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Grade 9-Chem. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

The document discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines each term and provides examples. Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together, and mixtures are physical combinations of elements or compounds that can be separated. The document contrasts pure substances like elements and compounds from mixtures, and explains how measurements of melting and boiling points can indicate purity.

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137 views

Grade 9-Chem. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

The document discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines each term and provides examples. Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together, and mixtures are physical combinations of elements or compounds that can be separated. The document contrasts pure substances like elements and compounds from mixtures, and explains how measurements of melting and boiling points can indicate purity.

Uploaded by

Musfira zaib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The City School

Ravi Campus - Girls Section


Academic Session 2023-24
Chemistry - Grade 9
States of matter and processes

Elements, compounds and mixtures

 All substances can be classified into one of these three types

Element

 A substance made of atoms that all contain the same number of protons and cannot be split
into anything simpler
 There are 118 elements found in the Periodic Table

Compound

 A pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined


 There is an unlimited number of compounds
 Compounds cannot be separated into their elements by physical means
 E.g. copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), carbon dioxide (CO2)

Mixture

 A combination of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that


are not chemically combined
 Mixtures can be separated by physical methods such as filtration or evaporation
 E.g. sand and water, oil and water, sulfur powder and iron filings

Particle diagram showing elements, compounds and mixtures

Classify an Element, Compound or Mixture

 You need to know the following definitions


Classify an Element, Compound or Mixture Table

 We can represent these concepts visually:

Mixtures of elements, compounds and both at the molecular level

Pure Substance vs Mixture

 In everyday language we use the word pure to describe when something


is natural or clean and to which nothing else has been added
 In chemistry a pure substance may consist of a single element or compound which contains
no other substances
 For example a beaker of a sample of pure water contains only H2O molecules and nothing else
 If salt were added to the beaker then a mixture is produced
 A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together,
they are not chemically combined
 The chemical properties of the substances in a mixture remain unchanged
 Substances in mixtures can be separated by physical means
 Air for example is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and some other gases such as carbon dioxide
and argon

Diagram showing how to represent elements, compounds and mixtures using particle diagrams

Distinguishing Purity

 Pure substances melt and boil at specific and sharp temperatures e.g. pure water has a
boiling point of 100 °C and a melting point of 0 °C
 Mixtures have a range of melting and boiling points as they consist of different substances
that tend to lower the melting point and broaden the melting point range
 Melting and boiling points data can therefore be used to distinguish pure substances from
mixtures
 Melting point analysis is routinely used to assess the purity of drugs
 This is done using a melting point apparatus which allows you to slowly heat up a small
amount of the sample, making it easier to observe the exact melting point
 This is then compared to data tables
 The closer the measured value is to the actual melting or boiling point then the purer the
sample is

Cooling Curves

 The influence of impurities can be more clearly seen on a heating / cooling curve
 If the temperature of a liquid is measured as it cools and freezes the data can be used to
produce a graph
 The following graph shows the cooling curve for a sample of a compound
 The horizontal part of the graph shows that the compound has a sharp melting point, so the
compound is pure
Cooling curve for a pure substance

 An impure sample of the compound would produce a gradual decrease in temperature as it


freezes as shown in the graph below
Cooling curve for an impure substance

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