ELL 211

EE 207 Module 1
Debanjan Bhowmik Lecture 1

HOW A BETTER TRANSISTOR MAKES

A BETTER COMPUTER
Discussion of processor technology
Introduction to transistor
CMOS logic circuits
Scaling issues with transistors
Memory technology
Volatile and non-volatile memory
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

➤ Memory and Computing/ Processor are separate from each other

➤ Memory: Stores instructions and data
➤ Computing/ Processor: Arithmetic/ Logic Unit performs arithmetic and logical
operations, Control Unit interprets instructions and decides instruction flow
➤ We first look at evolution of memory and computing separately.
COMPUTER PERFORMANCE OVER THE YEARS

Performance is measured by running benchmark programs on several computers.

Improvement of performance happens because of periodic improvement in:
Hardware: Faster and more dense microprocessor (35% a year :Moore’s law), more
dense memory (40% per year), more dense storage
Software: instruction set architecture, software development
Hennessey, Patterson- Computer Architecture
COMPUTER PERFORMANCE OVER THE YEARS

Bandwidth or Throughput: Total amount of work done in given time

e.g. data transferred for memory
Latency or Response time: Time taken between start and completion of event
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?

Core i7 processor (Nehalem) introduced in 2008- L1 and L2 cache

Inside core, L3 cache shared

www.intel.com, https://techreport.com/review/15818/intel-core-i7-processors
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?
The core is full of logic gates, wired together in complex fashion. One example
of a logic gate is the inverter.

ource

Input
rain
Gate rain
CMOS inverter

ource (NOT gate)

Material from “Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (C. Hu)” is being used
EE 207 in
here for academic purpose only and is meant for students registered for the course ELL211 in IIT
IIT Bombay,
Delhi forSem
SemI, II,
2020-21.
2023-24 The slides and lectures are not intended for wider circulation.
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?
The core is full of logic gates, wired together in complex fashion. Another
example of a logic gate is the NAND gate.
V
dd

Source Source
CMOS-based
NAND gate

AB

Input Drain Drain

A

Source
Input
B So what exactly

Source is a transistor?

Material from “Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (C. Hu)” is being used
here for academic purpose only and is meant for students registered for the course EE 207 ininIIT
ELL211 IITBombay, Sem
Delhi for I, II,
Sem
2020-21. The slides and lectures are not intended for wider circulation.
2023-24
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?
nMOSFET

Oxide
holes
electrons
Semiconductor Semiconductor
Doped
regions ON when Gate voltage - Source Voltage >
|threshold |(Vg=Vdd)

OFF when Gate voltage - Source voltage <

|threshold| (Vg= 0)

Material from “Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (C. Hu)” is being used
here for academic purpose only and is meant for students registered for the course EE 207 ininIIT
ELL211 IITBombay,
Delhi forSem
SemI, II,
2020-21.
2023-24 The slides and lectures are not intended for wider circulation.
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?
pMOSFET

Oxide
electrons
holes

Semiconductor
Doped
ON when Gate voltage - Source Voltage <
-|threshold| (Vg=0) regions
OFF when Gate voltage - Source voltage >
-|threshold| (Vg= Vdd)
\

Material from “Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (C. Hu)” is being used
here for academic purpose only and is meant for students registered for the course EEELL211
207 ininIITIITBombay,
Delhi for Sem
Sem I, II,
2020-21.
2023-24 The slides and lectures are not intended for wider circulation.
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?

ource
Input Output
rain
Gate rain

ource CMOS inverter

(NOT gate)

When Vin = Vdd , Vout =0

When Vin = 0 , Vout =Vdd

Material from “Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (C. Hu)” is being used
here for academic purpose only and is meant for students registered for the course EE 207 ininIIT
ELL211 IITBombay,
Delhi forSem
SemI, II,
2023-24 The slides and lectures are not intended for wider circulation.
2020-21.
WHAT’S INSIDE A MICROPROCEESSOR?
V
dd CMOS-based
Source Source NAND gate

pMOS pMOS

Output
AB
Input Drain Drain
A
nMOS VA VB Output
Source 0 0 VDD /1
Input
B
nMOS VDD / 1 0 VDD /1

Source 0 VDD /1 VDD /1

VDD / 1 VDD /1 0

Material from “Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (C. Hu)” is being used
here for academic purpose only and is meant for students registered for the course EEELL211
207 ininIIT
IITBombay,
Delhi forSem
SemI, II,
2023-24 The slides and lectures are not intended for wider circulation.
2020-21.