Linear Algebra : Determinants, Matrices ee a 3, Properties of determinants, 4. Matrices, Elementary transformations, ee Ses 1, Introduction. 2. Determinants, Cotactors, Laplace's expansion. | | Special matrices. . Matrix operations. 6. Related matrices. 7. Rank of a matrix, | | Elementary matrices, Inverse trom elementary matrices, Normal form ‘of a matrix. 8. Partition method. 9. Solution of linear system of equations. 10. Consistency of linear system of equations. 11. Linear and orthogonal | | | transformations. 12. Vectors ; Linear dependence. 13. Eigen values and eigen vectors. 14. Properties of eigen values. 15. Cayley-Hamilton theorem. 16. Reduction to diagonal form. 17. Reduction ‘of quadratic form to | canonical form. 18, Nature of quadratic form. 19. Complex matrices. 20. Objective Types of Questions. INTRODUCTION Linear algebra comprises of the theory and applic tions and eigen value problems. In linear algebra, we mal determinants and their properties Determinants were first introduced for solving linear systems and have important engineering applica- tions in systems of differential equations, electrical networks, eigen-value problems and so on. Many compli- cena expressions occurring in electrical and mechanical aystems can be elegently simplified by expressing them in the form of determinants. Cayley* discovered matrices in the year 1860, But it was not until the twentieth century was well- advanced that engineers heard of them. These days, however, matrices have been found to be of great utility in many branches of applied mathematics such as algebraic and differential equations, mechanics theory of electri- aa rei maclear physics, aerodynamics and astronomy. With the advent of computers, the usage of matrix methods has been greatly facilitated. tations of linear system of equation, linear transforma- Ike a systematic use of matrices and to a lesser extent [EEA DETERMINANTS 4 & ‘a,b, —a,b,’ It contains 4 numbers a, by 4p by (called elements) which are arranged along two horizontal lines (called rows) and two vertical lines (called columns). (1) Definition. The expression is called a determinant of the second order and stands for Boe Similarly, | 2, 2 ¢% | 8 ¢ a, bs & arranged in 3 rows and 3 columns. ‘alled a determinant of the third order. It consists of 9 elements which are “Arthur Cayley (1821-1696) was a professor at Cambridge and is known for his important contributions to algebra, matric and differential equations, 17Hien ENOWEERING MaTHeNaricg gy hy dh az by ty daly In general, « determinant of the nth order is denoted by . Jay, Gm dante | ients arranged in the form of a square along n-rows and n-columns. The diagonal corner which contains the elements a,, by, Cy», is called the leading or principay which is a block of n? elem through the left hand to diagonal. (2) Cofactors ‘The cofactor of any element in a determinant is obtained by deleting the row and column which intersect in that element with the proper sign. The sign of an element in the ith row and jth column is (~ of, 1 *1, The cofactor an element is usually denoted by the corresponding capital letter. ee ce a b For instance, in. =|; by cy |, the cofactor of by iv., B, and a 6 ab 4 4 (3) Laplace's expansion.” A determinant can be expanded in terms of any row (or column) as follows Multiply each element of the row (or column) in terms of which we intend expanding the determinant, by its cofactor and then add up all these terms. Expanding by R, (i.e., Ist row), bog als bo | fay | = ay(b3¢5~b yep) ~by(a,¢4~a4¢,) + c\(a;—a,b,) Similarly, expanding by C, (ce. 2nd column) yb as by A= QA, +B, +¢C, =a, A =6,B, +b,B, + 6B, = le % sa] S/4[o 4] le al * la a| = bilaygey ~a,e,) + 6,(a¢5—a,¢,)-byla,e,-2,¢,) and expanding by R, (i.e., 3rd row), = aA, + byB, + ¢,C,. Thus A is the sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) by the corresponding cofactors. If, however, the sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) by the cofactors of another row (or column) be taken, the result is zero. Jaal,fa alla & eg., in A, @,A, + bsB, +c5C, 1 alt? = el ale | (bye ~ bye) + Bylaye, ~aye,)~ey(ayb, ~a,b,) = In general, a,4, + 6,8, +¢,C, wheni=j=0 whenisy Example 2.1, Expand A= ahe aot efe > AT la af Solution. Expanding by R,,4=a|° /|_a|* f : Irel la el*#le rf = albe—f2)— the ef) + ght ab) = abe + 2fgh ~af? bg? eh? “Named after a great French mathematician Pierre Simon Mar tions to probability theory, special functions, potential thes irquis De Laplace (1749-1827), He made important contribu: Napolean Bonapart for a year. ‘ory and astronomy. While a professor in Paris, he taught|LikeaR AcoeBRA Devemienanrs, Marrices m ones Brample 22. Find hevatueopae|? 9 3 2 3012 Solution, Since there are two zeros in the second row, therefore, expanding by R,, we get 123 013 30 1/+0-3/2 3 1) +0 o12 302 (ExpandbyC,) (Expand by R,) {100 x 2-1 1)- 32x 2-1 x3) +0) 310-12 x 2- 1 3)-3( 1-27) =4 + 84 = 88. x1) +912 0-3%3 [E22 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS: ‘The following properties, are proved for determinants of the third order, but these hold good for determinants of any order. These properties enable us to simplify a given determinant and evaluate it without expanding the given determinant. L.A determinant remains unaltered by changing its rows into columns and columns into rows ah 4 mh ay bs cy = a,(bye5— bye % % a by by bye, ~ Bye) ~ ay (byes ~ Bye) + 44 (Bye Bye) = ay(by65~ bye) ~ By (aye ~ dye) + €(43P5~ 9564) = Let a [Expand by Ry] bylaye, — acy) + o\(azby — asb,) ‘Then (Expand by Ry) ‘bs. 1 Any theorem concerning the rows of a determinant, therefore, applies equally to its columns and vice-versa. {g, When a row or a column is referred to in a general manner, itis ealled a fine. Ii fas pac arof es aceratcant ee aerehangad, the Geese fetal ic numerical vein ve changes in sign Ja & «| Let Se Je, Bo) (Bxpandby Ry ab al Suerte) ier en ce eo Interchanging C, and C,, we have jaa & a, ¢, | (Expand by Rj] a &% b| = a,(csb, ~eyb,)~ cay, ~a,p,) + byiaye, -a¢,) = — laid ye, ~byey) ~b\(aye, —aye,) + e\(ayb, ~aybyll =~. Cor, If line of &be passed over two parallel lines, i, ifthe resulting determinant is like boa a v= |b, ep @|, then vette. by em In general, ifany line of a determinant be passed over m parallel lines, the resulting determinant a= (- 18, TIL. A determinant vanishes if two parallel lines are identical Consider a determinant 4 in which two parallel lines are idPa Hower Exoneenne Matheney. Interchange of the identical lines leaves the determinant unaltered yet by the previous property, the interchanges of two parallel lines changes the sign of the determinant. Hence | tis multiplied b; IV. If each element of a line be multiplied by the same factor, the whole determinant is multipl by that factor, Ja . a} |e é a he, a, pb, =P a by ps) i & SI For on expanding by C,, LHS. = ~ pby(aye, — a4¢,) + pbslayes ~ aye) ~ Pbs( 9162 ~ 92")? = pl=b,B, + 6B, ~6,B,) = RUS. a & | ia ko Similarly, ka, kb, hey =k a, 8, cy ah ay by cy Cor. If two parallel lines be suck that the elements of one are equi-multiples of the elements of the other, the determinant vanishes a & ph) la hh ie. ar by phyl=ples b&b |=pO)=0 23 by pbs) 1a Bb ; V. If each element of a line consists of m terms, the determinant can be expressed as the sum of m determi: nants a & qtdh-y Consider the determinant A= a, b, c,+d,-ep Jas y+dy—e) end of whose third column elements consists of three terms Expanding A by C,, we have A= (e, +d) —e)) (a:b, ~ 564) ~(e, + dy — 9) (a,b, - = le,(a,b, ~a,6,) by) + (c, + d,~e,) (a,b, ~a,6,) = e4(a4b, ~ a,6,) + €,(a,b, ~ 0,b,)] + [dy(ab, — a,b,) ~d,(a,b, ~ a,b,) + dy(a,b, ~ a,6,)] ~ [e,(a,b, ~ a,b,) ~ €,(a,b, ~ a36,) + €,(¢,b, ~a5b,)] Ja & a) fa & at! lm & «| alas Bc |+/as & dy|-[ay b& ey a & | la & &| lo & es Further, if the elements of three parallel lines consist of m, n and p terms respectively, the determinants can be expressed as the sum of m xn x p determinants. aa? a’-1 Example 23.1 6 6° 6-1 =Oinwhich a, b, care different, show that abc = 1 ed f-1| Solution. As each term of C, in the given determinant consists of two terms, we express it as a sum of two determinants. 6 be Bl bb abe|1 6 b°|- ce ze jie | (Taking common a, b,c from Ry, Ry. R, respectively ofthe first determinant and ~ 1 from C, ofthe second determinant]Lumenn Avaeona :Dererunnrs, Marnices ga [Passing C, over C, and C, in the second determinant} 2 2 lad laa 1b B?| (abe-1)=0. Hence abe = since 6 BF) 20asa,b,care all different, lee re e| VL If to each elements of a line be added equi-multiples of the corresponding elements of one or more parallel lines, the determinants remains unaltered. a by Let a=|a, & % a by a, + pha, Then ay + pb, ae, by | a + pb; - Gey bs Ja & a! [ph & a! |-a & 4% a, by c+) Pb, by ce |+|-aer by & a | | Phy bm | |- acy bc +0+0=a Iby IV-Cor.| Olys, This property is very useful for simplifying determinants. To add equi-multiples of parallel lines, we shall employ the following notation : ‘Suppose to the elements of the second row, we add p times the elements of the first row and q times the clement of the third row ; then we say : Operate R, + pR, + aR, Similarly Operate ‘C, + mC, —nC,’ ‘means that to the elements of the third column add m times the elements of the first column and ~ nm times the elements of the second column. 2117 7 10; 24 22 6 10 Example 24. Evaluate |“ “9 3 |- se Solution, Operating R, ~ R, ~R,, R, ~ 3Ry, R, ~ 2R,, the given determinant becomes =8 -12 0 -2 6 -20 1 pal 4 6 0 1 [Expand by C,) 5 71 2 |-8 -12 -2 | ee ty R,=2R,) —_ = 2 x+2 Qx+3 Oxed Example 2.5. Solve the equation | 2x+3 3r+4 de+5 | =0. Bx+5 5x+8 10x+17 Solution, Operating R, ~(R, + R,), we get x+2 2x+3 Bred 2x43 Bx+4 4x45] _ : ' Gt aevalae Operate R,~R, and R, +R, x42 eed 6r+12/ 12 6 rel xl oxel [=O or webiedl2d 1 0 7 3x+8 | a1 To bring one more zero in C,, operate R, ~ R, or 0 3x+8a san sd oi 6 (eeWeed/ 11 1/20 01 ares Now expand by C,. .. =e Hr 2) ae + 8-8) =O or-Bev4 Wer ee =O Thus, ve-Leh-2 Iso Example 2.6, Prove that | 1 1 Solution, Let 4 be the given determinant, Taking a, 5, c,d common from Ry, Ry, Ry. Ry respectively, we get rr obt bt eter et ao dtay (Operate R, + (R, +R, + R,) and take out the common factor from Ry] toro 4 sdedtsetentectsan | Bt EB og ail (Operate C, - C,,C,—Cy, C.-C) 1 000 Layjet 10 0} qd o10 ooo 1 Ome, I all elements on one side of the leading diagonal are zero, then the determinant is equal to the product of leading diagonal elements and such a determinants is called a ‘mancular determinant VIL Factor Theorem. If she elements of a determinant 3 are functions of x and two parallel lines become Identical when x =a, then x—a is a factor of S Let Saf Since A= 0when he. (ea) is a factor of fx Hence x ~ a is a factor of 4 tee If k parallel lines ofa determinant 4 become identical when x =a, then (xa) isa factor of 5 a a al weed Example 2.7. Factorive d=) 7 02 2 @adt Solution. Putting a =, R,=R,andhences=0. .. a—Bisa factor of Similarly. a ~c and a ~d are also factors of 3 Again putting 6 =c,R,=R, and hence 3=0. cis factor of ‘Similarly 6 ~d and c~d are also factors of 5 ‘Also A is ofthe sixth degree in a, 5. d and therefor, there cannot be any other algebraic factor of 3. ‘Suppose 4 = Aa ~6) (a ~c)(a~d)(b~c)(b—d) (cd), where is a numerical constant. ‘The leading term in 4 = a°b*c. The corresponding term on RH.S. = ha°bie 1 (a -b)(a-c) (ad) (b =e) (b—diic—d)Lean ALaeona: Devenunvs, Marnices Ea bre a? a Example 2.8 Provethat| 6? (c+al B® | = abe (a+b + er é 2 aebP Solution, Let the given determinant be 3. If we put a = |O+eF 0 0 oc Bl =0 eo a is a factor of A. Similarly b and ¢ are its factors Again ifwe puta +b +¢=0. ay eC In this, three columns being identical, (a + 6 +c)? is a factor of 4 As dis of the sixth degree and is symmetrical ina, 6, the remaining factor must therefore, be of the first degree and of the form k (a +b +) Thus 4 = habe (a +6 +0)" To determine &, puta = 6 =e = 1, then 4.1 1 4 1| 227k or 54=27k ie,k=2 7c a) Hence = 2abe (a +b +c)’ Otherwise : Operating C, ~ C, and C,~ Cy, we have rer ° a | 0 (rab 6% Take (a +6 +c) common from C, and C,] (a+b? (ad? (a+b! bre-a 0 a | =ta+b+c) 0 c+a-b 6% | [Operate R,-R,-Ryl ob cn-a-b (ass? | brea 0a? | ‘ sla+bec?| 0 cra-b oF [Operate c; + 2c, a +te] -% ~2a 2ab| a bo) bre a a? | a+b+c!| ba c+a 6* | [Expand by Rj) o 0 2ab| 2ab(a +b +c)" (b +e) (c +a) ~ab] = abe (a +b +e VIII. Multiplication of Determinant: determinant of that order. The product of two determinants of the same order is itself a a bg om on Let Sy=]a, b& e}and a=|h m, ny a by | My ny | then their product is defined as [mh +m rem, aly + bm, + emg, aly + bm, + cn, Aide= | aah + ym, + em, aly + by, + cng, ayly + bym, + eyn, ah + by, + esm,, aqly + ym, + eyn,, a,l, + bym, + en, Similarly, the product of two determinants of the nth order is a determinant of the nth order.ee Hoven Enanenna Matwetancg +h? ab+ch ca-bh A 6 -b Example 2.9. Bvaluate | ab-ch b’ +2? be+ah\x\-c h A eb beret cat? |b me Solution. By the rule of multiplication of determinants, the resulting determinant dy dy dy | dn da Nd dea doa #14) 1. 6 ab + chic + (ca ~b)) (~b) = Ma? + bE ct 47) #7200) + (ab + chi + (ca ~ bide =0 Hence ° o l4, B, ©) ai Example £10. Show that [Ay By C,) Bel seen tee Ay B Cl Ja; be respectively in the determinant (aby) aa | AB G, Solution. Let A=) a, 6, c/anda’= (Al Bi Cl ah 6 AB Cy BA, +B eC, GA, +B, +0, Ay +B re(C,| [A 0 0 Then =| asd, + iB +eC). ads +B, veCe, asAy vbuB vege, =|0 A 0| =a Lea; +B +GC,. GAL + BB, seCy, alls biBeveCn| [0 0 4 Hence yea? (Oba. is called the reciprocal or adjugate determinant of 2be~a* * a Example 2.11. Express = 2ea ~ b* - e a 2ab ~ o* ‘ax the square of a determinant, and hence find its value. Solution. Given determinant a.-arbcre.b, a(-b+b.ate.c a.-orb.bse.a| Ja be] [oa ¢ b “[eearergh bepreaag heoseateas]5 e lx] @ ct-aracerb.b c.l-b+acasbe elceu.beba| “ce ba (Taking out (-1) common from C, i eee Cy Cyl abe = 8c] =[b © alet-1?|b © a|=at ean ca bl nie where =| bc a) =—la*+ 6? +6) —sabey cab Hence the given determinant (a $b +68 — Sabetnen ince: Dernanas, Marne go a a? -By| |. Prove, without expanding, that |1 ® §? —yu| vanishes. (WBTU, 2016 aye - Petry oatly ¥ ley Fisk then prove, without expansion, that xyz =~ 1 where.x, y,2 are unequal. 2, Show that (i) =(x—a)(e-Pix-y. Been aaa a b « Wi b+e cra ash aoe fab) ele -a)la+b +0) 4, Ifa,b,c are all different and (0, then show that abe (be + ea + ab bee. lpr ee las4 | 1aa4 | Evaluate]! 3 3 4 wpe e \i2a5 est ete arb bre eve] |b ef jade 0 elite men attle]t m n[a8 te bee Be | stavboct \p+a ater rep| |p a rl | a 2 c-a-b| er a h, ab Lea? + oF a isa perfect cube. h -20° 1a? 8 Lows and % 1 cos B sin B =4sin BSE 1 em sinc | 456% oa bd clea Oat ww [BS 7 9 wpe square 68d lp tesad ATE 206 e220) |e -e -f o| 1a a? ab+bed Ja?-n ab oe ad 1b Bb +eda ab Bek be De es ie een fe eee, cite etek 1d dt dsabe, ee jad 1 les leneay Hien ExonNeenna Marieuanieg Po et Jee ea? teva 1| oe 16. cord 1 ia 7 io abse 1 bed eda dab abe ia WR WasbecnOsove| cox Jeet teed geet 19, Solvethe equation "Be A+3. 6143] dred Grea red 20. Show that BF cea? BF | aderbiet WB.TU, 2012) | & ase ERX watrices (1) Definition. A system of mn numbers arranged in a rectangular formation along m rows and n columns and bounded by the brackets { Jis called an m by n matrix ; which is written as m xn matrix. A matrix is also denoted by a single capital letter. fa, a, a ny Thus A is a matrix of order mn. It has m rows and n columns. Bach ofthe mn numbers is called an element ofthe matrix. To locate any particular element of a matrix, the elements are denoted by a letter followed by two suffixes which respectively specify the rows and columns. Thus a, is the element in the i-th row and j-th column of A. In this notation, the matrix A is denoted by (a, A matrix should be treated as a single entity with a number of components, rather than a collection of numbers. For example, the coordinates of a point in solid geometry are given by a set of three numbers which can be represented by the matrix [x,y, 2]. Unlike a determinant, a matrix cannot reduce toa single number and the question of finding the value ofa matrix never arises. The difference between a determinant and a matrix is brought out by the fact that an interchange of rows and columns does not alter the determinant but gives an entirely different matrix. (2) Special matrices Row and column matrices. A matrix having a single row is called « row matrix, eg, [I 3 5 7] 5 Row and column matrices are sometimes called row vectors and column vectors. Square matrix. A matrix having n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n ‘The determinant having the same elements as the square matrix A is called the determinant of the matrix and is denoted by the symbol | A |. For example, if 2 A matrix having a single column is called a column matrix, ¢g., Ei fl 2 3] 1 2 3] Az=|2 3 4], then|/A{=|2 3 4 {3 4 5] 345 The diagonal of this matrix containing the elements I, 3,5 is called the leading or principal diagonal. The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of A A square matrix ts said to be singular if its determinant is zero otherwise non-singular,Lent ALOEORA: Devemunanrs, Marmces Diagonal matrix. A square matrix all of whose elements except those in the leading diagonal, are sere called a diagonal matrix. A diagonal matrix whose all the leading diagonal elements are equal is called a sealar matrix For example, a 00 30 9] 0 -20| and |o 3 0 0 06 00 3) are the diagonal and scalar matrices respectively. Unit matrix. A diagonal matrix of order n which has unity for all its diagonal elements, 1s called a unit matrix or an identity matrix of order n and is denoted by [,.. For example, unit matrix of order 3 is 100 010 oo1 Null matrix. [fall the elements ofa matrix are zero, itis called a null or zero matrix and is denoted by We. 0000 0 0 0 | isanull matrix. Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. A square matrix A = |a,) is said to be symmetric when a, =a, for all i and j. Ifa, =~a, for all i and jo that all the leading diagonal elements are zero, then the matrix is called a skew symmetric matrix. Examples of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices are ahe fl A ee, hob f| and - 0 fF | respectively. ia Gc e -f 0 ‘Triangular matrix. A square matrix all of whose elements below the leading diagonal are zero, is called ‘an upper triangular matrix. A square matrix all of whose elements above the leading diagonal are zero, is called a lower triangular matrix. Thus he 1 PY r| ana | 2 e 15 4 are upper and lower triangular matrices respectively. MATRICES OPERATIONS () Equality of Matrices Two matrices A and B are said to equal if and only if they are of the same order aand (ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B. (2) Addition and subtraction of matrices. If A, B be two matrices of the same order, then their sun A+ Bis defined as the matrix each element of which is the sum of the corresponding elements of A and B. ah) fa dy) far kr Thus, a, by] +] cy dy|=|a, +e, by +dy a bs} [ey dy] lay+ey b, +d] Similarly, A - B is defined as a matrix whose elements are obtained by subtracting the elements of B from the corresponding elements of A. Ts (2 aH al-[ace 828] Obs. 1. Only matrices of the same order can he added or subtracted 2, Addition of matrices is commutative, hes A+B=B+A=a Hiken ENGNEERING Manieianicg 3. Addition and subtraction of matrices is associative ie (A+B)-C=A+(B-C)=B+1A-C). (3) Multiplication of matrix by a scalar. The product of a matrix A by a scalar k is a matrix whose each element is k times the corresponding elements of A. ‘Thus, a bq) _[ ha hb, hey : iB by cy] "(hay by ey The distributive law holds for such products, e., KA + B) = RA + KB. Os. All the laws of ordinary algebra hold for the addition or subtraction of matrices and their multiplication by scalars, Example 212. Find s yz ond w gion that ix sia f 6 xty) de dpe ee aes we(3* Sy] x46 Sexey Sotution. Wehave [BS S)-[ issu ae] Equating the corresponding elements, we get Beax+6,3y=54x¢y,32=-142+u, Sw =2w45. or Bex,2=w-1w=5 Hence x =3,y = 4,2=2,w =5. 35-7 Example 2.14. Express |-8 11 4] as the sum of a lower triangular matrix with zero leading 13-4 6 diagonal and an upper triangular matrix. fo 9 9) Solution. Let L=|a 0. 0| be the lower triangular matrix with zero leading diagonal. be 0 tmn and U=|0 p q| be the upper triangular matrix. 00 | 3 6 -7] [00 0) ft ma Then -8 1 4}=|a 0 o|+]0 p g 13-14 6} [6 c 0] [0 Or Equating corresponding elements from both sides, we obtain 3 = /, 5 = m,~7=n,-8=a, 11 = —14 r | 35 -7; Hence L=|-8 0 0| and U=|o 11 4 [a3 -14 0} a0 6 (4) Multiplication of matrices. Two matrices can be multiplied only when the number of columns in the first is equal to the number of rows in the second. Such matrices are said to be conformable. lar & % [4 ha] 7, 4] alk a For instance, the product 2 7 2 -|n my Jah + 8,m, +e, aly + 8pm, + qn, aly + Bay + eM gly + Batty + Cyty ag + By, + ery asl, + Bymy + con ang + Bm, + 64m, gly + Bymy + rg is defined as the matrixLinean ALGEBRA: Deverunanrs, MaTRICES yy Oy by be | Ingeneral,ita= [22% ~ %m | anaB= | be ~ bp Gat Ont Om ba Bar bp) be two m x n and n x p conformable matrices, then their product is defined as the m™ x p matrix ey fa Gp apa|% Sa ~ St Sm Ema mo where ¢j=a,, by +0gby + gb, ++ dgbyy ie, the element in the ith row and the jth column of the matrix AB is obtained by weaving the ith row of A with jth column of B. The expression for c,, is known as the inner product of the ith row with the jth column. Post-multiplication and Pre-multiplication. In the product AB, the matrix A is said to be post-multiplied by the matrix B. Whereas in BA, the matrix A is said to be pre-multiplied by B. In one case the product may exist and in the other case it may not. Also the product in both cases may exist yet may or may not be equal. Obs. 1. Multiplication of matrices is associative. i.e., (AB)C = A(BC) provided A, B are conformable for the product AB and B, C are conformable for the product BC. (Ex. 2.16). Obs. 2. Multiplication of matrices is distributive. ie., AUB + C) = AB + AC. provided A, B are conformable for the product AB and A, C are conformable for the product AC. ‘Obs. 5. Power of a matrix. If A be a square matrix, then the product AA is defined as A®, Similarly, we define higher powers of A. ie., A. A?= AS, A? A® = At ete. IfA? =A, then the matrix A is called idempotent. form the product of AB. Is BA defined? 012 1-2 Example 2.14.JfA=|1 2 3}andB=|-1 0 234 lege Solution. Since the number of columns of A = the number of rows of B (each being = 3). The product AB is defined and 141-1422, 0.-2410+2.-1] [3 -2 =|11+2-14+32, 1-2+20+3.-1|=|5 -5 21s8-1642 2-2sd0r4-1| [8 Again since the number of columns of B the number of rows of A ‘The product BA is not possible. 130 23 Example 2.15.fA=|-1 2 1|,B=| 1 2 002 -11 woe, |. compute AB and BA and show that AB * BA. Solution. Considering rows of A and columns of B, we have 12+3140.-1, 13+32+01, 14493402) [ 5 9 19 AB=|-12+21+1.-1, -13+20414, -1442.3412[=)-1 O2+01+2-1, O3+02+21, 04+03+23| | Again considering the rows of B and columns of A, we have 2143-1440, 23+324+40 20+31e42] [-1 BA=| 11+2.-1+3.0, 13422430 10+21+32|-)-1 7 8 “114-1420, -13+12+20 -Lo+L1+ 2-105 Evidently AB + BA.30 | Howes EnaMeenne Marius 13.2 2) [3 4 2] Example 2.16. IfA= 1 3 1), find the matrix B such that AB 1 (Mumbai, 2005) 534 4 322071 ma) Solution. Let AB= 13.1 p qr a 4jlu uw, TSI-2p+2u 3m~2q+ 20 Bn~2r+2w] = [+3psu m=3q-v n+3r+w (SI+3p+4u Sm+3q-4v Sn +3r=4w, [3 4 2) = 161 (given) 564 Equating corresponding elements, we get 31+ %p+2u=3, 1+ 3pou BI +p +4u=5 2) Bm +2g+2v=4, ms3q+u=6, Sm+3q+40=6 (i) Bn 2+ Qw=2, ns3rsw=l, 5n+Sr+dw=4 iti) Solving the equations (7), we get /= 1, p =0,u=0 Similarly equations (ii) give m =0,q = 2,0 =0 and equations (iii) give n = 0, | Tous, B= 020 oon f1a @ Example 2.17. Prove that A? - 4A? - 3A + 111 =0, whereA=|2 0 -1). 123 fi 3 [1+6+2 d+0+4 2-346) [9 7 5] 2 o 2-0-1 6-0-2 4+0-3)=[1 4 1] ie 2 144-3 3+0+6 2-2+9) [8 9 9) 97 a G:1475 21-0210 18-718] [28 37 26 AaAteAs 1 4 0-1/2 128-1 340-2 2-443 |=|10 5 1 a) 2 8 8+18+9 24+0+18 16-9+27) |35 42 34) 975 so f1 0 07 14 1/-3'2 0 -1 +110 1 o} 899) 12 3) [00 4 728 - 36 - 2%8-9+0 26-20-6+0] [0 0 0} =| 10-460 6-16+0+11 1-4+4+0 [elo 0 0/=0 |85.82-870 42-86-60 34-36-911) [0 0 0| Example 2.18. By mathematical induction, prove that if faa eo) [1+10n 250 [Fe tena (Py 2) Solution. When s1at gives al =! a Mi) Let us assume that the result is true for any positive integer k, so thatSe aR eee ee ee Ee eee te Ea Lean Avoesra: Devens, Marrices [1+ 10k — 25h | 4k 110k) [i+ 10k - 25k ][11 - 25) [ak 1-10k) 4-9) [1101+ 108) ~ 100k — 2511 + 10k) + 2254) = 44k +401 10k)~ 100k ~ 911 — 10h) | a AbTLALA [i+10k+1) ~25k+1)) = atkeD 1-100] This is true for n =k + 1 Mii) We have seen in (i) that the result is true for n = 1. It is true forn=1+1=2 by (aa)} Similarly, it is true for n =2+1=3 and soon Hence by mathematical induction, the result is true for all positive integers n Example 2.19. Prove that (AB)C = A(BO), where A, B, C are matrices conformable for the products. Solution. Let A = [a,] be of order m xn, B = [b,] be of order n x p and C = |[e,] be of order of p x q =D 4a by Then Similarly, BC= (byl -leyl= Dba %y 2 2 i Te le ] aior-t|$ vo] = Saul $ v0] =F (Faves [ee] ey ee [ee Hence (AB)C = A(BC). ooo yt? 1. Forwhat valoesots,thematrie| "2" 42x 7 J insingular? [x+3 2y-x)_fo - 2% ind the values of), and a which satisy the matrix equation (1 *2 297 4)_(2 37 Matrix has x rows and. + 5 columns. Matrix B hasy rows and 11 ~ columns, Both AB and BA exist Find « andy «calculate the product AB. tta+a=[! -2] anaa-a-[2 . verify that (AB)C = A(BC) and A\B + C)= AB + AC. 1-1) y -5 6)x|- 7 al |= ‘Hoven Exanaenne Menenaney Prove thet the product of twe matrices ome cw tune 45 SA +81 where Juss uit matrx of sesed order BPTU. 2008) And Zs the unit matrix of order 3, evaluate A? 9A + 9 baer py-ra 12 WA= 20 °3),B= 0 0 2, verify the mesa ot al |e 3a joo 000 wn wesl0 ot adFe too 800 oto ‘alculate the produeta EF and FE and show that EF FE? = E Me ae Te Sana tha as [OM ie ater B24 15 Pactrse the matrix A= |7 1-3. into the orm wr we igus ad Ui pp nga ls 74) matrix. RELATED MATRICES 7 1) Transpose of a matrix. The matric obtained from any given matrix A. by interchanging roo ana columns is called the transpose of A and is denoted ‘by A’ t dlisare ft 47 ‘Thus the transposed matrix of A = 4 4 nae lo 5 al Clearly, the transpose of an m x n matrix is ann x matrix Also the ranapone ofthe tanapone of « matrix coincides with itself, ie, (AY =A. For a symmetric matrix, A’ = A.and for a shew-symmetrie matrs, A= A {1 The ranspse ofthe pdt ofthe two marie sth prado ther tronsponestakenin he rere ater be (AB = BA rer, th eleven inthe th zpw and th al of AB? = clement inthe throw and ith col of AH sane prc a ph inner product of th co ofA with th wow o cement Hence ‘ab = WA (ho Beery quarematriccanbeuniuclyexrsed ass ofarymmatre ana me ofA with th col of B fom and th cal of BA Let Abe thegiven quarematis then A= Sasa ba a Lacan ae Let Be Ava and C= SA-ay ha ose] m dete’ osatnn Lea’ 1 BAA) DMA DUA, Lee MAALoveam Acarpna *Deremenanrs, Marnices Agnin, C7#[1A- a0] = HAAN HUAN Cte 2g rressed as the sum of a symmetric and « skew-symmetric matrix : 1x and @ is a skew-symmetric matrix such that A =P + @ Hence A can be exp ‘To prove the uniqueness, assume that P is « symmetric matri Then A'=(P 6 QV =P +Q=P-Q Thus, Pe ASA) and Q= jA-AY which shows that there is one and only one way of expressing A as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix example 2.20. Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix where 42-3 A 73 e 50-7) 5 Solution. We have 0 -8 o1 2 Then <6] and A-av= -10 -6 “14 BG 0 415-4 — 005 i: achasaveha-ave Ub 3 "3s -05 00-3 . 4-3-7 -1 300 (2) Adjoint of a square matrix. The determinant of the square matrix a ho ah 4 1h ake ‘The matrix formed by the cofactors of the elements in \ 1s A BG) A A AY ‘A, B, C,| Then the transpose of this matrix, te, B, BL By ag, Br cca Gc, ts called the adjoint of the matrix A and is written as Ady A Thus the adjoint of As the transposed matrix of cofactors of A (3) Inverse of a matrix. If A be any matrix, then a matrix Bf it exists. such that AB = BA the Inverse of A which is denoted by A! so that AA ! Adj A Also Ate JAl Jah al/A A, Al [IAL 0 0 Loo For Magar la be) Bw w)-[O 1a) Daj al obo balla ee! (oo 1a oot AYA ya o \ Fob [AL eon or ws the inverse o lal Yeu 1Ay ie be. 1 Inverse of a mat UH poss then Me BAI CAN SCAM Thus, Bee 2 unique He let the two inverses of the AC =CAsT CAH « CAB) « C1 => Hooter EnawecAina Marve Obs. 2.7 (AByI BAA! an two matrices, then the reciprocal oftheir product is (ABY Cease Tas on yeAne a Iby Associative law] repre ofthe product of tuo matrices the product oftheir reciprocals taken in the reverse order jg Similarly, (2"1A-) (AB Hence B+! A- is the reciprocal of AB 22> ® Multiplication by an inverse matrix plays the same rlein matrix algebra that division plays in ordinary algebra, he, if {AI1BI= ICID], then 14} LaNIB] ICD) or BAICIDI. te, | Find the inverse of Solution, The determinant of the given matrix Ais 1 1 3) fa & a] d= 1 3-3, & at] (cay) (2 -4 -4] | & | HA Ay be the cofactors ofa, a,.. in 3 then A, ©, =2,6,22%¢, Thus Ferd, sant, +a,A, AL A, Ay) [-24 -8 -12) and oJA= BBB. 1 2 6 Ia G@ Gli 22 2 Hence the inverse of the given matrix A - wm f/?4 8 S41 2 Gle|-8 -2 3 328 dee ae Lee rg eg tee ea aa] Note. For other methods see Examples 225. 2.28 and 2.46 . (2 1]4f-3 2 f-2 4 Feample 2.22 Find the matris (5 J]a{-2 _#)./-2_¢ (Mumbai, 2008) cf? Mepl-3 28, Solution If 3 2-8 3 3)=Cand 2 4

. fall minors of « matrix of order r + 1 are zero its rank is (2) Elementary transformation of a matrix. The following operations, three of which refer to rows and three to columns are known as elementary transformations : 1. The interchange of any two rows (columns). I, The multiplication of any row (column) by a non-zero number. 1 III. The addition ofa constant multiple ofthe elements of any row (column) to the corresponding elements of any other row (column). Notation. The elementary row transformations wil be denoted by the following symbols (© R, for the interchange ofthe ith and jth rows. (Gi) AR, for multiplication of the ith row by k id) R, + pR, for addition to the ith row, p times the jth row. ‘The corresponding column transformation will be denoted by writing C in place of R. Elementary transformations do not change either the order or rank ofa matrix. While the value ofthe minors may get changed by the transformation I and II, their zero or non-zero character remains unaffected (3) Equivalent matrix. Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a sequence of elementary transformations. Two equivalent matrices have the same order and the same rank. The symbol ~ is used for equivalence te aple 2.29, Determine the rank of the following matrices : 123) aa a @i14 2) Wily. 9 2 (V.T.U., 2011) 265, i] lt-2 0 Solution. (i) Operate R, ~R, and R, ~ 2R, so that the given matrix fl2 3} ~|0 2 -1)=A(say) lo 2 -a) Obviously, the 3rd order minor of A vanishes. Also its 2nd order minors formed by its 2nd and $rd rows are all zero. But another 2nd order minor is {a 3 fl e-120. pA) = 2. Hence the r: (Given matrixgyg he given matrix is 2 [o 2-8 2] fo. -3 -1) 10 0 0 [19 0 0 734-3 -1 30 0 0 [11-3 -1 loo o of {Operating C,-C,,C, (Operating R, - R,, RR} foi -3 -1) jo 1 0 of coo 1000 “joo 0 o “Jo 0 a 0] =A (say) oo 0 oO [0 0 09 [Operating R, - 3R», Ry - Ry) (Operating C, + 30,,C, + ¢,) Obviously, the 4th order minor ofA is zero, Also every 3rd order minor ofA is zero, But, ofall the 2nd : fo 1y__ - order minor oniy[® {]=-120. =. pres Hence the rank of the given matrix is 2.Liven Avene: Devens, MATRICES (4) Elementary matrices. An elementary matrix is that, which is obtained from a unit matrix, by subject ing it to any of the elementary transformations. ‘Examples of elementary matrices obtained from floo 100 f1 00 [2 £ Sjamha= [oo 8 “Coit |0 & 0|:R, +R, 7 0 0 oo 1 010 00 (5) Theorem. Elementary row (column) transformations of a matrix A can be obtained (post-multiplying) A by the corresponding elementary matrices y pre-multiplying g ore a he Consider the matric A=|a, 6, ¢ } ay by ty 100] [4 & 4] fa & a] ‘Then RyxA=|0 0 1]x/o, 6 %|=|a b &% O10) le, & al le eo So a pre-multiplication by Ra, has interchanged the 2nd and 3rd rows of A. Similarly, pre-multiplication by AR, will multiply the 2nd row of A by # and pre-multiplication by R, + pR, will result in the addition ofp times the 2nd row of A to its 1st row. ‘Thus the pre-multiplication of A by elementary matrices results in the corresponding elementary row transformation of A. It can easily be seen that post mutiplication will perform the elementary column transfor: mations (6) Gauss-Jordan method of finding the inverse*. Those elementary row transformations which reduce a given square matrix A to the unit matrix, when applied to unit matrix I give the inverse of A. Let the successive row transformations which reduce A to J result from pre-multiplication by the elemen ' tary matrices R,, Ry... R, so that RR RRA RR, R,R,AA* = 1A or RR RR =A? te Aden Hence the result. Working rule to evaluate A. Write the two matrices A and I side by side. Then perform the same row transformations on both. As soon as A is reduced to I, the other matrix represents A! Example 2.24. Using the Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix 11a | 7 3 3) (CS.V.7.U,, 2015 ; Anna, 2012 ; Kurukshetra, 2006) -2 -4- ; Solution, Writing the same matrix side by side with the unit matrix oforder 3, we have 7 om ed 0 1 3 -3:010 (Operate RyRy and R, + 2R,) -2-4 4001 . 1a 100 / 2-6: -110 (Operate 1 R, and -2 2: 201 2 Tes 100 1 -Jo 1 -a: -4 4 oJ (Operate Ry Ry and R, + Ry) 1 o-1 tod ' 2) =Named after the great German muthematicion Car! Friedrich Gauss (1777-1865) who maul bis frst great dicovery 484 student at Gottingen, His important contributions are to algebra, number thery, mechanics, complex salysn diferent cavations, differential geometry, non Euclidean geometry, numeral analyin, astronomy and elestromagnetistn He became director ofthe observatory at Gottingen in 1807 Name after another German nd geonlesist Wilhelm dordan (18Hiowen ENONEEAING Marve 31 fro e 3-39] ; -jo1-a:-1 do [operate R, + SRR ~ 3% and ( 2| 1 1a oo-» $33) [ 3 noo 0 5 1 -lo ro: -3 % 5 i a [ Hence the inverse ofthe given matrix is | - (cf Example 2.21] 47) Normal form of a matrix. Every non-zero matrix A of rank r, tarytransformations, to the form [1,0] 6 0, called the normal form of A can be reduced by a sequence of elemen- i) Cor. 1, The rank of a matrix A is rif and only ifit ean be reduced to the normal form (i). Cor. 2. Since each elementary transformation can be affected by pre-multiplication or post-multiplication with a suitable elementary matrix and each elementary matrix is non-singular, therefore, we have the following result Corresponding to every matrix A of rank r, there exist non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ equals (i IFA be am xn matrix, then P and Q are square matrices of orders m and n respectively. Example 2.25. Reduce the following matris into its normal form and hence find its rank. 20 3-1-7 els 7 2s (INTU, 2015 ;V.7.U,, 2012 ; U.P.TU, 2011) 6 3 0-7 fl -1 -2 -4) ao? 8-1-1 Solution 391 3-2 [By Ryo) Bao4 fb -1-2 -4) o5 37 “\0 4 6 19 (By Ry ~2R,, R,—3R,, R,-6R,] 0 9 Bat j10 0 o} jos 37 04 910 ByC,+0,,C,+20,,C,+4C,) lo 9 12 17) fi oo o jos3 7 04910 -R,-R, | (By R,-R,-Ry)Onn Lived ALGEBRA: Deremios, Marnces mn 9 10 33 22 oS [By C, +6C,.C, +3C,] ; . . 0 1 By 35¢ [By C,-22C,) Core cone cone Cone OAHe ouce once 2 Hence p(A) = 3. A, fro 2 ‘Example 2.26.For the matrixA=|1 2 3), lo -1 -1] find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal form. Hence find the rank of A. (Rohtak, 2011 ; Kurukshetra, 2005) 100 Alo 10 001 1 1 2] [100 Solution. We writeA=JAL,ie,{1 2 3/=/0 1 0 0-1-1) [oo We shall affect every elementary row (column) transformation of the product by subjecting the pre-factor (post-factor) of A to the same 1-1 -2 0 100 o 0 1 1 0 0} [1 0 0] Operate C,-C,,C,-2¢, \1 1 1J=|0 1 ala o -1-1] lo o1 o 0 1 0 -1 1 1 oy p12 oy pa 2 -2) Operate R, ~R,, 0 1j=|-1 0 ojAlo 1 Of 0-1-1] [oo 1} lo 0 4{ 1 00) [10 0} [1-1-1 Operate ,~C,, i ol-[-1 4 olalo i a4] 0-10) \004] lo 0 4{ 1 OO)e(et 0 op (ae =1] Operate R, + Ry, 0 1 0\=|-1 1 oJAjo 1-1 ooo) (at ilo 1 i jormal form [2 © 8 ofthe normal f ib a= Howe Ewancenna Maricuancg op bay 0 .Q= 0 YT and iad=2 1 9 O10 PSII 3 vas) wr. se 168 e7.U., 2005) Wee asa Liao rsag ahi 33 cary «(tt !? ssempan, 2008 ee es7s Page fas 4 5) Wa aa 36 ~ . ese ’ eBisé csvrnwn 6 PERS (Bhopal, 2008) see eee Fy ri 10) 2 Deurminedheratenefpveh ter terenttte |! 4-2 Nes umbat, 2007 be 3 (DTW, 2016 ; Mumbai, 2008) (Delhi, 2012 : Kurukshetra, 2006) and verify that =F 11. ind a-nnguar mtriom P amd Q rch that PAQ the normal form for the matrices Aaa wash 2 3) Pru.2m eaa 12. Reduce each of tbe Sliowing matrios t normal form and ence find their ranks jz 1-3-6 (Dei 2015 Karahebetre 2006) (i) A=|Q-3 12 \Bhopol, 2009) Prd 2 - fir a-a¢ 1232) wm 2351 VEU. 2014 Delbs2012 wy) | 2 4 3 (EET ga) bass pass ; t 1-2 6-7Lean ALGEBRA : Derenunanrs, Matrices [EEG PARTITION METHOD OF FINDING THE INVERSE J, if the inverse of a matrix A, of order n is knows ind (ns Lith column to A, then the ‘According to this method of finding the invers inverse of the matrix A, , , can easily be obtained by adding (n + Lith row a A: A Let A= and At = Ay a Xi 's (being transposes of column vectors A,, X,) and a, x where A,, X, are column vectors and A,’. X,'are row vector are ordinary numbers. We also assume that A, ' is known. A AN %] rp 0 Then, AA! =1, 40, || A lay: allay sox] © gives AX, +AXy =1, “ AyXytar=1 tiv) From (ii), X, =~ Ay! A,x and using this, (iv) gives x =(@- Ay A" A,r! Hence x and then X, are given. Also from (0, X, = Ay, ~ A,X, and using this, (iff) gives X= —Ay A, !(a—AyA,' A, Then .X, is determined and hence A~' is computed -AYAy'x ‘Obs. This is also ktown as the ‘Escalator method’. For evaluation of A’! we only need to determine two inverse ‘matrices A, and (a - AyA;"A,)* ee Example 2.27. Using the partition method, find the inverse of 4 3-1 35 38 fra: 7 43: -1[|a ta Solution. Let A= = so that Then Finally3 1 re *l 4 -1)7 90 14 02 -04 Hence, Ats|-15 0 05 11 -02 -01 A Example 2.28. If Aand C are non-singular matrices,then show that ( iz 1000 ence findinvereof|@ 2 98 ae | Solution. Let the given matrix be M = {5 a and form where A, B, C, P, Q, R,S are all matrices. fA O][P @). ue “(3 elle 4J- ‘AP +OR AQ+0S)_[I - BP+CR BQ+CS}~|0 Equating corresponding elements, we have AP + OR =1, AQ + OS = 0, BP + CR = 0, BQ + CS =I. =0, ie, Q=0asA is non-singular Second relation gives A First relation gives AP =I, ie, P=AX. From third equation, BP +CR=0, ie. CR=~BP : C1CR=-C7BA" or IR From fourth equation, BQ + CS ; — oa] aus [4 2] — ‘ee Jee Ie ‘IB -% re) 1,] 0 U2 0 0 Hence, =! 34 0 14 0 0 -1%6 0 waj Hower ENanNeERNG Merteuanigg B]_[ 14 a 55 -10)"|-15 0. a’ 0 cpa! ct (Mumbai, 2005) its inverse be M1 ] both in the partioned I ‘| —BAt =C1BA1 or R=-C*BAt or CSI or S=C* t) [> ¢]Linear ALOEDRA : DereRMINANTs, MATRICES ee 133 324) ufiaa (Nagpur, 1997) aH 134 135 aaa ae ee] ye . |B 1203 a iRagd 9 7 39 4) 1114) 74a [EZEI SOLUTION OF LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS (1) Method of determinants—Cramer’s* rule Consider the equations fe + By + ey Ifthe determinant of coefficient be wa, then xa a | (Operate C, +yC, +2C,) xa, by cy arthytez b a | [db slaty +eq2 b, c|=|d, dy cy (By Wl artbyeae b a| [dy bc 4 hal lam Thus x=]d, by c|+/a, b, c| provided aro, (w ds by | fay by cy dial [a & o Similarly, dy e|+}a, by cy iii) 4 | lay & ey bod) la hg oo b dl+la, 6, ey iv bs dy] fay by cy Equation (ii), (it) and (iv) giving the values of x, solution of the linear equations (i) to a problem in evalu: dom inversion method . ir Jane Acla & a », 2 constitute the Cramer's rule, which reduces the tation of determinants, x d, y| and D=|a, 2 a then the equations (i) are equivalent to the matrix equation AX = D where A is the coefficient matrix. Multiplying both sides of) by the reciprocal matrix A-!, we get ATAX=AD or 1X=A4-1D “Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752), a Swiss mathematician, —where, A,, B, etc. are the cofactors of a, ete. in the determinant Hence equating the valves of x,y. tothe corresponding elements in the product on the right side of (yj), we get the desired solutions. 420; the above methods fail-These also fil when the number of equations When Ase singular matris. 7 ‘be usefully applied to deal with such equations as witl land the number of unknowns arc unequal. Matrices can. however. be seen in $2,102 Bxe2ytze4 , De - By — Example 2.29, Solve the equations 3x + y + 2% bby i) determinants (it) matrices. Solution. (i) By determinants : oo 2 y=)2 -3 -1 =9-9+2)-20-4)+1-1+6)=8 [Expandingby C\) Here 121) te 1/3 -3 1) (Bxpand by C,) 3402 4 = FU 9+2)+90-4) 44-1611 aa) 2 i|3 1 3| Similarly, 2-3 -1)22 and 2-4/2 -3 -3)--1 41 \1 2 4] Hence 222-1 Note. The use of Cramer's rule involves a lot of labour when the number of equations exceeds four. In such and other cases, the numerical methods given in § 28.4 to 28.6 are perferable. |3 1 2] fa & a| Here A=|(2 -3 at @, by | (say). 12 alles a ‘Then 1,A, = 3,45 =5;B, ,A, +a,A, +a,A,=8. fe 3 8) [ 3) ,[-3-9+20) fr : -3 1 7]x}-3)=2|-9-3428]=| 2 L 7-5-1} [ 4) Slor+is—4a} [1 Sonn 2.90. Solve the equations x, —x, +1, +1,=2; x, + 15-2, +4, x, +x, +; +2, =0, by finding the inverse by elementary row operations. Also 4oxytaytay- Solution. Given system can be written as AX = B, where pr-ra ono eat i iee [LneaR ALGEBRA © DeTERMNAtTs, MATRICES a To find A~, we write a = 1:10 0 0 1 00 rp p eneit 2 1:0 10 0 Bear 1:0 0 1 0| |B*% ee) ie 1:0 0 0 1) LR 1-1 14: 1000) 73 _jo 2-20: -1100] |? =l2 0 20: 1010) |3% 2 0 22 1001) [2% 1-1 11: 1.0 0 0 _lo 1-10: -v2 v2 0 0] [-R =]1 0 10: v2 012 0] |R-R 10 11 12 0 012 10 01: 242 0 O Plot io; -1av2 0116] (RF, =]10 10: 12 0 w2 0| |R+R 00 0 0 0-1/2 12 100 0: 1/2 1/2 +42 -1/2 _|1100: 012 12 0/[R-R | =l1010: 172 0 W2 0| [R,-R, | 0001: 0 0-12 12 1000: U2 2 We -V2 Elgto.03 12) 80) 90) Ua | “loo4 0-12 0 12 000 0 0-12 12 ve v2 2-1/2 a [-u2 0 0 WD ae Atel o -12 0 2 0 0-u2 U2 v2 ve v2 -w2)f 2) fa canpe|-2 00 /2|-4]_|-a or XsAXB= |g 1720/2! 4f"| 2 0 0-2 veil oj |-2 ie, ay=1y=- 1x2 2442-2 Seve the fallawing equations with the help of determinants (1 to 5) Lo xtytzsdar¢y-39=5,2-29-52=0 anand 2. x4 3y+62=2)Sr-y 442-95 2—dy 42-7, B. xy +2266 ;x-y +25 22;x42y + 92= 15.2. 4. BDBy ae yale set jatylet= 1. 5. Qow—wu + uv = Suow ; Sow + 2wu + duv = 19uvw ; Gow + Twu — uv = 1Tuow. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method (6 to 8: 6. xpemytxy= yx, +2xy + 3x, =6,4, + dey + 4x, =6, (P-TU,, 2006) To xtytz=3jx42y 432 =4sx4 dy +97 36. B We By 4 dz = 4,x42=0,-y 44222, (W.BLT-U., 2008) 9, Bey 482 =8jx-By-z=-4 5 9x4 y—42=0. (Mumbai, 2005) 10, 2x; +254 2x, +2426, 4x, + Br, + Bx, ~ Bx, =— 1, Gx, ~ 6x, + Gr, + 12e, = 96, 24, #24 HeHoosen ENGnEERNG Marites 11. By finding A~, solve the linear equation AX = B, where A= : 12. Ina given electrical network, the equations for the currents iy.iy-f, AT® Bi, +i, +1, = 8:21, ~31,- 212-857), +2 Calculate ‘, and i, by Cramer's rule. 15, Using the loop current method on a circuit, the follwoing equations are obtained 2. = 4i, + 121, ~ 6, = 0, ~ 61, + 14%, = 0. Ti, - 4, By matrix method, solve for i. and i, 14, Solve the following equations by calculating the inverse by elementary row operations De, + Qe, + 2x, = 3x, = 2: 3x, + 6x, De, 42,2854, +See, =— 1 Oe, + 5. (1) CONSISTENCY OF LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS Consider the system of m linear equations 4% * Opty +--+ Op, = AX, + yp) +o + Oy,%, = hy eld) Gry + date t= Oey = hy | containing the n unknowns x,,.x,,.... r,. To determine whether the equations (1) are consistent (i.., possess a solution) or not, we consider the ranks of the matrices [en ay a, ] Mz Oy hy len ee ae a os Oa, hy Als the co-efficient matrix and K is called the augmented matrix of the equations (i) (2) Rouche’s theorem. The system of equations (i) 1s consistent if and only if the coefficient matrix A and the augmented matrix K are of the same rank otherwise the system is inconsistent Proof We consider the following two possible cases 1 Rank of A= rank of K=rirs the smaller of the numbers. operations, be reduced to and n). The equations (i) can, be suitable row Bray — Baty ay Osx; = booty ~ + by Ai) Ox, - 0x, ~~ 6.7, and the remaining m — r equations being all of the form 0.x, + 0.1, +... + 0.8, =0. The equations (ii) will have a solution, though n ~ r of the unknowns may be chosen arbitrarily. The solution, will be unique onl when r = n. Hence the equations i) are consistent II, Rank of A e..r/ Br. pa [2 0 0} af-4 a7 eee ae . a 3[0 1 0|-3) 10 22 6\=|-s/4 -14 -a/4 of. Ex. 2.21 Loo1] 82 2 22) |-a4 -w4 -1/4) [22 Example 2.47. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix, A= 0 1 0 and hence compute A 11 Also find the matrix represented by AP~5A7 + TAS ~ SAS + AS 5A) +8A?-2A 41 (C.S.V.T.U,, 2010 S ; Anna, 2009 ; Rajasthan, 2005) Solution. The characteristic equation of the matrix A is, eee a 0 |=0 or Ja oa 2-al 52+ 7h-3=0)Hower Enomeenng Man L co | —_ spats TA-31=0 According to Cayle; Hamilton theorem, we have A 5A’ fy ‘Multiplying (i) by A“!, we get i 4 sae tt-aateo or At= gla -SA+ 7 iy . + 4042) [5 4 4) r2117212) 4e0+1 2+1+1 2+0 a) [é ol But 42/0101 0.1.0 |=, 0-0-0 O+1+0 0400 ore) esi a gece cee coee 5] | ; > jroo; p2-2-2 | 0 T0102 0 3 0 La J [ooal ta -2 2) Ot s).20| -1-1 2 (AS 5A7 + TAS— 9A? + At 543+ BAP 2A +7 AB(AS~ 5A? + TA 31) + AIA? 24 TA- 31) +AP+ Atl AP+Asl [. Ad-5A?+ 74-37 =0) [5 44) (211) [100) [855 =o 1 ols 1 ole} 2 Dio 8B | 445) (112) 001) [55 8) Eee a14 1. Find the sum and product ofthe eigen values of 0 2 6 (Andhra, 2015;C-S.V.T.U,,2014; Madras, 2006) 008 2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors ofthe matrices [4 3) ein wil 4) eA war, 2005 161 (3 §) 4. Bind the latent roots and the latent vectors of the matrices 10) @\o1t (PTW, 2015) 001 fe -6 2 ()-6 7-4 (eth 2015, VEU, 2014; Calicut, 2013, UR TU, 2011 ; Bhopal, 2008) 4 is ° 2 (CSVTU, 2014, DTU, 2011: AN TU, 2005) 0 (DTU, 2015; PT, 2013 8; Rohtak, 2012 ; Mumbai, 2006) (DIU, 2016;CSVTU, 2015, VEU, 2010) a 6 o. 2 1 4 4. If be an eigen value of a non-singular matrix A, show that | A |/.isan eigen value ofthe matrix adj A aod Find the eigen values ofad)AandofA¥-24 ef whereas 04 2 (Mumbas, 2006) 005 : —rr——=——— 1 igen vals ofA 7 Show hae rae Meer sea mac. thet Ahan rte, 2 nn 20461 ui) V2. are the eigen values ofA (Pru, 2008 ‘Anna, 2012)en Lean ALGEBRA : Derertamanrs, MaTrICES 4 ‘The eigen vectors of a 3 x 3 matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 1, 1, 3 are (T on [1 1, Of respectively, find the matrix ‘9, Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of, 5 3 f1 0 3 off 3 anfp 3-3 ae la -1 J 1 1 3) 112) » [13 -3| wi[a -2 6 an 234 [8 10, Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A= |4 2 3/. Show that the equation is satisfied id hence obtain the inverse of the given matrix (Calicut, 2013 ; Bhopal, 2008 Anna. 2005 11, Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A and find its inverse. 2-1 t [tat (anna, 2019-CSV TU, 2012, UP TU, 2012 fae fas wiz 44) Anna, 2016 :Andhea. 2014 Isa a 3 wie 2 4 unre, 2015 pre 201 [p48 12, Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem. find A® fA 2-12 a. tae -1 2-1 | tnd Mociras, 2006 1-1 2] 120 ‘14, Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find A *, where A 2-1 0) Bhopal, 2008 [oo 3 6 2 | evaluate A, A~tand A johow that AYA"! + AE Hence ind A (stambas, 20063 (1) REDUCTION TO DIAGONAL FORM. Ha square matrix A of arder n has n linearly ind ag fot rf hasn linearly independent een vectors, then a matrix Pcan be found such that P! APs (This result will be proved for a square oofany order) Let A be a square matrix of order 3. Let hy. 2, ‘matrix of order 3 but the method will be capable of easy extension to matrees : hy be its eigen values and melee be the corresponding eigen vectors and X, = yy, Denoting the square matrix [ AP=A\)ey ee se ooo) matriy PAP. PPD «D. which proves the there movie apocrine medal matron healing aon mg mown an the spectral matris of & Dy The dimgonel mats has the eigen caso Aas dagen The metre P which dagenalias A rmcesntribcnge nen ya (2) Similarity of matrices. syusry maine 4 o/anern ‘osm 090 mats Af nde A = PAP for some non-singular nxn matrix P. Se mats A by a non-singular matnx Pto A is called a Us os am cage wlan fA. then s = P xis an eigen ector of di ‘corresponding tothe same eigen value (2 Powers of a matrix. Dagonaiisation of ¢ matri is quite ‘useful for obtaining powers of a matrix. Let A be the square matrix Then 4 non-singular matrs P ean be fied such that D=P' ap Di a (PUAP \P iAP) «PAP Sumilarty DY = PY ASP and in general, Dt =P! Asp To obtain A". premultiply () by P and post-multiply by P Then PO-P = PP) A* PP ving the eigen vector (1, 0, = 1) When 4 = \5. the corresponding eigen vector is given by oe yeee0-eLeven Aces Derm, Mences Ls | Solving 2nd and 3rd equations, we get 6-NB -16 1-8 B11 = giving the eigen vector /J5— 1.1.1 Similarly the eigen vector corresponding tok =~ V5 .is\ JB + 1-1. L) Writing the three eigen vectors as the three columns, we get the transformation (modal) matrix as 1 J5-1 JB Hence the diagonal matrix is 4 0 of ft oO D= 0, 0-05 0 OO 0 0 a Example 249. Find the matrix P which transforms the matrix A = 1) to the diagonal form. 1 Hence caleulate A‘ Solution. The eigen values of A (found in Ex. 2.43) are ~ 2, 3, 6 and the eigen vectors are (-1, 0, 1). (1,~ 1,1). 2, 1). Writing these eigen vectors as the three columns, the required transformation mateix modal matrix is Tofind P', Also Thus HencecE Hore Enter Mae 212 ‘Mumbai + Example 2.50, Find e and #4 a(t 3a) bai, 2006, Solution. The characteristic equation af Ais a2-a 12 an V2 g/2_a{=0. be, @R—RP— VA W-9h+2=0. whence When = 1,14 1X =0, gives v2 w2Ifx,)_f0] fr a] [By 2R,, 2R,) 1 ee] . wilt ; or (By R,~R,) When X= 214A tm 1B 4] ) | . CAS ie . Caalsd oe mx +2=0, ie, Ifx,=1,x,=1, ie., the eigen veetor is (1, 1)’ NowD=[2 9] ana Pe[t Hi It fA) =e, AD) = 09 fe Ee 3 econo Me SHE“ af e e*]f1 -1)_af e+e? ~e+e® is Je Ld 9] eat aol-['S a] REDUCTION OF QUADRATIC FORM TO CANONICAL FORM. Js hhomogeneous expression ofthe second degree in any numberof variables is called a quadratic form. Replacing e by 4, we get feral, ft Forinstance. if a=|h 8 ix see ea lef le XUAK wat! + by! 4.286 he + 2g + Dhey o which is a quadratic form.ee Lend ALoenna : Devemmnanrs, Marsices Let hy Ay hy be the eigen values of the matrix A and 3] Xe | Xe normalized form (i.e., each element ii vector) Ys x, divided by square root of = be its corresponding eigen vectors in the the squares of all the three elements in the eigen a 0 07 Ho Then by §2.16(1), P!AP=|0 A, O|where,P=/%i 2% 0 6 4) ao 4 Hence the quadratic form (i is reduced fo a canonical form (or sum of squares form oF Principal axes form). Aya? + Day? + hee? and P is the matrix of transformation which is an orthogonal matrix. Note. Congruent (or orthogonal) transformation. The diagonal matrix D and the matrix are called congruent matrices and the above method of reduction is called congruent (or orthogonal) transformation: ‘Remember that the matrix A corresponding to the quadratic form ax! + by? +.c2? + Dfyz + 2gzx + Dhxy as zd cool. of zx coeff. of x’ -g coell. of 3g coe. of 2: on ‘] is 1 coott of ye coeff. of»? Heoeff.of xy], be. |h bf i . ef c) 1 1 2 evel of zx 5 coeff of xy coeff of = \Ascample 2.51. Reduce the quadratic form 33° + 5y? + 32? - 2y2 + 22x ~ 2ay to the canonical form and specify the matrix of transformation. (V.T.U., 2016 ; Andhra, 2014 ; Anna, 2013 ; D.T.U., 2013) oe Solution. The matrix of the given quadratic form is A 5-1 -1 3 oh Its characteristic equation is |A-A|=0, ie, | -1 5-& -1 1-1 3-2 which gives k= 2, 3, 6 as its eigen values. Hence the given quadratic form reduces to the canonical form Dre ryethye?, he, 2x + By? + 624 To find the matrix of transformation From [A ~ 1 X = 0, we obtain the equations (8-Ax-y+220;-245-y- Now corresponding toh = 2, we getx—y +z O;x-y+(B-Az=0, and x—y+2=0, 0, x+By-2 whence The eigen vector is X; (1, 0, ~ 1) and its normalised form is (1/ we) Similarly, corresponding to = 3, the eigen vector is X, (1, 1, 1) and its normalised form is (V3. 1/3 Vv. - Finally, corresponding to 4 = 6, the eigen vector is X, (1, ~2, 1) and its nor V6). W213 We] Hence the matrix of transformation isP=| 0 1/3. -2/V6 =e WaHocten ENamecrina M, ca Me ee ssi e—=E=EL Let Q = X° AN be a quadratie form in n a a “BRO Sucatarccaync ad fom the enced post e definite if all the eigen values of A > 0. (ww) negative semidefinite if all the vigen values of ASO and at least one: ‘eigen value = 0. mis called the index ofthe quadratic orm, ond negative terms inthe canonical fap then the quadratic form is sa of Example 2.52, Reduce the quadratic form 2x,x, + 2x x, ~ 2x;x, 0.4 canonical form by an orthogonal reduction and diseuss tenature (Madras, 2006) Also find the modal matris. pay Solution, (i) The matrix of the given quadratic formisA=|1 0-1 li -1 9 fA 1 y Ne charaeraic equations 741-0, be, 1-2 a] te =x which gives 2! 32, +2 Solving, we get =1.1.—2.as the eigen values. Hence the given quadratic form reduces tothe canonical form wed, be, xt+yt-22 29 (2) Since some of the eigen values ofA are positive and others are negative, Indefinite (Wi) To find the matrix of transformation From [A ~ 71) X = 0, we get the equations the given quadratie form is ety +2 =0.x-iy+220,x-y-de=0 Warns hao @ vege: ty 222025 y "2 01ey 1 os 2, Solving first and second equations, we get . The corresponding eigen vector X, = 1.1, 1) and its normalised form is (- fi, When i. = 1, we get ised form is (— 1/3, 113, 1/ V3) ~249+200,2-y-200,2-y-200, ‘These equations are same, Take y = 0 so that x =z ‘The corresponding eigen vector X, = (1,0, 1) and its To find the eigen vector X, = (1, m,n\teay) Since X, is orthogonal to X, Since X, is orthogonal to X., normalised form is (1/ /2 , 0, 1/ J2 ) -lemenzo lens Limon These uation give f= Mo ee et eden ‘orm is (1/V6, 2/6, v6)EO Livewn Avselna : Detenananrs, MATRICES Hence the modal matrix is, Bowel [-w3 v2 6] Pr wv 0 26 WB WB -1N6, PROBLEMS 2.10 a/2 0] ae ee ie ie ol at PAP isa diagonal mate: 1. A=|-J32 72 0| and P=|- 3/2 1/2 0|.show that PAP 0 00) © of 2. Show that the linear transformation 2h con 8. sin 0) 2 tan changes the matrix a1=[528 828) wheres 1 ant Bane fe 4) wo e diagonal form D = HCH’, c= [E 8 tote dig Reduce the following matrices to the diagonal form Lae wae 2 warren ot BO vre “2 ra 4 1a=|0 9 1] hen obtain he mati? such that PAP ca dagnal mati sor 00 4] 6: 1As[8 3] toaarantat (stumber 206) Se aL} 4] oe povetat tan tans \atumbar 2008 He ie. * Find te ge etree mates | £ 3 ~1| and hence reduce 6x? + 3y? + 322 — L 2-103 Sauares'. Also write the nature of the matrix 2 + dex — dey toa “sum of ‘Anna, 2016 Calicut, 2005 ce the quadtatieform dey +250 + 2x into canonical frm ‘Anna, 2013 Kurukshetra, 200m [1 0 0 1810) Find the ign vanes, egen vectors andthe mal af watex at 9-1 “3| Reduce ey tuatati forms a+ 8,26. to aeanomen form “NTU, 2015, Anna, 200) Mw Reduce the following. juadratic forms into ‘sum of squay a dgive themanne Reduce the lowing 7 squares’ by an orthogonal snsformation and give the mates ot (0 B66. dey 2,26, Wats Byte dye vGade ane VU. 20 12. Find the index and Signature of the quadratic form xf + 2x3 — 3x2 15. Find the ature of the quadratic form x? ¥ 5y2 4 24 Dey 7 fee M4 Show that the form 5x,? 4-261," ¢ Vor 4 ee values of x), i 7 ear 'Bhops 0, which make the 4 Mery + Gey, is and find a non form zero, 4 positive semi-definitese | HioKER ENGINEERING Mira es COMPLEX MATRICES So far, we have considered matrices whose elements were real numbers. The elements of a Matrix however, be complex numbers also. b (1) Conjugate of a matrix. Ifthe elements ofa matrix A= a, Jare complex numbers a,, +: B,, being real, then the matrix ean, and Alan ic,, -iB,1 is called the conjugate matrix of A. ‘The transpose of a conjugate of a matrix A is denoted by A” or AY, ie, (2) Hermitian matrix. A square matrix A such that A elements of the A is said to be @ Hermitian matrix*, 7), ing diagonal of a Hermitian matrix are evidently real, while every other element is the 2 344i complex conjugate of the element in the transposed position. For instance A = | | is a Hermiti a | ‘mitian, matrix, since A’ = (3) Skew-Hermitian matrix. A square matrix A such that A’=~ i is said to be a skew-Hermitian matrix. This implies that the leading diagonal elements of a skew-Hermitian matrix are either all zeros or all purely imaginary Obs. A Hermition matrix is a generalisation of a real symmetric matrix as every real symmetric matrix is Hermi- tian, Similarly, « skew-Hermitian matrix is a generalisation of areal skew-symmetrie matrix. Properties I. Any square matrix A can be written as the sum of a Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices. (Mumbai, 2007) Take Then and {e., Bis a Hermitian matrix, Again, and nia t= pa-8 C= ~C, ie, Cis a skew-Hermitian matrix. Thus, =5 Hence the result. IL If Ais a Hermitian matrix, then (iA) is a skew-Hermitian matrix. (Mumbai, 2007) We have Thus (/A) is a skew-Hermitian matrix. Similarly if A is a skew-Hermitian matrix then (iA) is a Hermitian matrix, UL, The eigen values of a Hermitian matrix are real. (see Fig. 2.1) Let ibe the eigen value and X the corresponding eigenvector of Hermitian matrix A, so that—eeeeEeEye Lunean Avena : Devenunants, MaTaces Since ¥X = Hx, + yxy ++ Fate which is always real ‘athe eigen value of a Hermitian matrix is real IV. The eigen values ofa skew-Hermitian matrix are purely imag Let be the eigen value and X the corresponding eigen vector of Fax =-¥ax-1¥'X or b= X'BX/ is real and non-zero, Also X'AX is a Hermitian form ‘a skew-Hermitian matrix B so that B: EX since TeX is real and non-zero, Also XBX is a skew-Hermitian form which is porely waginary oF 2870 >, the eigen value ofa skew-Hermitian matrix is purely imaginary or 267. 4, Unitary matrix. A square matrix U such that 7 matrix, U,U. Ut =U" .U=1. ‘This is a generalisation of the orthogonal matrix in the cor Properties 1. Inverse of unitary matrix is unitary IU is a witary mat wye¥ ‘Thos V(« U")isaleo unitary Cor. Inverseofan orthogonal matrxis orthogonal IL. Transpose of a unitary matrix is unitary IfUisa unitary matrix, a (svt «erst wr Writing U'=V, wehave ‘Thus Vie, U) is also unitary Cor. Transpose ofan orthogonal matrix is orthogonal. IIL Product of two unitary matrices is a unitary matrix. FU and V are unitary matrices then vet. Now, oy ‘Thus, UVis a unitary matrix, Cor. Produc of two orthogonal matrices is an orthogonal matrix. IV. The eigen value of @ unitary matrix has absolute value 1 IfUisaunitary matrixthen UX=AX ‘Taking conjugate transpose of (1), (xr Also (Ry = GR xu? Post-multiplying (2) by (1), we get (RU) UX) = GR = 0X) FU x =a FX) U-lis called a unitary matrix. For a unitary plex field. (Dethi., 2015) be U,Vareunitary (PLU, 20148 UK TU. 2010) 1| ae “~e ‘Thus Hence the result (RX ao) Cor. The eigen value ofan orthogonal matrix has absolute value I. Example 2.53 wa-[Pt Ue [rj shoe thatAisa Hermit matrix, where A” isthe conjugate . NIL, 2005) transpose ofA. [ei -5] ‘Skew-Hermitian iL thkew-ymmetriey Solution. We have A’ = 3 ‘ Ing. 4 a [rea 4-2] Unite [ 2-é Hermitian and ae Sok, Lea-3i 4e2% _ _.. 3 ia 7 i rien Sewer [ 4-i 4941-97 -10-i—31-104:10;] _Fi-24. Eigen values of various matrices “ [eros siai-10-107 25-7? 16-4! [24 20421 «which is a Hermitian matrix. [-20-2% 46 1 1 fad Beis gard S14 . a is unitary and find &-1, Example 2.54, Prove that the matric =| 7 gr) 50-0 (D.T.U., 2013 ; Mumbai, 2006) BS - Lao Feaea =a | Solution. ConinateofAie, Fa pF | da-9 Lao [20-9 gaa | fa 1a_al ta-» Ja-g gaa ga-a Transpose of A, i. ar bean Lava] 2 1a_alfa 1 a-) Sa-al/Fasay Fereg Now 2 "2 2 ] Lasalld 1 -1-) dasoltasa Lay pari) taco ha »| 1 1 1 ql AsDeraey -ta-netq_ ye 4 4 qa] Lapel sisi stay ie : qiew Fasnetasy 4 4 similarly, AA® = J. Hence A, is a unitary matrixa a em ee LiveaR ALaesAA : Detersnanrs, Marnices, 1 1 Za-a fa-0 2" 2 Also Altea! 1 neh -ha+in Sari zara Zara] @ 1+ 21) show that (1A) (1 + AY is @ unitary matrix, ‘Example 2.55. Given that A= 1+2i 0 | (U.P.T.U., 2011 ; Mumbai, 2007) Solution. 1-1-2!) 4 af -4 4 B 1-21 Gl2-41 -4 -4 244i] a tmenioeinipan = 31 24, #4 eee ti eo eee ‘| Proauetoranaian= 21-4, aaa ah a{% be Hence the result. BESS ‘matrix can be written as A + iB, where 4 is real and symmetric and B is real and skew- 1. Prove that every Hermiti symmetric. 2, Show that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as P + i@, where P and Q are Hermitian matrices. (Mumbai, 2008 ; Bhopal, 2002 S) ‘3, Show that a Hermitian matrix remains Hermitian when transformed by an orthogonal matrix 1ow that the matrix |“ ‘Y = b+ id) is a unitary matrix, ifo* + P* + 7 + 6* Ww. , 4 Show thatthe mate [277 “PT! ie nay maria uprv.zo0 fo3 71-4) -2+5i) ste cta| 22 8 32] se Hermtian mati [-2-5 3-1 4 | [i 0 0) 6. Proove that |° 9 ') is a skew Hermitian matrix and also unitary (Andhra, 2016) bed 1 2+i 5-31 WA=|2-i 7 51 |, show that A isa Hermitian matrix and iA is a skew-Hermitian matrix +a -5i 2 8. Show that the following matrix is unitaryHoonen Enamer GMa es EEG opiective TvPE OF QUESTIONS Lene 1. To multiply a matrix by sealar k, multiply hy every element by # te) any cokuran by h a) any row by # 3-4 2 irae [3 en Ais was [} oy) ah " =) f1+3n 1-4n) 1+2n -4n 1+ 2n a" ay 1+a id) (a) (by lien den len ~2n. of (ee) eb 05 0 0} 05 0 0) [-20 fe Joo a) [oo al al 1217-19) [*] oft 1-§] (d) none of the above. ] then X equals : . fae oe oft e | i ee oft 1 thal? 3) aman cab i 0 0 om Te wf : eel oe] of J ee Ce eee ee tpiieiaeaiee ican edie os sil atin sco ation dbs net ex camara ones [op 8=[ a] amdce| oe S20) en least erAsanetens 08 0+ B sin 0eee ee eee ee Linean ALGEBRA: Derentnays, Marrices, 100 100 a 1 olandB=|2 1 0), then Byrd [3 4 1] (a) Ais row equivalent to B only when « = 2,)= 3, and ¢=4 (b) A is row equivalent to B only when uz 0.8 +0, and y=0 {(c) Ais not row equivalent to B (d) Ais row equivalent to B for all value of a, B. ¥ 10. Leta = oo 27 ab then A is nial T[ 2 ote [t fina 0 1) 21) - - wie wf efty da ta) (a) A® wr (eat (a)A=A® (0) A’ = (c) AAW f2-1 31 16. The rank of matrix!1 4 ~2 1 i 2 44 17 The sum ofthe eigen values of a matrix isthe ..... ofthe elements ofthe principal diagonal 18. The sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix product of the eigen values of the mat [a 1a) BFE ne and non respectively, Anne, 2009 1 2 -2) Inverse of |-1 3 0 Lo-2 3| 19. 20. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, the value of At — a ceo 2 21. Iftwo igen values of |-6 7 —4 and 15, 1s of are 3 and 15, then the third eigen v: the third eigen value is £2. A quadratic form is positive semi-definite when 25. A,,., and B,,, are two matrices. When will (A. Bexist AB DA + Bexist? : [1 6 0) fl 13) M Mendes ctthecgen atuesstio| 5 —t]is. gy [tb 2 wit 5 ale ws s ‘hsdrate form corresponding to the diagonal matrix diag ) Beads eae oe (0) Aba ad erat = 26. An example of a3 x 3 matrix of rank one is 27. The quad *e quadratic form corresponding tothe symmetnie matris [U2 PS. Solving the equations x + 2y +9, aHiaven Encineenig "6 Maria ey the eigen values of A ane on thew the eige Anna, 2019, SL WAS 0 $$ then the eigen values ofA are raise ss eigen valuesof 1051 is 3-1 -2 ws was 7 CSV.TU, 2009) 84 The maximum value ofthe rank of a4 x 5 matrix is 85 The sum of eo eigen values and trace ofa 8 x $ matrix are equal. then the value of [AJ is... (Anna, 2009) 58 We the sum of the eigen values of the matrix ofthe quadratic form is zero, then the nature of the quadratic form is cos8 sind) The exe values ofmatrin "8 7888) are The eigen values of a triangular matrix are 6-2 4 8° Lethe product of two eigen values ofthe matrix -2 3. ~1| is 16, then the third eigen value is ad 1.2... mare the eigen values of square matrix A, then the eigen values of A” are ©). By applying elementary transformations to a matrix, its rank (a) increases (by decreases (c1 doesnot change If. ts an eigen value of A, then it is an eigen value of B only if B = 344 {© A= 026 . then eigen values of A! are (Anna, 2018) 005 3 10 5) 44 The charactenstic equation of -2 -3 ~4 is 7 45. t=? 2). then eigen values ofA are (6 Matrox T* is singular for x = 47 Every Hermitian matrix can be written as A + iB, where Ais real and... and B is real and (224) {© The sum and product ofthe eigen values of 13. 1 /are....... and 122) SA ee ee) thar Al [-sin 0 caso)ae Livean ALD? 87. gageggeges & 69. 10. a 18. *Deveraananrs, Martices Piek the correct answer at (i Theigen values of |! 1 1] are raid - (a) 0,0,0 (6)0,0,1 (10,0,3 AAA (URTU 20D (ii) Two square matrices A and B are similar if een (AaB (b) B=P*AP AaB (dy) A‘ 2B, (VT, 2013) ‘Asystem of inear non-homogeneous equations is consistent, if and only ifthe rank of coefficient matrix is equal to rank of ‘The matrix of the quadratic form q = 4x? ~ 2y? + 2? ~ ry + Gzx is fA, hy, Ay are the eigen values of a matrix A, then A? has the eigen values If) is an eigen value of a non-singular matrix A, then the eigen value of A-' is a PP Value of Pfor which A=|P 3 P PPS is of rank 1 is (WPT, 2012) 31 4] ‘The sum of the squares of the eigen values of |0. 2 6) is loo 5, Ifthe rank of a matrix 4 is 2, then the rank of A’ is ‘The index and signature ofthe quadratic form 2% + 2x3 ~ Gx} are respectively... and ‘The equations x + 2y = 1, 7x + I4y = 12 are consistent. Ifrank (A) = 2, rank (B) = 3, then rank (AB) ‘Any set of vectors which includes the zero vector is linearly independent. If Ais an eigen value of a symmetric matrix,then i is real Every square matrix does not satisfy its own characteristic equation. If/is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix, then 17. is also its eigen value. (J.N.T-U, Ifthe rank of a matrix A is 3, then the rank of 247 is 1 ‘The vectors [1, 1,~ 1,1], (1, -1, 2,~ 11, [8, 1,0, 1] are linearly dependent. X ‘The eigen values of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix(D.T-U", 2016) 2015) Inverse of a unitary matrix is @ unitary matrix. . Ais a non-zero column matrix and B is a non-zero row matrix, then rank of AB is one, 1 0 0} ‘The sum of the eigen values of equals to the trace of A= |0 3 -1| lo -1 al io0 Teematia.A=|0 0 i] inSkew-ermtan and unitary (PTL, 2012) io 20 -2 ‘The quadratic form corresponding tothe matrix | 0 2 1 {is (Anna, 2013) -21-2