120 n, 200 n for Q=0.5, 2, 3, 5
5. 7 Harmonic Filter Design 123

Rated filter size is

kV 2 h2
QFilter = Xc _XL = h~: 1 · Qc = 7.25 MVAr

Second-Order Damped Finer Second-Order Damped Filler

200 .-.--.--,---,,---,,-,--,---,---,---,---,---, ao~ro~-o-r-r,-~a~.'o~. s ~--"
180
160 ~---/
---:;;;-1=
~
g : ~ --
60 ,___
40 -!7= .... ~
0=2·····--
0 : 3 .. ... ...
140
20 (" ••••: : :::.~:::·:===~· ~:::~-::
a 120 ~---.;<'-----+-
__,.,......... ..
...-... -..+. .-:...-:-:±.'"'···""
....,..-:~
... 0
- - -//
.:1' 100 r- / ..... ·· · 20 ' _...,.;-- - .
- 80
60
/../
1\ /;;. .•
................ •• ••••• • ...
-40 IL:
~~v_,---+------+---~
: -~r--------_,___,_,__~ -80
•100
~
L...J_J--L.---1...__.__._......__......__......_......_.__,
o ~~~~~~~_J_J_J~_j

I 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 s 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Hannonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5.9. Second-order damped filter impedance

5. 7.3 Impedance Plots for Filter Banks

In the following, we present plots for the impedance of three different filter
banks, namely:
• a three-branch 33 kV filter ; 7th and 11th tuned plus a highpass (second-
order damped) branch for all harmonics from the 17th and above.
• a four-branch 20 kV filter; 5th, 7th, nth and 13th tuned .
• a five-branch 690 v filter; sth' 7th, 11th and 13th tuned plus a high pass
(second-order damped) branch for all harmonics from the 17th and above.

5. 7.3.1 Impedance Plots for a Three-Branch 33 kV Filter

Consider the 33 kV filter of Table 5.3. Requested is to provide plots for the
filter impedance and calculate the filter rating.
Recalling that
kV 2
Xc=-
Qc
Xc
XL = ""h2
n

Xn = Xc = hn XL= VXL Xc
hn
Xn
for a series-tuned filter
R= { Q
Xn · Q for a damped filter,
124 5. Mitigation of Power S ystem Harmonics

filter elements are readily calculated and provided in Table 5.3. The filter
rated size is calculated as

L kV2
L h;h~ 1 · Qc = 9.076 MVAr
2
QFilter = X c _XL =

Ten plots for the filter impedance (magnitude and angle) are presented in
Figs. 5.10 and 5.11.

Table 5.3. Filter data- 33 kV

Qc R XL Xc Xn
# Type hn Q
(MVAr) (n) (n) (n) (n)

1 Tuned 7 100 2 0.77786 11.1122 544.5 77.7857

2 Tuned 11 100 2 0.495 4.5 544.5 49.5
3 Damped 17 5 5 64.0588 0.7536 217.8 12.8118

33 kV 3-Branch Finer 33 kV 3-Branch FiHO<

r-
140 80
60
I'"
120
. -
40 - +
. i/ 1
't=f
100 0
.; 20 I ~

Cl 80
'":a 0 . I ~~ . t 1

\
!
u .
·20

-
-<
"' 60
if -40
I .
.
40
.6Q 1 + --;
A .......
20
0
1
\
5
':J ~ __,.....-;--
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
-80
· 100 -
1 5 9 13
'
17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Harmonic order Harmonic order

33 kV 3-Branch Fitter ·Impedance Locus 33 kV 3-Branch FiltO< • Impedance Locus

90
60

Cl 30
xQl
u
sc
a!Ql
a:

·90
· 120 _...__,___.___.____.___,'--..__....____,___,
o 20 ~ 60 80 m rn 1W~ 1 80-
Resistance A, 0

Fig. 5.10. T hree-branch filter impedance and impedance locus

5.7 Harmonic Filter Design 125

Branch 1 · Tuned 7 Branch 1 ·Tuned 7

600 100
;....
~t
80
500
60 - -
40
400
a .i 20
;:; 300 li"' 0 • .
200
..,i
Q.
·20 · ·r T
-4 0
~
100
..eo r-----:-'
·100
5 9 13 17 21 252933 37 41 45 49 1 5 g 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Hannonic order Harmonic order

Branch 2 • Tuned t t Branch 2 • Tuned 11

600 100

. . - -
80
'
.
500 60
400 40
a
f. 20 ~ -

r\
..: 300 0
N

---
&.=
·20
f.- I-'-
200
-40

too ~

~~ -80 .
0 ·100 f--:--
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Harmonic order Harmonic order

Branch 3 • 0~ 17 Branch 3 • Damped 17

80
I r I I
.
60
200 40 I--+ ~
r~
...
20
- -+_....._ . _
.;
a tso "5o
c 0 -·
N -20
100
1 -40

)- -
Q.
~ ;
50
-80
f--:-f-"'
·100
5 9 13 17 21 2S 29 33 37 41 45 49 t 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Hannonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5.11. Impedance plots for the three-branch filter

5.7.3.2 Impedance Plots for a Four-Branch 20 kV Filter

The 20 kV filter of Fig. 5.12 has four series-tuned branches; 5th-tuned with
Qc = 2.4 MVAr, 7th-tuned with Qc = 1.2 MVAr, nth-tuned with Qc =
620 kVAr, and 13th-tuned with Qc = 620 kVAr. All filters have a quality
factor Q of 30. Requested is to plot the impedance for the different branches
and the filter as a whole.
The filter rating is calculated as
126 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

With
kV 2 X_ Xc R= Xn
Xc=- n- hn
Qc Q'
filter elements are calculated and provided in Table 5.4. Twelve plots for the
filter impedance (magnitude and angle) are presented in Figs. 5.13 and 5.14.

5 7 II 13 20 kV

I I I I

Fig. 5.12. A 20 kV filter

---
Table 5.4. Four-branch filter data- 20 kV

Branch Type Q Qc R XL Xc
hn
(MVAr) (il) (n) (il)

1 Tuned 5 30 2.4 1.1111 6.6667 166.6667

2 Tuned 7 30 1.2 1.5873 6.8027 333.3333
3 Tuned 11 30 0.62 1.9550 5.3319 645 .1613
4 Tuned 13 30 0.62 1.6543 3.8175 645.1613

20 kV 4·Branch Filter ·Impedance Locus 20 kV 4-Branch Filter • Impedance Locus

50

a 25
xm
u
"
.
~
a:
·25
·50
·75

~ ~ ro ro ~ 1~ 1~

Resistance A, a

Fig. 5.13. Four-branch filter impedance locus

5.7 Harmonic Fil ter Design 127

Branch 1 · Tuned 5 Branch 2 • Tuned 7

350 350

v-:
/
300 300

250 250
c: 200 c: 200

.,./ /
~ 150 ~ 150

100 100

50 50

0
1 5 g 13 11 2 1 25 29 33 37 41 •s •9 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 •9
Hannonic: ordef' Harmonic Ofder
Branch 1 · Tuned 5 Branch 2 • Tuned 7
100 700

-
80
600
60

•
40 500

f
20
0 f
l ·20
.4()
-- l 300

200

..., p
.(;0
100
·1 00 0
1 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 ., 4.S 49 1 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 411
Harmonic order Harmonic order
Branch 3 ·Tuned 11 Branch 4 · Tuned 13
700 700

-
600 600

500 500
c: .oo c:
~ 300

5 II 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 4V II 13 17 2 1
Harmonic order Hannonic order
Branch 3 ·Tuned 11 Branch 4 · Tuned 13
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40

f 20
0 f 20

l ·20
.4() l ·20
.4()

...,
.(;0 .(;0
...,~
·100 ~
· 100
1 5 9 13 17 21 252933 37 41 4S •9 1 5 II 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 ., 45 4i
Harmonic order Harmonic order
20 kV <!-Branch Finer 20 kV <!-Branch Fil1e<
140 100
120 80
60
100
40
c: 80
f 20
0

l
~ 60
.l.

-·
·20 ~

!
...,
40 .4()

20
..., __.
21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 ·100
5 9 13 17 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 211 33 37 41 45 49
Hannonic order Harmonic order

Fig. 5 .14. Fou r-br anch filter impedance as a function of frequency

128 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

5.7.3.3 Impedance Plots for a Five-Branch 690 V Filter

Consider the five-branch 690 V filter of Fig.5.15. Filter data is provided in

Table 5.5. Requested is to calculate its rated size and plot its impedance.
Filter elements in Table 5.5 can be readily calculated knowing

kV 2
Xc=-
Qc
Xc
XL= h2
n

Xn = Xc = hn XL= JxL Xc
hn
Xn
for a series-tuned filter
R= { Q
Xn · Q for a damped filter.

Filter rating is calculated as

kV 2
QFilter = L Xc _XL = L h2
h~ ~ 1 · Qc = 2.032 MVAr.

Impedance plots are provided in Figs. 5.16 and 5.17.

5"' 7"' II"' 13"' > 17

I I I I I

II II0
Fig. 5.15. Five-branch filter configuration

Table 5.5. Five-branch filter data - 690 V

Qc R XL Xc Xn
# Type hn Q
(MVAr) (il) (il) (il) (.a)

1 Tuned 5 100 0.4 0.00238 0.04761 1.19025 0.23805

2 'I\med 7 100 0.4 0.00170 0.02429 1.19025 0.17004
3 Tuned 11 100 0.4 0.00108 0.00984 1.19025 0.10820
4 Tuned 13 100 0.4 0.00092 0.00704 1.19025 0.09156
5 Damped 17 5 0.4 0.35007 0.00412 1.19025 0.07001
507 Harmonic Filter Design 129

Branch 1 ° Tuned 5 Branch 1 oTuned 5

2o5 100
80 ,_ -+- 4 -+
+ 1-
60 -+ ~

~
40 ----,- -r -
c; 1.5 20
"'fi 0 L 1-
!
N
o20
"'
Q, -40
0.5 ~
-30
· 100 r---
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Harmonic order Harmonic «der

Branch 2 · Tuned 7 Branch 2 oTuned 7

1.2 100
80
60 L
0.8
0
.. 40
a
0.6
15>
." 20

:i"
N
·20
0.4
"'
Q,
-40
0.2 ~

-30 ~------'-'
-100
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 5 13 17 21 25 2933 37 41 45 49
Harmonic order Harmonic order

Branch 3 ·Tuned 11 Branch 3 ·Tuned 11

1.2 100
80 - ~ ~

-·
60
40 i
0.8 I

.g>
~ 20
c;
Oo6 0
I I
!
N
o20
0.4 I I
&.

.
-40
~
0.2
-80
---;- ; --
-100
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 g 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Harmonic order Harmonic «der

Branch 4 · Tuned 13 Branch 4 ·Tuned 13

1o2 100
80
60

O.B .. 40
-· --
c;
0.6
Q
." 20
0
:i"
N
-20 1-
Oo4 "'
Q, -40
~
0.2
-80
· 100
1 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Hannontc order Harmonic order

Fig. 5.16. Impedance plots for the series-tuned branches

130 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Branch 5 • Damped 17 Branch 5 • Damped 17

1.2 80

-
(
60

c:
0.8 !i0>
40
20 .
0.6 . . .
ii 0

\
N
·20
0.4 =
.c
a. -40
I
0.2

0
1
-~
5 9 13 17 21
~

25 29 33 37 41 45 49
-60
~0

-100
f.---
1 5
v
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Hannonic order Harmonic order

690 V 5-Branch Fiher 690 V 5-Branch Fiher

I
0.6 100

., :
r
80

~
0.5
60
0.4
,______ 40
,;
c:
N
0.3 . .:3
ii
20
0 . -
·20
0.2 .c
a. -40 -
~ \.. L,__,---;--1-
0.1 -1;0
--' -80
0
f.-
·100
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49
Hannonic order Harmonic order

690 V 5·Branch Fiher • Impedance Locus 690 V 5-Branch Fiher • Impedance Locus

0.2 Harmonic order, h

~
. 0.1 49
37
25
s:.. -0.1
13
1
a:

~1 M 0~ ~ M o•
Resistance R, 0

Fig. 5.17. Five-branch filter impedance and impedance locus

5.8 Active Filters

An active filter generates a harmonic current spectrum that is opposite in

phase to the distorted harmonic current it measures. Harmonics are thus
cancelled and the result is a non-distorted sinusoidal current.
In the following are five different examples to illustrate the principle of
active filtering. Each example presents a sample distorted current waveform
and the corresponding current generated by the active filter to cancel har-
monics. The plots show the distorted current and the active filter current
compensation. The resultant is a sinusoidal waveform.
5.8 Active Filters 131

• Single-phase rectifier with a smoothing capacitor (6-pulse switched-mode

power supply)

i (t) = sin(wt - 12°) + 0.8 sin(3wt + 135°) + 0.6 sin(5wt- 70°)

+ 0.4 sin(7wt + 80°) + 0.16 sin(9wt - 115°)
+ 0.03 sin(11wt + 170°) + 0.06 sin(13wt- 50°)
+ 0.08 sin(15wt + 110°)
iAF(t) = -[0.8 sin(3wt + 135°) + 0.6 sin(5wt- 70°)
+ 0.4 sin(7wt + 80°) + 0.16 sin(9wt- 115°)
+ 0.03 sin(llwt + 170°) + 0.06 sin(13wt- 50°)
+ 0.08 sin(15wt + 110°)]
i(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt- 12°)

6-pulse 3,. diode rectifier

de power supply
2.4

1.6

0.8
:::>
a.
--
...: 0

-0.8

-1.6

-2.4
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
rot, 0

Fig. 5.18. Distorted current and active filter current

• Six-pulse three-phase diode rectifier

i(t) = sin(wt- 12°) + 0.72 sin(5wt- 240°) + 0.52 sin(7wt- 88°)

+ 0.16 sin(llwt + 16°) + 0.09 sin(13wt- 235°)
+ 0.08 sin(17wt - 172°) + 0.05 sin(19wt - 42°)
iAF(t) = -[0.72 sin(5wt- 240°) + 0.52 sin(7wt- 88°)
+ 0.16 sin(llwt + 16°) + 0.09 sin(13wt- 235°)
+ 0.08 sin(17wt- 172°) + 0.05 sin(19wt- 42°)]
i(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt- 12°)
132 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

6-pulse 39 diode rectifier

switched-mode power supply
3.2
ibrm - ·- ·
2.4 IAF - ,-

1.6

0.8
"'c. 0

-o.8 . . ·---- ... j"''''"'''''l''''''''''1''''''''''1'''''''''' ~ . . .

······ · --·~---·······~·-····· ··-~ ...... -~·-········-~ -- - · ·····--!·········- ~ ---······-~---······ - ~- -····· ·· ·- ··········-~---· · ···-

-1 .6 _:::::::::; ··::::::::~·········· L ... ...!... ........ !..... ::·:::::: .. ·::::f .. :::::::::::::...... .......... ...........!........

-2.4 -·····---~ .......... .;. .......... i---··· ..... j ••••••••••• j .••••...••.j. •••••••••• .; •••••••••• (. •••••••••• j ••.. . ..j ........... ; ....... .

·········-~---··· ···-~---······-~---·······-! ...........!...........~---·······t··········f·-········l-- . ···-~---·······-~---······

-3.2
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
ro I, o

Fig. 5.19. Distorted current and active filter current

• Six-pulse converter

ip(t) = sin(wt) + 0.18 sin(5wt) + 0.11 sin(7wt)

+ 0.05 sin(11wt) + 0.03 sin(13wt)
iAF(t) = -[0.18 sin(5wt) + 0.11 sin(7wt)
+ 0.05 sin(11wt) + 0.03 sin(13wt)]
ip(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt)

Six-pulse converter - Primary current

1.2 .-----.--""T"'"-r----r--...-----.--""T"'"-----,.----.--...-----.-----,
i~rm - ·-
1Af - _- ·
·······t··········t ·········i···········!·········

-0.4

-0.8 .....,
..........~ .. ···· · ·~······ ··•····
-1.2 L----i..-...l..----i-....I....--'----L--'-----1- _.__ L-.__._---..J
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
rot, 0

Fig. 5.20. Distorted current and active filter current

5.8 Active Filters 133

is(t) = sin(wt)- 0.18 sin(5wt)- 0.11 sin(7wt)

+ 0.05 sin(11wt) + 0.03 sin(13wt)
iAF(t) = 0.18 sin(5wt) + 0.11 sin(7wt)
- 0.05 sin(11wt) - 0.03 sin(13wt)
is(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt)

Six-pulse converter • Secondary current

1.2
,...,-,-.
ibm!-
.
0.8 !

0.4

a.
..: 0
--
-o.4

·0.8

·1.2
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
rot, 0

Fig. 5.21. Distorted current and active filter current

• Six-pulse VSD- Diode rectifier + PWM inverter with GTO thyristors

iv(t) = sin(wt) + 0.27 sin(5wt) + 0.08 sin(7wt)
+ 0.05 sin(11wt) + 0.03 sin(13wt)
iAF(t) = -[0.27 sin(5wt) + 0.08 sin(7wt)
+ 0.05 sin(11wt) + 0.03 sin(13wt)]
ip(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt)

Six-pulse VSD • Primary current

1.2
lb . . . ·, -

0.8 ········!·········-~··········l ..........f··n~~--r·······~+--·~uu·f~·-····

: • ••••••··~-···•··•l·••••••+••••·•~·~~••Hou
0.4 . !
::>
Q.
0
--..:
·0.4

·0.8

·1.2
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

rot, 0

Fig. 5.22. Distorted current and active filter current

134 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

i 8 (t)sin(wt) - 0.27 sin(5wt) - 0.08 sin(7wt)

=
+ 0.05 sin(llwt) + 0.03 sin(13wt)
iAF(t) = 0.27 sin(5wt) + 0.08 sin(7wt)
- 0.05 sin(llwt) - 0.03 sin(13wt)
is(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt)
Six-pulse VSD • Secondary current

1.2
ibfm - ·
1AF -
0.8

0.4

"
Q.
...:
--
0

·0.4

.0.8

·1 .2
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
rot, 0

Fig. 5.23. Distorted current and active filter current

• Twelve-pulse converter

i(t) = sin(wt) + 0.07 sin(llwt) + 0.05 sin(13wt)

iAF(t) = -[0.07 sin(llwt) + 0.05 sin(13wt)]
i(t) + iAF(t) = sin(wt)

12·pulse converter

' \ rm - ·
0.8 '-'f - .
0.6
0.4
0.2
"
Q.

--
...:

.0.2
0

·0.4
.0.6
.0.8
·1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
(I) t, 0

Fig. 5.24. Distorted current and active filter current

Problems 135

5.9 Summary

Techniques aimed at reducing or eliminating harmonics include:

• Phase cancellation in power converters, which entails the use of larger pulse
number converters.
• Relocation or varying the reactive power output of capacitor banks. Ca-
pacitors can further be designed to filter a certain harmonic through the
addition of a series reactor and resistor. At the tuned harmonic, the ca-
pacitor and reactor have equal reactances. However, care should then be
taken to ensure that the capacitor can withstand the total voltage across
it.
• Delta connections are used to prevent the flow of generator and transformer-
produced harmonics into power systems. K-rated transformers accommo-
date design features that enable them to operate in a harmonic environ-
ment. In the meanwhile, a temporary solution could be reached through
derating the transformer and oversizing the neutral conductor.
• Chorded coils and distributed windings have the advantage of reducing
harmonics in synchronous machines. A coil span chosen to give a pitch
factor of zero at a certain harmonic results in the complete suppression
of that harmonic. Moreover, damper windings introduced into the pole
shoes of synchronous machines have the effect of reducing the severeness
of pulsating fields.
• The use of filters, which basically consist of a capacitor and a reactor tuned
to a certain harmonic.
Standards are further developed setting limits on individual harmonics
and/or distortion factors in an attempt to keep harmonics at a low "damage-
free" level.

Problems
5.1 A transformer feeds a VSD-driven machine. The neutral current was mea-
sured to be 14 A at the time that the phase current was 18 A. Comment
on the incident and propose a solution!
5.2 The current through a 2.2 MVA, 11/3.6 kV, 115/353 A, ..1-Y9 , Z =
1 +J6.2 % transformer is given in the following table. Can the transformer
operate in this harmonic environment? Provide a plot for the transformer
current waveform.
5.3 Rework Problem 4.6 with full-pitched coils. What effect does this have
on the voltage magnitude and waveform?
5.4 Rework Problem 4.6 with concentrated windings and 110 conductors/slot.
What effect does this have on the voltage magnitude and waveform?
136 5. Mitigation of Power System Harmonics

Table 5.6. 11/3.6 kV transformer current

h 1 5 7 11 13

h, % (Primary) 100 25 10 9 5
h,% (Secondary) 100 -25 -10 9 5

5.5 Rework Problem 4.6 with concentrated and full-pitched windings and 110
conductors/slot. What effect does this have on the voltage magnitude and
waveform?
5.6 What is the tuning order and the quality factor for a 6.6 kV series-tuned
filter with Xc = 18 a, XL= 0.72 a and R = 0.045 a?
5. 7 A second-order damped filter bank is tuned to hn ~ 17 utilising a 6.8 kV,
3.2 MVAr capacitor bank. Calculate the elements of the filter and inves-
tigate the effect of the quality factor.
5.8 Calculate the elements and plot the impedance for the 11 kV filter of
Fig. 5.25. Also, calculate the rated filter size. Filter data is provided in
Table 5.7.

23n1 11 kV
I I I

Fig. 5.25. 11 kV five-branch filter configuration

Table 5. 7. Five-branch filter data- 11 kV

Qc
Branch Type hn Q
(MVAr)

1 Damped 3 1 0.5
2 Damped 5 2 0.5
3 Tuned 11 2 30
4 Tuned 13 7 30
5 Tuned 23 4 30