FRONTAL LOBE

AREA NUMBER LOCATION DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION LESION

A. Primary Area
Area 4 Precentral Gyrus, 1. Most excitable are to motor Destructive lesion of this area initially results
Primary Motor including an anterior stimulation. in paralysis of the flaccid type with hypotonia
Area Primary wall of the central (somatomotor area) of the muscle groups on the contralateral
Motor sulcus, rostral. 2. End point of motor tracts side. This hypotonia is more obvious in the
Recognition (superomedial) part 3. Give rise to some of the muscles of the distal part of the extremities.
Cortez of the paracentral corticobulbar/corticonuclear
lobule tracts which transmit impulses After a few weeks or months, the initial
that increase muscle tone hypotonicity reverses and becomes
4. Has a somatic localization in spasticity. There is (+) Babinski's Reflex
the form of a motor decreased ability to perform skilled
homunculus representing movements, hypertonia, and increased
different body parts in an muscle stretch reflexes.
upside-down position Function:
- Concerned with initiating the Jacsonian Fit- seizure that starts at the
execution of voluntary primary motor cortex because of the irritative
movement not the planning lesion.
of the movement.
- Controls voluntary movement Lesions affecting both areas 4 and 6 are
of skeletal muscles on the more common. It results in increased muscle
contralateral side especially spasticity since the inhibitory influence of
requiring skills, speed, and extrapyramidal tracts (area 6) has been cut
strength of movement. off.
B. Association Area
Areas 6 and 8 Superior frontal stores motor activity and Area 6
Premotor Area gyrus; anterior to movements A destructive lesion causes difficulty in
the primary motor performing skilled movement, and minimal
area loss of strength. Main example is the athetoid
spasm of a child with cerebral palsy.

Supplemental Removal Produces no permanent loss of

Motor Medial frontal gyrus Part of the premotor area. movement.
Area (6) Movement appears on the
contralateral side, complex
stereotype movement, postural
changes, vocalization rapid
purposeful movement, and
pupillary dilatation. May be
involved in advance planning of the
movement.
especially if bilaterally is done
involved in advanced planning of
movement on the contralateral
side.

Area 8 middle frontal gyrus Control voluntary and scanning Area 8- difficulty of voluntary movement of the
Frontal Field (8) anterior to motor slip movement of the eye- like those eyes on the opposite side. The eyes deviate
you just used in reading this to the side of the lesion. Involuntary eye-
sentence. tracking of moving objects is unaffected since
the visual cortex is not involved. If the visual
cortex is also involved, both involuntary eye
tracking and voluntary eye movement will be
hard for the patients to perform.
Areas 8, 9, 10, 11 extensive area in the The highest constellation of Syndrome of disinhibition – patient appears
anterior portion of memories that forms the basis of labile and irritable. Inattentive and distractive
the frontal lobe; abstract thinking creative activities w/c impaired judgment and loss of usual
anterior to precentral and psychic abilities. inhibition and social graces.
area
Area 11 lateral part of the It allows you to identify odors and
Orbitofrontal frontal lobe discriminate between different. R>L
Cortex
Area 9. 10, 11, extensive area in the - Regulate the depth of feeling - Bilateral lesion of the orbital will cause
12, and 32 anterior portion of of the individual. It is not incontinence sexual or aggressive
Prefrontal area/ the frontal lobe; involved in the perception of impulses in response to environmental
cortex anterior to precentral sensation but in the effect of stimuli.
Orbitofrontal area associated with the sensation. - Become rude, inconsiderate, incapable
Area - Center for cognitive function of accepting advice, moody, inattentive,
Frontal - Concerned with the individual less creative, unable to plan for the
Association personality as well as future, and incapable of anticipating the
Area regulating a person’s depth of consequences of rash or reckless words
feeling. It influences a or behavior.
person’s initiative and - Lessened initiative, lacks judgment
judgment. foresight, and has defective abstract
- Concerned with higher thinking.
ipsilateral and psychic - Lacks a sense of responsibility,
function. hyperactive and perseverate.
- For sexual behavior, social - Tackles, distractible, sloppy, uses vulgar
behavior personality speech, lacks insight, clownish in
behavioral spontaneity behavior and euphoric
- Less creative and has lowered drive to
sustain goal-directed behavior
Area 44 and 45 inferior frontal gyrus Coordination of movement of - If the lesion in the non-dominant
of dominant tongue lips, muscle of the larynx, hemisphere, there is no effect on
hemisphere; 3rd and respiration muscle in order to speech.
frontal convolution; produce fluent speech - If the lesion is dominant it results
inferior to BA4 in nonfluent/executive/expressive/motor
aphasia. This is an inability or difficulty
in producing speech, but there is
nothing wrong with comprehension.
Speech may be telegraphic or gestural.
There is no paralysis of the lips tongue
or vocal cords, but the patient is unable
to speak clearly because he is unable to
control the muscle that produces the
speck
- Agraphia or inability to write words
is often associated with motor aphasia
- Effortful <50 words/mins, poor
articulation, degradation of infection,
melodic aspect of speech
- Agrammatism- the tendency to
omit small grammatical words, verb
tenses, and phrases use only noun or
verb
- Complete motor aphasia- may be mute
but able to swear (automatic speech)
PARIETAL LOBE
AREA NUMBER LOCATION DESCRIPTION AND LESION
FUNCTION
A. Primary Area
Area 3, 1, 2 post-central Convey touch and Irritation will cause an effect on the contralateral
Primary gyrus; posterior proprioceptive sensation from side more on the distal parts of the extremities.
Somesthetic to the central the opposite side of the body.
Area sulcus A unilateral lesion produces impairment of the
P. Receive sensation from the sensation of touch pressure and position.
Somatosensory same side of the body.
Cortex The pt. lost his appreciation of objects, texture,
P. Receptive Area 2 received proprioception weight, temperature, and loss of proprioception
Somesthetic information from the deep tissue and kinesthetic sense.
Cortex of the body.
Primary Sensory Irritative lesions result in a tingling sensation
Cortex Area 3 received cutaneous called Paresthesia/Hemianesthesia- pins and
stimuli. needles sensations electric-shock like or
sensation of ants crawling on the skin
Receive tactile sensation.
Pain and temp are not abolished since these are
perceived in the spinothalamic tract
Area 43 the base of the Perception of taste sensation
Primary post-central
Gustatory Area gyrus above a
lateral cerebral
sulcus
B. Association Area
Areas 5 and 7 superior Stereognosis- Recognize Astereognosis- inability to identify objects with
Somesthetic parietal lobe objects occluded. Ability to vision occluded.
Association Area discriminate certain qualities like Amorphosynthesis- seen in extensive parietal
Somatosensory temp, weight, degree of lobe damage. Pt exhibits denial and neglect
Association Area pressure, awareness of one’s syndrome, completely ignoring the opposite side
body (body image), location of the body.
(body scheme) postural relation Statognosis- joint position sense or sense of
of the body parts, and oneself posture refers to the awareness of the position of
the body or its parts in space.
Area 5, 7, 39, 40 bordered by Integrate sensory interpretation Agnosia- lack of awareness of disease or denial
Common somatosensory, from the association area and of illness as part of unilateral neglect
Integrative visual, and impulses from other areas
Area auditory allowing the formation of
association thoughts based on a variety of
areas sensory inputs
Area 39 The superior Aka. as Distal Association Area Gerstman Syndrome
Angular Gyrus edge of the Alexia- inability to read.
temporal lobe, Agraphia- inability to write.
inferior parietal Acalculia- inability to count and calculate
lobe, and
immediately
posterior to the
supramarginal
gyrus
Word Blindness- inability to understand written
words with vision intact.
Alexia's Agraphia- capable of writing a paragraph
but when asked to read, cannot do so.
Visual Agnosia- inability to recognize in sight
Area 40 Portion of the language perception and Tactile and proprioceptive agnosia on the
Supramarginal Parietal lobe; processing contralateral side. Pt is unable to identify objects
Gyrus anterior to the by touch with intact tactile and proprioceptive
angular gyrus facilities.

Pt is unable to recognize body parts and is

confused.
R and L side of the body, ignore body part
extremities

Apraxia- loss of ability to carry out purposive

skilled activities w/ sensory or motor system
intact.
- Ideational: inability to carry out the correct
sequence of the act but individual acts are
correct
- Ideomotor: Pt knows what to do but is
unable to do it. Can do activities
automatically but not on command.
- Kinetic or Motor: Pt is unable to perform fine
movement
OCCIPITAL LOBE
AREA LOCATION DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION LESION
NUMBER
A. Primary Area
Area 17 walls of the posterior Receive visual impression: color, Unilateral lesion results in blindness in the
Primary part of the calcarine perception, size, shape, CONTRALATERAL visual field, causing
Visual sulcus; located in the movement, amount of illumination, the hemianopsia
Cortex posterior pole of the and degree of transparency are
Striate occipital lobe appreciated and identified Irritative lesions may cause visual
Cortex hallucinations
Orientation
Bilateral lesions will cause cortical
blindness
B. Association Area
Area 18, 19 BA 18- Located in parts Area 18 receives solely from Area Visual Agnosia- Px is not blind, and objects
Visual AA of the cuneus, lingual 17. will be seen clearly in the opposite field but
Peristriate gyrus, and the lateral Area 19 receives inputs from all the Pt will have difficulty recognizing and
Cortex occipital gyrus of the cerebral cortex and thalamus. identifying the object.
occipital lobe.
Recognition and interpretation of Visual disorganization w/defective spatial
BA 19-Located in parts visual stimuli (objects, written orientation in the homonymous halves of
of the lingual gyrus, words) based on past visual the visual field
cuneus, lateral occipital experienced
gyrus, and Dyslexia- difficulty in reading the Px
superior occipital lobe perceives “p” into “d” and “b” into “q”
was bounded
approximately by the Alexia s agraphia
parietooccipital sulcus.
TEMPORAL LOBE
AREA NUMBER LOCATION DESCRIPTION AND LESION
FUNCTION
A. Primary Area
Area 28 ventral entorhinal Appreciation of smell Anosmia: inability to smell
Olfactory cortex Olfactory hallucination or “uncinate fits”-
Receptive characterized by peculiar odor and state
Area associated with a dreamy state
Primary superior temporal Sub-serve conscious phase of
Vestibular Area gyrus vestibular activity When
stimulated Px will feel dizzy
and rotating
Area 41, 42 Herschel gyrus; Sound lateralization and Unilateral lesions will cause mild deafness in
Primary Auditory superior temporal auditory perception both areas, but the loss is more evident on the
Receptive Area gyrus contralateral side due to the bilateral
Primary Auditory representation of the auditory pathway.
Cortex
Bilateral lesions will cause more pronounced
Area 42 deafness.
Associative
Auditory Auditory aphasia: Pt is unable to comprehend
Cortex spoken language
Area 22 partly Lateral sulcus and Ability to comprehend Word blindness inability to understand written
42 superior language including speech. words.
Wernicke’s temporal gyrus Word deafness and inability to understand
Secondary Appreciation of loudness, spoken words.
Auditory speech, quality of sound
Cortex (auditory sensation and FLUENT APHASIA/ WORD SALAD
perception) Fluent speech but repetition and
comprehension are impaired usually no
hemiplegia.

Anomia: difficulty finding the correct word

Normal phrase length
Normal intonation
Effortless >50 words/ mins
Absence of dysarthria (disfunction of
phonation)

Neologism: a random collection of sound

words meaningless, non-sensual words

Verbal Paraphasia: Substitute a word for

another word
B. Association Area
Area 37, 38, 20, inferior temporal stores information about faces;
21 lobe facial recognition
Facial
Recognition
Area
New Era University
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era,
Quezon City 1107 Philippines

Week 3 Assignment
“Primary and secondary areas of the Brain”

September 12, 2023

Psychiatric Foundations for Physical Therapy
PTM211-18

Submitted by:
Alyssa Teri H. Abengaña
Submitted to:
Prof. Marlon D. Palma, MAEd, PTRP