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1-Structure and Bonding

This document provides an overview of chemical bonding concepts including: - The periodic table and structure of atoms with protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Different types of bonds including ionic formed by electron transfer and covalent formed by electron sharing. - Rules for drawing Lewis structures including octets and hydrogen pairs. - Concepts like formal charge, resonance structures, and molecular shape determined by bond length and angle.

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Rayonesh Rayana
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121 views

1-Structure and Bonding

This document provides an overview of chemical bonding concepts including: - The periodic table and structure of atoms with protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Different types of bonds including ionic formed by electron transfer and covalent formed by electron sharing. - Rules for drawing Lewis structures including octets and hydrogen pairs. - Concepts like formal charge, resonance structures, and molecular shape determined by bond length and angle.

Uploaded by

Rayonesh Rayana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure and Bonding

The Periodic Table

 The nucleus contains positively charged protons and


uncharged neutrons.
 The electron cloud is composed of negatively charged
electrons. 1
A periodic table of the common elements seen in organic chemistry

2
Review of Bonding

• Bonding is the joining of two atoms in a stable


arrangement.
• Through bonding, atoms attain a complete outer shell of
valence electrons.
• Through bonding, atoms attain a stable noble gas
configuration.
• Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one
element to another.
• Covalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons
between two nuclei.

3
Summary: The usual number of bonds of common neutral atoms

4
Label the following as either ionic or covalent bonded
molecules.

F2 CH3CH3

LiBr NaNH2

How many covalent bonds are predicted for each atom

O Al Br

5
Review of Lewis Structures

There are three general rules for drawing Lewis structures:

1. Draw only the valence electrons.


2. Give every second-row element an octet of electrons, if
possible.
3. Give each hydrogen two electrons.

In a Lewis structure, a solid


line indicates a two-electron
covalent bond. 6
Formal Charge

• Formal charge is the charge assigned to individual atoms in a


Lewis structure.
• Formal charge is calculated as follows:

• The number of electrons “owned” by an atom is determined by its


number of bonds and lone pairs.
• An atom “owns” all of its unshared electrons and half of its shared
electrons.

7
8
Resonance
Resonance structures are equivalent Lewis structures
having the same placement of atoms but a different
arrangement of electrons.

Examples: O3, CO32-

9
Determining Molecular Shape

Two variables define a molecule’s structure: bond length and


bond angle.
• Bond length decreases across a row of the periodic
table as the size of the atom decreases.

• Bond length increases down a column of the


periodic table as the size of an atom increases.

10
Drawing Organic Molecules—Condensed Structures
• All atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines are generally
omitted.
• Atoms are usually drawn next to the atoms to which they are bonded.
• Parentheses are used around similar groups bonded to the same atom.
• Lone pairs are omitted.

11
Examples of Condensed Structures

12
Examples of Condensed Structures Containing a C-O Double Bond

13
Skeletal Structures

• Assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or


at the end of any line.
• Assume there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to make
it tetravalent.
• Draw in all heteroatoms and hydrogens directly bonded to them.

14
Examples of Skeletal Structures

15
Words of Caution Regarding Interpretation of Skeletal Structure:

• A charge on a carbon atom takes the place of one hydrogen atom.


• The charge determines the number of lone pairs. Negatively
charged carbon atoms have one lone pair and positively charged
carbon atoms have none.

16
Summary of Covalent Bonding Seen in Carbon Compounds

17
Bond Length and Bond Strength

• As the number of electrons between two nuclei increases,


bonds become shorter and stronger.
• Thus, triple bonds are shorter and stronger than
double bonds, which are shorter and stronger than
single bonds.

18
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s attraction for bonding


electrons.
Electronegativity values for some common elements:

19
Bonding between atoms of different electronegativity values results in
unequal sharing of electrons.
Example: In the C—O bond, the electrons are pulled away from C towards
O, the element of higher electronegativity. The bond is polar, or polar
covalent. The bond is said to have dipole; that is, separation of charge.

d+ means the
indicated atom is
electron deficient.
d- means the
indicated atom is
electron rich.

The direction of polarity in a bond is indicated by an arrow with the head of


the arrow pointing towards the more electronegative element. The tail of the
arrow, with a perpendicular line drawn through it, is drawn at the less
20
electronegative element.
A polar molecule has either one polar bond, or two or more bond
dipoles that reinforce each other. An example is water:

A nonpolar molecule has either no polar bonds, or two or more


bond dipoles that cancel. An example is carbon dioxide:

21

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