PAPER 3 SET B

19th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS – SEPTEMBER, 2018

PAPER – 3 : ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions
(ii) Each question carries One mark
(iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with HB pencil only, as per
instructions
1. Select the incorrect statement:
a) Harmonics occur as spikes at intervals which are multiples of the supply frequency
b) Devices that draw sinusoidal currents when a sinusoidal voltage is applied
create harmonics
c) Harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency
d) Transformers operating near saturation level create harmonics

2. The illuminance is 10 lm/m² from a lamp at 1 meter distance. The illuminance at half the
distance will be
a) None of the below b) 10 lm/m²

c) 5 lm/m² d) 40 lm/m²

3. In an engine room 15 m long, 10 m wide and 4 m high, ventilation requirement in m3/hr

for 20 air changes/hr is
a) None of the below b) 9000

c) 12000 d) 6000

4. A package air conditioner of 5 TR capacity delivers a cooling effect of 4 TR. If Energy

Efficiency Ratio (W/W) is 2.90, the power in kW drawn by compressor would be:
a) None of the below b) 1.38

c) 1.724 d) 4.84

5. A 5 kVAr, 415 V rated power factor capacitor was found to be having 5.5 kVAr operating
capacity. The operating supply voltage at the same supply frequency would be
approximately.
a) None of the below b) 415 V

c) 435 V d) 400 V

6. The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of window of a building is 0.30. This means that

a) The window reflects back to exterior a minimum of 30 % of the sun’s heat

b) The window allows 30 % of the sun’s heat to pass through into the building interior

c) 70 % of the sun’s heat is incident on the window

d) The window allows 70 % of the sun’s heat to pass through into interior of the buildings

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PAPER 3 SET B

7. The most energy intensive heat transfer loop of a vapour compression refrigeration
system is:
a) Condenser water loop b) Chilled water loop

c) Refrigerant loop d) Indoor air loop

8. One of the thermal power plants operating with 2 nos. of 500 MW units has reported the
operating heat rate of 11250 kJ/kW. The Plant Load Factor (PLF) of the power plant is 73
%.
The operating efficiency of the power plant will be
a) 32 % b) 35 %

c) 30 % d) 38 %

9. Aggregate Technical & Commercial loss in distribution system covers

a) Energy and monetary loss b) Transmission & distribution loss

c) Only transmission losses d) I2R losses of all transformers

10. The power measured in a boiler ID fan is 52 kW operating at 49 Hz. As an energy

conservation measure the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) was installed and the fan was
operated at 34 Hz. The estimated power savings will be
a) 35 .7 kW b) 17.2 kW

c) 34.7 kW d) 36 kW

11. The isothermal power of a 500 cfm air compressor is 72 kW and the efficiency is 78 %.
The actual power drawn by the compressor will be
a) None of the below b) 92 kW

c) 72 kW d) 56 kW

12. A heat pump used in a heat recovery application extracts 66220 kcal/hr and the power
consumed by the heat pump is 23 kW. The estimated heat supplied by the heat pump is
a) 86000 kcal/hr b) 47300 kcal/hr

c) 86860 kcal/hr d) 2916 kcal/hr

13. A coal fired boiler primary air fan is maintaining a velocity pressure of 70 mmWC and the
air temperature is 380C. The density of the air is 1.135 kg/m3 and the pitot tube constant
is 0.85. The velocity of air in m/sec will be
a) None of the below b) 29.56

c) 28.67 d) 25.6

14. A two stage air compressor drawing 75 kW has heat rejection of 862 kCal/kWh.
The required capacity of the cooling tower when the operating temperature difference
of 5 0C will be ________TR.
a) 57.4 b) 107.5

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PAPER 3 SET B

c) 22.93 d) 21.55

15. The star rating scheme of Fluorescent Tube light as per BEE Standards & Labelling
Scheme is based on
a) Lumen per Watt at different b) Lux per Watt
operating hours

c) Lux per Watt per m2 d) Lumen Output

16. A pump with 230 mm diameter impeller is delivering a flow of 150 m3/hr. If the flow is to
be reduced to 110 m3/hr by trimming the impeller, what should be the approximate
impeller size ?
a) 207 mm b) 175 mm
c) 169 mm d) 195 mm

17. Which of the following incandescent bulbs will have the least resistance ?
a) 115 V, 100 W b) 220 V, 100 W
c) 115 V, 60 W d) 220 V, 60 W

18. In a rolling mill, the loading on the transformer was 1200 kVA with the power factor of
0.86. The plant improved the power factor to 0.98 by adding capacitors. What is the reduction
in kVA ?
a) 163.3 b) 147
c) 171 d) 144
19. A 22 kW, 415 V, 45 A, 0.8 pf, 1475 rpm, 4 pole 3 phase induction motor operating at
420 V, 40 A and 0.8 pf. What will be the motor efficiency ?
a) None of the below b) 94.5 %
c) 89.9 % d) 85.0 %
20. The purpose of inter-cooling in a multistage compressor is to
a) None of the below b) Reduce the work of compression

c) Separate moisture and oil vapour d) Increase the pressure of air

21. One ton of refrigeration is not equal to__________.

a) 860 kCal/hr b) 3.51 kW

c) 12000 Btu/hr d) 3024 kCal/hr

22. If two identical pumps operate in series, their shut-off head is

a) Less than double b) More than double
c) Doubled d) Not affected

23. Which of the following is not a part of vapour compression refrigeration cycle ?
a) Generator b) Evaporator
c) Condenser d) Compressor

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PAPER 3 SET B

24. If the power consumed by an air conditioner compressor is 1.7 kW per ton of
referigeration, then its energy efficiency ratio (Watt/Watt) is _____
a) None of the below b) 2.1

c) 0.59 d) 1.7
25. The adsorption material used in an adsorption air dryer is

a) Potassium chloride b) Magnesium chloride

c) Activated alumina d) Calcium chloride

26. The cooling tower size is _____________ to the entering Wet Bulb Temprature (WBT), when the
heat load, range and approach are constant.
a) None of below b) Inversely proportional
c) Constant d) Directly proportional

27. The T5, T8 and T12 fluorescent tube light are categorized based on
a) Power consumption b) Length of the tube

c) Both diameter and length of the tube d) Diameter of the tube

28. If the wet bulb temperature of air is 38 0C, then it’s relative humidity is __________%.
a) Insufficient data b) 90 %

c) 100 % d) 38 %
29. The hydraulic power in a pumping system depends on
a) None of the below b) Motor efficiency

c) Both motor and pump efficiency d) Pump efficiency

30. Small diameter by-pass lines are installed in pumps sometimes to ________________.
a) Reduce pump power consumption b) Control pump delivery head
c) Prevent pump running at zero flow d) Save energy

31. It is acceptable to run pumps in parallel provided their_________ are similar

a) Total head at full flow b) Discharge heads
c) Closed valve heads d) Suction heads

32. L / G ratio in a cooling tower is the ratio of _________________.

a) Air mass flow rate and water flow rate b) Length and Temperature gradient
c) Water flow rate and air mass flow rate d) Length and girth

33. Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) fans consume less energy than aluminum fans because
a) They deliver less air flow b) They have better efficiencies
c) They encounter less system resistance d) They are lighter

34. Ratio of luminous flux (lumen) emitted by a lamp to the power consumed (watt) by the
lamp is called
a) Luminance b) Luminous efficacy

c) Reflectance d) Luminous intensity

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PAPER 3 SET B

35. Illuminance of a surface is expressed in

a) LPD b) Lux

c) Lumens d) Radians
36. Use of soft starters for induction motors results in

a) All the below b) Lower power factor

c) Higher maximum demand d) Lower mechanical stress

37. The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building as per Energy Conservation Building Code
(ECBC) and as defined in the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 is:

a) kWh per year b) kWh per square meter

c) kW per square meter d) kWh per square meter per year

38. Energy Conservation Act covers buildings having a connected load of

a) All buildings with HT connection b) 100 kVA and above

c) 500 kW and above d) 100 kW and above

39. In a solar PV system the conversion from DC to AC is carried out by

a) Inverter b) Charger

c) Battery d) Converter

40. The inlet air temperature to a two stage reciprocating air compressor is 35 0C. At which of
the following 2nd stage inlet temperature’s the compressor will consume least power ?
a) 50 0C b) 65 0C

c) 60 0C d) 75 0C

41. A fan is drawing 16 kW at 800 RPM. If the speed is reduced to 600 RPM then the power
drawn by the fan would be
a) None of the below b) 9 kW
c) 6.75 kW d) 12 kW

42. In which of the following fans air enters and leaves the fan with no change in direction ?
a) Propeller b) Backward curved
c) Radial d) Forward curved

43. Increasing the Cycles of Concentration (C.O.C) of circulating water in a cooling tower,
the blow down quantity will

a) None of the below b) Decrease

c) Not change d) Increase

44. __________ can be achieved using infrared, acoustic, ultrasonic or microwave sensors for
energy efficient lighting control.

a) Localized switching b) Daylight-linked control

c) Occupancy-linked control d) Time-based control

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PAPER 3 SET B

45. The 5th and 7th harmonic in a 50 Hz power supply system will have:

a) No voltage and current distortion at all

b) Voltage and current distortions with 500 Hz & 700 Hz
c) Voltage and current distortions with 250 Hz & 350 Hz
d) Voltage and current distortions with 55 Hz & 57 Hz
46. A 7.5 kW, 415 V, 15 A, 970 RPM, 3 phase rated induction motor with full load efficiency of
86 % draws 7.5 A and 3.23 kW of input power. The percentage loading of the motor is
about

a) None of the below b) 43 %

c) 50 % d) 37 %

47. A two pole induction motor operating at 50 Hz, with 1 % slip will run at an actual speed of
a) None of the below b) 3030 RPM
c) 2970 RPM d) 3000 RPM
48. The value, by which the pressure in the pump suction exceeds the liquid vapour pressure,
is expressed as

a) Suction head b)Static head

c) Dynamic head d)Net positive suction head available
49. Which of the following ambient conditions will evaporate minimum amount of water in a
cooling tower ?

a) 35 0C DBT and 29 0C WBT b) 38 0C DBT and 31 0C WBT

c) 38 0C DBT and 37 0C WBT d) 35 0C DBT and 30 0C WBT

50. A fan is operating at 970 RPM developing a flow of 3000 Nm3/hour at a static pressure of
650 mmWC. If the speed is reduced to 700 RPM, the static pressure (mmWC) developed
will be

a) None of the below b) 650

c) 469 d) 244.3

-------- End of Section - I --------

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Section II contains Eight questions (S1- S8)

(ii) Each question carries Five marks
During the performance evaluation of a DG set, the following parameters were noted
S-1
Capacity of DG set 1500 kVA

Test duration 36 minutes

Units generated 442 kWh

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PAPER 3 SET B

Average Power factor 0.92 pf

Length of diesel tank 90 cm

Width of diesel tank 90 cm

Height of the diesel tank 90 cm

Initial tank dip level (from top) 63 cm

Final tank dip level (from top) 79 cm

Calculate the following:

1. Diesel consumption (Litres) (1 Mark)
2. Average load (kW) (1 Mark)
3. Percentage Loading (%) (2 Marks)
4. Specific power generation (kWh/Litre) (1 Mark)
1. Diesel Consumption = 0.9x0.9x0.16 =129.6 Liters
Ans
2. Average load (kW) = (442/36)x60 =736.7 kW
3. Percentage Loading (%) = (736.7/.92)/1500 =53%
4. Specific power generation (kWh/Litre) (442/129.6) =3.41 kWh/Litre

S-2 In a Thermal Power Station, the steam input to a turbine operating on a fully condensing
mode is 100 TPH. The heat rejection requirement of the steam turbine condenser is 555
kcal/kg of steam condensed. The temperature of cooling water at the inlet and outlet of the
turbine condenser is 27 0C and 37 0C respectively. Find out the circulating cooling water
flow.

Ans The quantum of heat rejected in the turbine condenser

= Quantum of steam condensed (kg) x heat rejection (kcal/kg)
= 100,000 x 555 = 55.5 Million kcal/h.
Heat gained by circulating cooling water = Heat rejected in the condenser
Circulating cooling water flow
= 100,000 x 555 / (37-27) x specific heat (1)

= 5550 m3/hr

S-3 A medium sized engineering industry has installed two 480 CFM screw compressors, A &
B. Compressor-A is operating at full load and Compressor-B is running in load – unload
condition. The load power of both the compressor is 74 kW and the unload power of the
Compressor-B is 26 kW. Both the compressors are operated during working day.The
percentage loading of the Compressor-B during working day is 64 %. After arresting the
leakage in the system, the loading of the compressor was found to be 35 %. Estimate the
energy savings per day.

7
PAPER 3 SET B
Existing Case:
Ans
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -A= 74 kW
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -B= 0.64 x 74 + 0.36 X 26 = 56.72 kW
Total energy consumed (Compressor A& B) = 74 + 56.72 = 130.72 kW/hr
Energy consumed per day= 130.72 X 24 hrs = 3137.3 kWh/day
Leakage Calculation:
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -B= 0.64 x 74 + 0.36 X 26 = 56.72 kW
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -B= 0.35 x 74 + 0.65 X 26 = 42.8 kW
Difference in power consumption = 56.72 - 42.8 = 13.92 kW/hr
Savings by arresting leakage per day= 13.92 X 24 = 334 kWh/day

S-4 A plant is operating a chilled water system always at full load. The chilled water inlet and
outlet temperatures are 12 0C and 7 0C respectively. The chilled water pump discharge
pressure is 3.6 kg/cm2g and the suction is 5 meters above the pump centreline. The power
drawn by the chilled water pump’s motor is 70 kW and an efficiency of 90 %. The chilled
water pump efficiency at the operating point from pump characteristic curve is 60 %. Find
out the operating refrigeration load in TR.
Ans
Total head 36 – 5 = 31 m

Pump shaft power 70 x 0.9

63 kW

Flow rate (63 x 1000) X 0.6 / 31 x 1000 x 9.81

0.124297 m3/s

447.5 m3/hr

Refrigeration load (447500 x 5) / 3024

740 TR

S-5 How does a motor lose its efficiency upon rewinding? (2.5 Marks)
What two parameters will indicate the efficacy of the rewinding? (2.5 Marks)

• Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 2, Page No 61

Ans
The operating data of an induced draft-cooling tower is as follows:
S-6 Observed range : 8 0C.
Cooling water flow rate : 12,500 m3/hr
Drift loss : 0.1 % of circulation rate
Wet Bulb Temperature : 27 0C
Ambient Dry Bulb Temperature : 35 0C
Effectiveness : 67 %
Cycle of Concentration :3
Estimate the evaporation loss; make up water requirement and TR load of cooling tower.

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PAPER 3 SET B
Evaporation loss = 0.00085 X 1.8 X 12500 X 8 = 153 m 3/hr
Ans
Blow Down =153 /(3-1)= 76.5 m3/hr
Make up =153 + 76.5 + (12500*0.001)= 242 m 3/hr

Heat load =12500*1000*8/3024 = 33069 TR

List any five benefits of power factor improvement in an industrial power distribution
S-7
system.
Ans Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 1, Page No 11
S-8 In an air washer of a textile humidification system with an airflow of 3000 m3/h at 25 0C
and 10 % relative humidity is humidified to 60 % relative humidity by adding water
through spray nozzles. The specific humidity of air at inlet and outlet are 0.002 kg/kg of
dry air and 0.0062 kg/kg of dry air respectively. The density of air at 25 0C is 1.184
kg/m3. Calculate the amount of water required in kg/hr.

The amount of water required:

Ans
mw =v ρ ( out - in)
= 3000 X 1.184 X (0.0062- 0.002)
= 14.9 kg/h

-------- End of Section - II --------

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Section III contains Six questions (L1- L6)

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 A 7.5 TR package air conditioner is provided for a UPS room for removing the heat
generated from the UPS of rated capacity 40 kVA. The following parameters were noticed
while performing the assessment of the total system.

UPS Parameters:

Rating Input Power (kW) Output Power (kW)

On Load (16 hrs) 11.94 8.61

40 kVA
No Load (8 hrs) 1.16 0.00

Air conditioner parameters:

Installed capacity of Air conditioner 7.5 TR

Outdoor unit (condenser) air velocity 6.1 m/s

Radius of the fan opening at the point of velocity measurement 0.30 m

in outdoor unit

Air Density 1.174 kg/m3

9
PAPER 3 SET B

Ambient temperature 305 0K

Temperature of hot air (condenser outlet) 313.5 0K

Specific heat of air 1.009 kJ/kg K

Power drawn by the compressor 5.40 kW

Efficiency of the compressor motor 90 %

Calculate
a) Present delivery capacity of air conditioner (TR) (3 Marks)
b) Power drawn per TR of refrigeration (3 Marks)
c) Calculate the annual energy savings for 7200 hrs, if the UPS is relocated to a non
air-conditioned ventilated area. Assume energy cost Rs.8/kWh. (4 Marks)

Ans Capacity Installed 7.5 TR

Outdoor unit air velocity 6.1 m/s

Radius of the opening 0.30 m

Area of cross section (3.14x0.3^2) 0.283 m2

Total Air flow (0.283x6.1) 1.72 m3/s

Density of the air 1.174 kg/m3

Mass of air, m (1.72x1.174) 2.02 kg/s

o
Ambient temperature, T1 305 K
o
Air temperature, T2 313.5 K

o
Difference in Temperature (T2-T1), (dT) 8.5 K

Specific Heat at Constant pressure, cp 1.009 kJ/kgK

Heat Transfer (mxCpx(T2-T1)) 17.32 kJ/s

Heat transfer per hour 62352 kJ/hr

14917 kcal/Hr

Heat input from the compressor (5.4x0.9x860) 4180 kcal/Hr

Evaporator heat load (14949-4180) 10737 kcal/Hr

1 Tonne of refrigeration 3024 kCal/Hr

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PAPER 3 SET B
Effective TR 3.55 TR

Power drawn by the compressor 5.40 kW

power taken per TR of refrigeration 1.52 kW/ TR

Heat Load generated by UPS in Conditioned Space

Input Output Heat Load

Rating/ Location Power Power Total
(kW) (kW) (kW) kCal/Sec kCal/Hr TR/hr
TR/day

On
Load 11.94 8.61 3.33 0.80 2880 0.95 15.2
40 kVA (16hrs)

No Load
1.16 0 1.16 0.28 1008 0.33 2.64
(8hrs)

Total 17.84

The savings that can be achieved by providing clean, cool and dust free environment for UPS
operation is given below.

AC Load generated by UPS/ day = 17.84 TR

Power taken by AC to generate 17.82 TR at 1.52 kW/ TR = 27.12 kW

Annual energy savings at 300 days of operation = 8136 kWh

Cost of power = Rs.8/ kWh

Annual Cost Savings = Rs.65,088/-
L-2 One of the textile processing plants has installed two numbers of 6 MW gas turbines and
also Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) to generate steam from the hot gases. The
steam generated from HRSG is utilized for process steam requirement and also for 500 TR
Vapour Absorption Machine (VAM). The VAM consumes 4.4 kg steam per TR and is
operated at full load.
Due to increase in gas price the plant has stopped gas turbine operations and avails power
supply from the grid. To meet the steam requirement the plant has installed two numbers
of 10 TPH Agro Waste Boilers and steam is supplied to the process plant as well as to VAM
machine. The average cost of steam is Rs.1200/- per ton from agro waste boiler. The plant
operates for 7000 hours in a year.
The management is planning to replace the VAM chillers by electrical centrifugal chiller
which will operate at 0.7 kW/TR.

11
PAPER 3 SET B
Compare the annual operating costs of electrical chiller and VAM. The cost of grid power is
Rs 6.12/kWh. Consider all the other auxiliary power remains same in both the cases.
Do you agree with the management decision of operating VAM machine for chilling
requirements?

Ans Capacity of VAM Machine = 500 TR

Steam required/TR =4.4 Kg/TR

Total Steam requirement = 500 X 4.4 = 2200 Kg/hr= 2.2 TPH

Cost of steam from Agro Boiler = 2.2 X 1200 = Rs 2640 / hr

Power consumed by electric chiller = 0.7 X 500 = 350 kW

Cost of electricity = Rs 6.12/kWh

Operating cost of electric chiller = 350 x 6.12 = Rs 2142

Savings by Electric chiller = 2640- 2142 = Rs.498/ hr

Annual operating savings = 7000 X 498 = Rs 34,86,000/-

Disagree with the management decision.

L-3 A distribution company has taken initiatives to reduce Aggregate Technical &Commercial
(AT & C) loss in their network. The energy supplied, received and revenue details are given
below :
Input energy = 60 MU
Metered Billed Energy = 43 MU
Average Billing= 3 MU
Amount Billed=Rs. 540 Million
Arrears collected = Rs. 80 Million
Amount received = Rs. 470 Million

a) Estimate the following : (each carries 2.5 Marks)

i) AT & C loss in % and revenue realized in Rs./kWh.

ii) Revenue loss per kwh and monthly loss, if the purchased energy cost is
Rs. 8.10/kWh

b) List five measures to reduce commercial loss in the network (5 Marks)

a)
Ans
Billing efficiency = (43+3) /60 X 100 = 76.7 %

Collection efficiency = ((470-80)/540) X 100 = 72.2 %

AT&C Loss = 1- (Billing efficiency x Collection Efficiency) x 100

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PAPER 3 SET B
= 1- (0.767 x 0.722) X100 = 44.62 %

Revenue realised / kwh = (470-80)/60 = Rs 6.5/kWh

Revenue loss / kwh = Rs 8.10- 6.5 = Rs. 1.6/kWh

Monthly Revenue loss = 60 X 1.6 =Rs 96 Million or (Rs.9,60,00,000/-)

b) Few measures to reduce commercial losses in distribution system include:

Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 1, Page No 27

Write short notes on the following with respect to the compressed air system :
(each carries 2.5 Marks)
L-4 a) Refrigeration drier
b) Heat of compression drier
c) Role of air receiver
d) Dew point
a) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 94
Ans
b) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 95
c) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 97
d) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 93
L-5 In a boiler, the forced draught fan develops a total static pressure of 300 mmWC.
Determine the shaft power (in kW) required to drive the fan if 10,000 kg of coal is burnt
per hour with 13 kg of air per kg of coal burnt. The boiler house temperature is 20 0C and
static efficiency of the fan is 80 %.

The operating air density may be calculated from the following:

R = 847.84 mmWC m3/kg mole K and Molecular weight of air, M = 28.92 kg/kg mole.
Total Pressure = 300 mm of WC
Ans
Mass of air handled, m = 10000 × 13/ 3600 = 36.11 kg/s

Atmospheric pressure, P = 1 kg/ cm2 = 10 mtr of WC = 10,000 mm of WC.

Temperature T = 20 + 273 = 293 K

Gas Constant for air, R = 847.84 mm WC m3/kg mole K

Molecular weight of air, M = 28.92 kg/kg mole

Density, kg/m3 = (P x M) / (R X T) = (10000 x 28.92) / (847.84 x 293)

= 1.164 kg/m3

Volume in m3/s = mass (kg/s) / density (kg/m3)

= 36.11 / 1.164
= 31.02 m3/s

Power to fan shaft, kW

= [Volume (m3/s) x Total pressure (mm of WC)] / [102 x fan efficiency]
= [31.02 x 300] / [102 x 0.8]
= 114 kW

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PAPER 3 SET B

L-6 A food processing plant has a contract demand of 2500 kVA with the power supply
company. The average maximum demand of the plant is 2000 kVA at a power factor of
0.95.
The maximum demand is billed at the rate of Rs.300/kVA. The minimum billable
maximum demand is 75 % of the contract demand. An incentive of 0.5 % reduction in
energy charges component of electricity bill are provided for every 0.01 increase in power
factor over and above 0.95. The average energy charge component of the electricity bill per
month for the company is Rs.10 lakhs.
The plant decides to improve the power factor to unity. Determine the power factor
capacitor kVAr required, annual reduction in maximum demand charges and energy
charge component. What will be the simple payback period if the cost of power factor
capacitors is Rs.800/kVAr ?

kW drawn 2000 x 0.95 = 1900 kW

Ans
Kvar required to improve power factor from
kW ( tan 1 – tan 2)
0.95 to 1

kW ( tan (cos-1) – tan (cos-2)

1900 ( tan (cos-0.95) – tan (cos-1)

1900 (0.329 - 0)

625 kVAr

Cost of capacitors @Rs.800/kVAr Rs.5,00,000

Maximum demand at unity power factor 1900/1 = 1900 kVA

75 % of contract demand 1875 kVA

Reduction in Demand charges 100 kVA x Rs.300

Rs.30000 x 12

Rs.3,60,000

Percentage reduction in energy charge from 2.5 %

0.95 to 1 @ 0.5 % for every 0.01 increase

Monthly energy cost component of the bill Rs.10,00,000

Reduction in energy cost component 10,00,000 x (2.5/100)

Rs.25,000/month

Annual reduction Rs.25,000 x 12

Rs.3,00,000

Savings in electricity bill Rs.6,60,000

14
PAPER 3 SET B
Investment Rs.5,00,000

Payback period 5,00,000/6,60,000

0.76 years or 9 months

-------- End of Section - III --------

15