Experiment 1:

Implement multilayer perceptron algorithm for MNIST Hand written Digit Classification.

Program:

import tensorflow as tf
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from keras.datasets import mnist

objects=mnist
(train_img,train_lab),(test_img,test_lab)=objects.load_data()

for i in range(20):
plt.subplot(4,5,i+1)
plt.imshow(train_img[i],cmap='gray_r')
plt.title("Digit : {}".format(train_lab[i]))
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.5)
plt.axis('off')

print('Training images shape : ',train_img.shape)

print('Testing images shape : ',test_img.shape)

print('How image looks like : ')

print(train_img[0])

plt.hist(train_img[0].reshape(784),facecolor='orange')
plt.title('Pixel vs its intensity',fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('PIXEL')
plt.xlabel('Intensity')

train_img=train_img/255.0
test_img=test_img/255.0

print('How image looks like after normalising: ')

print(train_img[0])
plt.hist(train_img[0].reshape(784),facecolor='orange')
plt.title('Pixel vs its intensity',fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('PIXEL')
plt.xlabel('Intensity')

from keras.models import Sequential

from keras.layers import Flatten,Dense
model=Sequential()
input_layer= Flatten(input_shape=(28,28))
model.add(input_layer)
hidden_layer1=Dense(512,activation='relu')
model.add(hidden_layer1)
hidden_layer2=Dense(512,activation='relu')
model.add(hidden_layer2)
output_layer=Dense(10,activation='softmax')
model.add(output_layer)

#compiling the sequential model

model.compile(optimizer = 'adam',
loss = 'sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])

model.fit(train_img,train_lab,epochs=100)

model.save('project.h5')

loss_and_acc=model.evaluate(test_img,test_lab,verbose=2)
print("Test Loss", loss_and_acc[0])
print("Test Accuracy", loss_and_acc[1])

plt.imshow(test_img[0],cmap='gray_r')
plt.title('Actual Value: {}'.format(test_lab[0]))
prediction=model.predict(test_img)
plt.axis('off')
print('Predicted Value: ',np.argmax(prediction[0]))
if(test_lab[0]==(np.argmax(prediction[0]))):
print('Successful prediction')
else:
print('Unsuccessful prediction')

plt.imshow(test_img[1],cmap='gray_r')
plt.title('Actual Value: {}'.format(test_lab[1]))
prediction=model.predict(test_img)
plt.axis('off')
print('Predicted Value: ',np.argmax(prediction[1]))
if(test_lab[1]==(np.argmax(prediction[1]))):
print('Successful prediction')
else:
print('Unsuccessful prediction')

plt.imshow(test_img[2],cmap='gray_r')
plt.title('Actual Value: {}'.format(test_lab[2]))
prediction=model.predict(test_img)
plt.axis('off')
print('Predicted Value: ',np.argmax(prediction[2]))
if(test_lab[2]==(np.argmax(prediction[2]))):
print('Successful prediction')
else:
print('Unsuccessful prediction')

# make a prediction for a new image.

from keras_preprocessing.image import load_img
from keras_preprocessing.image import img_to_array
from keras.models import load_model
# load and prepare the image
def load_image(filename):
# load the image
img = load_img(filename, grayscale=True, target_size=(28, 28))
# convert to array
img = img_to_array(img)
# reshape into a single sample with 1 channel
img = img.reshape(1, 28, 28)
# prepare pixel data
img = img.astype('float32')
img = img / 255.0
return img
from google.colab import files
uploaded = files.upload()

from IPython.display import Image

Image('5img.jpeg',width=250,height=250)

img = load_image('5img.jpeg')
digit= model.predict(img)
print('Predicted value : ',np.argmax(digit))

Experiment 2:
Design a neural network for classifying movie reviews (Binary Classification) using IMDB
dataset.

Program:

import keras
keras.__version__

from keras.datasets import imdb

(train_data, train_labels), (test_data, test_labels) = imdb.load_data(num_words=10000)

train_data[0]

train_labels[0]

max([max(sequence) for sequence in train_data])

# word_index is a dictionary mapping words to an integer index

word_index = imdb.get_word_index()
# We reverse it, mapping integer indices to words
reverse_word_index = dict([(value, key) for (key, value) in word_index.items()])
# We decode the review; note that our indices were offset by 3
# because 0, 1 and 2 are reserved indices for "padding", "start of sequence", and "unknown".
decoded_review = ' '.join([reverse_word_index.get(i - 3, '?') for i in train_data[0]])
decoded_review

import numpy as np
def vectorize_sequences(sequences, dimension=10000):
# Create an all-zero matrix of shape (len(sequences), dimension)
results = np.zeros((len(sequences), dimension))
for i, sequence in enumerate(sequences):
results[i, sequence] = 1. # set specific indices of results[i] to 1s
return results

# Our vectorized training data

x_train = vectorize_sequences(train_data)
# Our vectorized test data
x_test = vectorize_sequences(test_data)

x_train[0]

# Our vectorized labels

y_train = np.asarray(train_labels).astype('float32')
y_test = np.asarray(test_labels).astype('float32')

from keras import models

from keras import layers

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(16, activation='relu', input_shape=(10000,)))
model.add(layers.Dense(16, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])

from keras import optimizers

model.compile(optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=0.001),
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])

from keras import losses

from keras import metrics
model.compile(optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=0.001),
loss=losses.binary_crossentropy,
metrics=[metrics.binary_accuracy])

x_val = x_train[:10000]
partial_x_train = x_train[10000:]
y_val = y_train[:10000]
partial_y_train = y_train[10000:]

history = model.fit(partial_x_train,
partial_y_train,
epochs=20,
batch_size=512,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))

history_dict = history.history
history_dict.keys()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

acc = history.history['binary_accuracy']
val_acc = history.history['val_binary_accuracy']
loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']
epochs = range(1, len(acc) + 1)
# "bo" is for "blue dot"
plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')
# b is for "solid blue line"
plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

plt.clf() # clear figure

acc_values = history_dict['binary_accuracy ']
val_acc_values = history_dict['val_binary_accuracy']
plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')
plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(16, activation='relu', input_shape=(10000,)))
model.add(layers.Dense(16, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=4, batch_size=512)
results = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test)

results

model.predict(x_test)

Experiment 3:
Design a neural Network for classifying news wires (Multi class classification) using Reuters dataset.

Program:

import keras
keras.__version__

from keras.datasets import reuters

(train_data, train_labels), (test_data, test_labels) = reuters.load_data(num_words=10000)

len(train_data)

len(test_data)

train_data[10]

word_index = reuters.get_word_index()
reverse_word_index = dict([(value, key) for (key, value) in word_index.items()])
# Note that our indices were offset by 3
# because 0, 1 and 2 are reserved indices for "padding", "start of sequence", and "unknown".
decoded_newswire = ' '.join([reverse_word_index.get(i - 3, '?') for i in train_data[0]])

decoded_newswire
train_labels[10]

import numpy as np
def vectorize_sequences(sequences, dimension=10000):
results = np.zeros((len(sequences), dimension))
for i, sequence in enumerate(sequences):
results[i, sequence] = 1.
return results

# Our vectorized training data

x_train = vectorize_sequences(train_data)
# Our vectorized test data
x_test = vectorize_sequences(test_data)

def to_one_hot(labels, dimension=46):

results = np.zeros((len(labels), dimension))
for i, label in enumerate(labels):
results[i, label] = 1.
return results

# Our vectorized training labels

one_hot_train_labels = to_one_hot(train_labels)
# Our vectorized test labels
one_hot_test_labels = to_one_hot(test_labels
from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
one_hot_train_labels = to_categorical(train_labels)
one_hot_test_labels = to_categorical(test_labels)

from keras import models

from keras import layers

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10000,)))
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(46, activation='softmax'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])

x_val = x_train[:1000]
partial_x_train = x_train[1000:]
y_val = one_hot_train_labels[:1000]
partial_y_train = one_hot_train_labels[1000:]
history = model.fit(partial_x_train,
partial_y_train,
epochs=20,
batch_size=512,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']
epochs = range(1, len(loss) + 1)
plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')
plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

plt.clf() # clear figure

acc = history.history['accuracy']
val_acc = history.history['val_accuracy']
plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')
plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10000,)))
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(46, activation='softmax'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(partial_x_train,
partial_y_train,
epochs=8,
batch_size=512,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))
results = model.evaluate(x_test, one_hot_test_labels)

results
predictions = model.predict(x_test)

predictions[0].shape

np.sum(predictions[0])

np.argmax(predictions[0])

y_train = np.array(train_labels)
y_test = np.array(test_labels)

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['acc'])

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10000,)))
model.add(layers.Dense(4, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(46, activation='softmax'))
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(partial_x_train,
partial_y_train,
epochs=20,
batch_size=128,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))

Experiment 4:
Design a neural network for predicting house prices using Boston Housing Price dataset.

Program:

from sklearn.datasets import load_boston

import pandas as pd
boston_dataset = load_boston()
df = pd.DataFrame(boston_dataset.data, columns=boston_dataset.feature_name
s)
df['MEDV'] = boston_dataset.target
df.head(n=10)
from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import math
total_items = len(df.columns)
items_per_row = 3
total_rows = math.ceil(total_items / items_per_row)
fig = make_subplots(rows=total_rows, cols=items_per_row)
cur_row = 1
cur_col = 1
for index, column in enumerate(df.columns):
fig.add_trace(go.Box(y=df[column], name=column), row=cur_row, col=cur_
col)

if cur_col % items_per_row == 0:
cur_col = 1
cur_row = cur_row + 1
else:
cur_col = cur_col + 1

fig.update_layout(height=1000, width=550, showlegend=False)

fig.show()

from plotly.subplots import make_subplots

import plotly.graph_objects as go
import math
import numpy as np
total_items = len(df.columns)
items_per_row = 3
total_rows = math.ceil(total_items / items_per_row)
fig = make_subplots(rows=total_rows, cols=items_per_row, subplot_titles=df
.columns)
cur_row = 1
cur_col = 1
for index, column in enumerate(df.columns):
fig.add_trace(go.Scattergl(x=df[column],
y=df['MEDV'],
mode="markers",
marker=dict(size=3)),
row=cur_row,
col=cur_col)
intercept = np.poly1d(np.polyfit(df[column], df['MEDV'], 1))
(np.unique(df[column]))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=np.unique(df[column]),
y=intercept,
line=dict(color='red', width=1)),
row=cur_row,
col=cur_col)

if cur_col % items_per_row == 0:
cur_col = 1
cur_row = cur_row + 1
else:
cur_col = cur_col + 1

fig.update_layout(height=1000, width=550, showlegend=False)

fig.show()

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X = df.loc[:, df.columns != 'MEDV']
y = df.loc[:, df.columns == 'MEDV']
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, r
andom_state=123)

mean = X_train.mean(axis=0)
std = X_train.std(axis=0)
X_train = (X_train - mean) / std
X_test = (X_test - mean) / std

from keras.models import Sequential

from keras.layers import Dense
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(128, input_shape=(13, ), activation='relu', name='dense_1'
))
model.add(Dense(64, activation='relu', name='dense_2'))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='linear', name='dense_output'))
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='mse', metrics=['mae'])
model.summary()
history = model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=100, validation_split=0.05)

fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(go.Scattergl(y=history.history['loss'],
name='Train'))
fig.add_trace(go.Scattergl(y=history.history['val_loss'],
name='Valid'))
fig.update_layout(height=500, width=700,
xaxis_title='Epoch',
yaxis_title='Loss')
fig.show()

fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(go.Scattergl(y=history.history['mae'],
name='Train'))
fig.add_trace(go.Scattergl(y=history.history['val_mae'],
name='Valid'))
fig.update_layout(height=500, width=700,
xaxis_title='Epoch',
yaxis_title='Mean Absolute Error')
fig.show()

mse_nn, mae_nn = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)

print('Mean squared error on test data: ', mse_nn)
print('Mean absolute error on test data: ', mae_nn)

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
lr_model = LinearRegression()
lr_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred_lr = lr_model.predict(X_test)
mse_lr = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred_lr)
mae_lr = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred_lr)
print('Mean squared error on test data: ', mse_lr)
print('Mean absolute error on test data: ', mae_lr)

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
tree = DecisionTreeRegressor()
tree.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred_tree = tree.predict(X_test)
mse_dt = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred_tree)
mae_dt = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred_tree)
print('Mean squared error on test data: ', mse_dt)
print('Mean absolute error on test data: ', mae_dt)

pip install shap

import shap
shap.initjs()
explainer = shap.DeepExplainer(model, X_train[:100].values)
shap_values = explainer.shap_values(X_test[:100].values)
shap.summary_plot(shap_values, X_test, plot_type='bar')

Experiment 5:
Build a Convolution Neural Network for MNIST Hand written Digit Classification.

Program:

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers,models
from tensorflow import keras
import numpy as np

(X_train, y_train) , (X_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()

X_train = X_train / 255
X_test = X_test / 255

X_train[0]

X_train[0]

X_train = X_train.reshape(-1,28,28,1)
X_train.shape

X_test = X_test.reshape(-1,28,28,1)
X_test.shape

convolutional_neural_network = models.Sequential([
layers.Conv2D(filters=25, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu', input
_shape=(28,28,1)),
layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),

layers.Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu'),

layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),

layers.Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu'),

layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),

layers.Flatten(),
layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])

convolutional_neural_network.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_catego
rical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
convolutional_neural_network.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10)
convolutional_neural_network.evaluate(X_test, y_test)

y_predicted_by_model = convolutional_neural_network.predict(X_test)
y_predicted_by_model[0] #getting probability score for each class digits

np.argmax(y_predicted_by_model[0])

y_predicted_labels = [np.argmax(i) for i in y_predicted_by_model]

y_predicted_labels[:5]

Experiment 6:
Build a Convolution Neural Network for simple image (dogs and Cats) Classification.

Program:

import os, shutil

from google.colab import drive

drive.mount("/content/gdrive")

# The path to the directory where the original

# dataset was uncompressed
original_dataset_dir = '/content/gdrive/My Drive/dogs_cats_small'

# The directory where we will

# store our smaller dataset
os.makedirs(original_dataset_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directories for our training,

# validation and test splits
train_dir = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, 'train')
os.makedirs(train_dir,exist_ok=True)
validation_dir = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, 'validation')
os.makedirs(validation_dir,exist_ok=True)
test_dir = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, 'test')
os.makedirs(test_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directory with our training cat pictures

train_cats_dir = os.path.join(train_dir, 'cats')
os.makedirs(train_cats_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directory with our training dog pictures

train_dogs_dir = os.path.join(train_dir, 'dogs')
os.makedirs(train_dogs_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directory with our validation cat pictures

validation_cats_dir = os.path.join(validation_dir, 'cats')
os.makedirs(validation_cats_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directory with our validation dog pictures

validation_dogs_dir = os.path.join(validation_dir, 'dogs')
os.makedirs(validation_dogs_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directory with our validation cat pictures

test_cats_dir = os.path.join(test_dir, 'cats')
os.makedirs(test_cats_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Directory with our validation dog pictures

test_dogs_dir = os.path.join(test_dir, 'dogs')
os.makedirs(test_dogs_dir,exist_ok=True)

# Copy first 1000 cat images to train_cats_dir

fnames = ['cat.{}.jpg'.format(i) for i in range(1000)]
for fname in fnames:
src = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, fname)
dst = os.path.join(train_cats_dir, fname)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

# Copy next 500 cat images to validation_cats_dir

fnames = ['cat.{}.jpg'.format(i) for i in range(1000, 1500)]
for fname in fnames:
src = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, fname)
dst = os.path.join(validation_cats_dir, fname)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
# Copy next 500 cat images to test_cats_dir
fnames = ['cat.{}.jpg'.format(i) for i in range(1500, 2000)]
for fname in fnames:
src = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, fname)
dst = os.path.join(test_cats_dir, fname)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

# Copy first 1000 dog images to train_dogs_dir

fnames = ['dog.{}.jpg'.format(i) for i in range(1000)]
for fname in fnames:
src = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, fname)
dst = os.path.join(train_dogs_dir, fname)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

# Copy next 500 dog images to validation_dogs_dir

fnames = ['dog.{}.jpg'.format(i) for i in range(1000, 1500)]
for fname in fnames:
src = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, fname)
dst = os.path.join(validation_dogs_dir, fname)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

# Copy next 500 dog images to test_dogs_dir

fnames = ['dog.{}.jpg'.format(i) for i in range(1500, 2000)]
for fname in fnames:
src = os.path.join(original_dataset_dir, fname)
dst = os.path.join(test_dogs_dir, fname)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

print('total training cat images:', len(os.listdir(train_cats_dir)))

print('total training dog images:', len(os.listdir(train_dogs_dir)))

print('total validation cat images:', len(os.listdir(validation_cats_dir))

)
print('total validation dog images:', len(os.listdir(validation_dogs_dir))
)

print('total test cat images:', len(os.listdir(test_cats_dir)))

print('total test dog images:', len(os.listdir(test_dogs_dir)))

from keras import layers

from keras import models

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu',
input_shape=(150, 150, 3)))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Flatten())
model.add(layers.Dense(512, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.summary()

from keras import optimizers

model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=1e-4),
metrics=['acc'])
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator

# All images will be rescaled by 1./255

train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)
test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)

train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
# This is the target directory
train_dir,
# All images will be resized to 150x150
target_size=(150, 150),
batch_size=20,
# Since we use binary_crossentropy loss, we need binary labels
class_mode='binary')

validation_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
validation_dir,
target_size=(150, 150),
batch_size=20,
class_mode='binary')

for data_batch, labels_batch in train_generator:

print('data batch shape:', data_batch.shape)
print('labels batch shape:', labels_batch.shape)
break

history = model.fit_generator(
train_generator,
steps_per_epoch=100,
epochs=30,
validation_data=validation_generator,
validation_steps=50)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

acc = history.history['acc']
val_acc = history.history['val_acc']
loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']

epochs = range(len(acc))

plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')

plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.figure()

plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')

plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.legend()

plt.show()

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
rotation_range=40,
width_shift_range=0.2,
height_shift_range=0.2,
shear_range=0.2,
zoom_range=0.2,
horizontal_flip=True,
fill_mode='nearest')

from keras.utils import load_img, img_to_array,array_to_img

fnames = [os.path.join(train_cats_dir, fname) for fname in os.listdir(trai

n_cats_dir)]

# We pick one image to "augment"

img_path = fnames[3]

# Read the image and resize it

img = load_img(img_path, target_size=(150, 150))
# Convert it to a Numpy array with shape (150, 150, 3)
x = img_to_array(img)

# Reshape it to (1, 150, 150, 3)

x = x.reshape((1,) + x.shape)

# The .flow() command below generates batches of randomly transformed imag

es.
# It will loop indefinitely, so we need to `break` the loop at some point!
i = 0
for batch in datagen.flow(x, batch_size=1):
plt.figure(i)
imgplot = plt.imshow(array_to_img(batch[0]))
i += 1
if i % 4 == 0:
break

plt.show()

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu',
input_shape=(150, 150, 3)))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Flatten())
model.add(layers.Dropout(0.5))
model.add(layers.Dense(512, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=1e-4),
metrics=['acc'])

train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1./255,
rotation_range=40,
width_shift_range=0.2,
height_shift_range=0.2,
shear_range=0.2,
zoom_range=0.2,
horizontal_flip=True,)

# Note that the validation data should not be augmented!

test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)

train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
# This is the target directory
train_dir,
# All images will be resized to 150x150
target_size=(150, 150),
batch_size=3,
# Since we use binary_crossentropy loss, we need binary labels
class_mode='binary')

validation_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
validation_dir,
target_size=(150, 150),
batch_size=3,
class_mode='binary')

history = model.fit_generator(
train_generator,
steps_per_epoch=100,
epochs=100,
validation_data=validation_generator,
validation_steps=50)

acc = history.history['acc']
val_acc = history.history['val_acc']
loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']

epochs = range(len(acc))

plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')

plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.figure()

plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')

plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.legend()

plt.show()

Experiment 7:
Use a pre-trained convolution neural network (VGG16) for image classification.

Program:

from keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16

model = VGG16(weights='imagenet')
print(model.summary())

import os, shutil

from google.colab import drive
drive.mount("/content/gdrive")

from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing import image

from tensorflow.keras.applications.vgg16 import preprocess_input,decode_pr
edictions
import numpy as np

img_path = '/content/gdrive/MyDrive/dog.jpg'
#There is an interpolation method to match the source size with the target
size
#image loaded in PIL (Python Imaging Library)
img = image.load_img(img_path,color_mode='rgb', target_size=(224, 224))
display(img)

# Converts a PIL Image to 3D Numy Array

x = image.img_to_array(img)
x.shape
# Adding the fouth dimension, for number of images
x = np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)

#mean centering with respect to Image

x = preprocess_input(x)
features = model.predict(x)
p = decode_predictions(features)

Experiment 8:
Implement one hot encoding of words or characters.

Program:

import keras
keras.__version__

import numpy as np

# This is our initial data; one entry per "sample"

# (in this toy example, a "sample" is just a sentence, but
# it could be an entire document).
samples = ['The cat sat on the mat.', 'The dog ate my homework.']

# First, build an index of all tokens in the data.

token_index = {}
for sample in samples:
# We simply tokenize the samples via the `split` method.
# in real life, we would also strip punctuation and special characters
# from the samples.
for word in sample.split():
if word not in token_index:
# Assign a unique index to each unique word
token_index[word] = len(token_index) + 1
# Note that we don't attribute index 0 to anything.

# Next, we vectorize our samples.

# We will only consider the first `max_length` words in each sample.
max_length = 10

# This is where we store our results:

results = np.zeros((len(samples), max_length, max(token_index.values()) +
1))
for i, sample in enumerate(samples):
for j, word in list(enumerate(sample.split()))[:max_length]:
index = token_index.get(word)
results[i, j, index] = 1.

import string

samples = ['The cat sat on the mat.', 'The dog ate my homework.']
characters = string.printable # All printable ASCII characters.
token_index = dict(zip(characters, range(1, len(characters) + 1)))

max_length = 50
results = np.zeros((len(samples), max_length, max(token_index.values()) +
1))
for i, sample in enumerate(samples):
for j, character in enumerate(sample[:max_length]):
index = token_index.get(character)
results[i, j, index] = 1.

from keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer

samples = ['The cat sat on the mat.', 'The dog ate my homework.']

# We create a tokenizer, configured to only take

# into account the top-1000 most common words
tokenizer = Tokenizer(num_words=1000)
# This builds the word index
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(samples)

# This turns strings into lists of integer indices.

sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(samples)

# You could also directly get the one-hot binary representations.

# Note that other vectorization modes than one-hot encoding are supported!
one_hot_results = tokenizer.texts_to_matrix(samples, mode='binary')

# This is how you can recover the word index that was computed
word_index = tokenizer.word_index
print('Found %s unique tokens.' % len(word_index))

samples = ['The cat sat on the mat.', 'The dog ate my homework.']

# We will store our words as vectors of size 1000.

# Note that if you have close to 1000 words (or more)
# you will start seeing many hash collisions, which
# will decrease the accuracy of this encoding method.
dimensionality = 1000
max_length = 10

results = np.zeros((len(samples), max_length, dimensionality))

for i, sample in enumerate(samples):
for j, word in list(enumerate(sample.split()))[:max_length]:
# Hash the word into a "random" integer index
# that is between 0 and 1000
index = abs(hash(word)) % dimensionality
results[i, j, index] = 1.

Experiment 9:
Implement word embeddings for IMDB dataset.

Program:

# get reproducible results

from numpy.random import seed
seed(0xdeadbeef)
import tensorflow as tf
tf.random.set_seed(0xdeadbeef)

from tensorflow import keras

imdb = keras.datasets.imdb
num_words = 20000
(train_data, train_labels), (test_data, test_labels) = imdb.load_data(seed
=1, num_words=num_words)

print(train_data[0])
print('label:', train_labels[0])

# A dictionary mapping words to an integer index

vocabulary = imdb.get_word_index()

# The first indices are reserved

vocabulary = {k:(v+3) for k,v in vocabulary.items()}
vocabulary["<PAD>"] = 0
# See how integer 1 appears first in the review above.
vocabulary["<START>"] = 1
vocabulary["<UNK>"] = 2 # unknown
vocabulary["<UNUSED>"] = 3

# reversing the vocabulary.

# in the index, the key is an integer,
# and the value is the corresponding word.
index = dict([(value, key) for (key, value) in vocabulary.items()])

def decode_review(text):
'''converts encoded text to human readable form.
each integer in the text is looked up in the index, and
replaced by the corresponding word.
'''
return ' '.join([index.get(i, '?') for i in text])
decode_review(train_data[0])

train_data = keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(train_data,
value=vocabulary["
<PAD>"],
padding='post',
maxlen=256)

test_data = keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(test_data,
value=vocabulary["<
PAD>"],
padding='post',
maxlen=256)

train_data[1]

model = keras.Sequential()

# the first layer is the embedding layer.

# we indicate the number of possible words,
# the dimension of the embedding space,
# and the maximum size of the text.
model.add(keras.layers.Embedding(len(vocabulary), 2, input_length=256))

# the output of the embedding is multidimensional,

# with shape (256, 2)
# for each word, we obtain two values,
# the x and y coordinates
# we flatten this output to be able to
# use it in a dense layer
model.add(keras.layers.Flatten())

# dropout regularization
model.add(keras.layers.Dropout(rate=0.5))

# small dense layer. It's role is to analyze

# the distribution of points from embedding
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(5))

# final neuron, with sigmoid activation

# for binary classification
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.summary()

model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])

history = model.fit(train_data,
train_labels,
epochs=5,
batch_size=100,
validation_data=(test_data, test_labels),
verbose=1)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def plot_accuracy(history, miny=None):
acc = history.history['accuracy']
test_acc = history.history['val_accuracy']
epochs = range(len(acc))
plt.plot(epochs, acc)
plt.plot(epochs, test_acc)
if miny:
plt.ylim(miny, 1.0)
plt.title('accuracy')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.figure()

plot_accuracy(history)
# with a Sequential model
get_embed_out = keras.backend.function(
[model.layers[0].input],
[model.layers[1].output])

layer_output = get_embed_out([test_data[0]])
print(type(layer_output), len(layer_output), layer_output[0].shape)

words = layer_output[0]
plt.scatter(words[:,0], words[:,1])

review = ['great', 'brilliant','crap','bad',

'fantastic', 'movie', 'seagal']
enc_review = tf.constant([vocabulary[word] for word in review])
enc_review

words = get_embed_out([enc_review])[0]

plt.scatter(words[:,0], words[:,1])
for i, txt in enumerate(review):
plt.annotate(txt, (words[i,0], words[i,1]))

import math
def plot_review(i):
# plot the distribution of points
enc_words = test_data[i]
emb_words = get_embed_out([enc_words])[0]
plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
plt.scatter(emb_words[:,0], emb_words[:,1])
# use the label as title: 1 is positive,
# 0 is negative
plt.title(test_labels[i])
# for words that are far enough from (0,0),
# print the word
for i, (enc_word, emb_word) in enumerate(zip(enc_words, emb_words)):
word = index[enc_word]
x, y = emb_word
if math.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)>0.2:
plt.annotate(word, (x, y))
# fix the range in x and y to be able to compare
# the distributions of different reviews
axes = plt.gca()
axes.set_xlim([-0.5,0.5])
axes.set_ylim([-0.5, 0.5])
axes.set_aspect('equal', adjustable='box')

plot_review(15)

plot_review(17)

Experiment 10:
Implement a Recurrent Neural Network for IMDB movie review classification problem.

Program:

import keras
keras.__version__

from keras.layers import SimpleRNN

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Embedding, SimpleRNN

model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(10000, 32))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32))
model.summary()

model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(10000, 32))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32, return_sequences=True))
model.summary()

model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(10000, 32))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32, return_sequences=True))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32, return_sequences=True))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32, return_sequences=True))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32)) # This last layer only returns the last outputs.
model.summary()

from keras.datasets import imdb

from keras.preprocessing import sequence
from keras.utils import pad_sequences
max_features = 10000 # number of words to consider as features
maxlen = 500 # cut texts after this number of words (among top max_featur
es most common words)
batch_size = 32

print('Loading data...')
(input_train, y_train), (input_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(num_words=ma
x_features)
print(len(input_train), 'train sequences')
print(len(input_test), 'test sequences')

print('Pad sequences (samples x time)')

input_train = keras.utils.data_utils.pad_sequences(input_train, maxlen=max
len)
input_test = keras.utils.data_utils.pad_sequences(input_test, maxlen=maxle
n)
print('input_train shape:', input_train.shape)
print('input_test shape:', input_test.shape)

from keras.layers import Dense

model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(max_features, 32))
model.add(SimpleRNN(32))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['a

cc'])
history = model.fit(input_train, y_train,
epochs=10,
batch_size=128,
validation_split=0.2)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

acc = history.history['acc']
val_acc = history.history['val_acc']
loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']

epochs = range(len(acc))

plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')

plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.figure()

plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')

plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.legend()

plt.show()

from keras.layers import LSTM

model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(max_features, 32))
model.add(LSTM(32))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['acc'])
history = model.fit(input_train, y_train,
epochs=10,
batch_size=128,
validation_split=0.2)

acc = history.history['acc']
val_acc = history.history['val_acc']
loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']

epochs = range(len(acc))

plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')

plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.figure()

plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')

plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.legend()

plt.show()