1

TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT V Z - TRANSFORM
PART A
1. Define Z transform of the sequence {f(n)}.
Sol. If f(n) is a causal sequence (i.e.) f(n) = 0 for n < 0, then the Z transform is called
one sided (or) unilateral Z transform of {f(n)} and is defined as

Z{ f (n)} f ( z ) f (n) z n
n0

2. Find the Z transform of an.

Sol.

Z{a } a n z n
n

n0

n0

z

a

a

n0 z
2
3
a a a
1 .............
z z z
1
1
a
za
1

z
z

za

(1 x) 1 1 x x 2 x 3 .......... ..

3. Find the value of Z{f(n)} where f(n) = nan.

d
Z{n a n } z
Z (a n )
Sol.
dz
d z
z
dz z a
( z a)(1) z (1)
z

( z a) 2

a
z
2
( z a)
az

( z a) 2

4. Find Z{f(n)} where f(n) = n for n = 0, 1, 2,

Sol.

Z{n} n z n
n0

1
n
z
n0
2
3
a a
a
0 2 3 .............
z z
z
2

a
a a
1 2 3 .............
z
z z

a a
1
z z

a za

z z
a z2
az

2
z ( z a)
( z a) 2

(1 x) 2 1 2 x 3x 2 4 x 3 .......... ..

5. Find the Z transform of (n + 2)

Sol. Z{n + 2} = Z(n) + Z(2)
2z
z
z 2 z ( z 1) 2 z 2 z

=
( z 1) 2 z 1
( z 1) 2
( z 1) 2
6. Find Z(1/n)
1 1 n
Z
Sol.
n n z
n 1
1
1
1
2 3 ..............
z 2z
3z
1

log 1
z
z 1
log

z
z
log

z 1
7. Find the Z transform of 3n.

Sol.

Z{3n } 3n z n
n0

n0

z

3

3

n0 z
2
3
3 3 3
1 .............
z z z
1
1
3
z 3
1

z
z
z

z 3

8. Find the Z transform of (n + 1)(n + 2)

Sol. Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)} = Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z(n2) + 3Z(n) + Z(2)
z ( z 1)
3z
2z

( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 2 z 1
z 2 z 3z ( z 1) 2 z ( z 1) 2

( z 1) 3
z 2 z 3z 2 3z 2 z 3 4 z 2 2 z

( z 1) 3
2z 3

( z 1) 3
n
2
z r sin
n
Sol. We have Z{r sin n } 2
z 2 zr cos r 2
z
n
Z sin
2

2 z 1

9. Find the Z transform of sin

x2 x3
log(1 x) x

..........
2
3

at
aT
10. If Z { f (t )} f ( z ), then Z {e f (t )} f ( z e )

Sol.

Z{e

at

f (t )} e a nT f (n T ) z n
n0

f (n T ) ( ze a T ) n
n0

f ( ze a T )
11. Find Z[e iat] using Z transform.
z
Sol.
We have Z {1}
z 1
z ei a T
i at
i at
Z e
Z e (1) i a T
z e 1

z
a

n
12. If Z { f (n)} f ( z ), then Z {a f (n)} f

Sol.

Z{a f (n)} a n f (n) z n

n

n 0

z
f ( n)
a
n0
z
f
a

an
for n 0

13. Find the Z transform of f (n) n!

0 otherwise

Sol.

n0

n 0

Z{ f (n)} f (n) z n

n0

n0

an n
z
n!

1 z

n! a

1 a

n! z

ex 1
2

x x 2 x3

..........
1! 2! 3!

1a 1 a
1 a
1 ...............
1! z 2 ! z 3! z
a/ z
e
14. Define the unit step sequence. Write its Z transform.
Sol. U(n) is the unit step sequence defined by
1 for n 0
U ( n)
0 for n 0

Z {U (n)} Z (1)

z
z 1

15. State convolution theorem of Z transform.

Sol. If Z { f (n)} f ( z ) and Z {g (n)} g ( z ) then
Z { f (n) g (n)} f ( z ). g ( z )

16. State and prove initial value theorem in Z transform.

lim f (z )
Statement: If Z { f (n)} f ( z ), then f (0)
z

f ( z ) f (n) z n

Proof.

n0

f (0)

f (1) f (2) f (3)

2 3 ..............
z
z
z

lim f (z )
f (0)
z

17. State final value theorem in Z transform.

lim
lim
{( z 1) f ( z )}
[ f (n)] =
Sol. If Z{ f (n)} f ( z ) then
z 1
n
z2

18. If F ( z )

Sol.

, find f (0)
1
1
3

z z z
2
4
4

f (0) lim f (z )
[ f (z ) = F(z)]
z
z2
lim
=
z z 1 z 1 z 3

2
4
4

z2
lim
=
z z 3 1 1 1 1 1 3

2 z 4 z 4 z
1
lim
=
z z 1 1 1 1 1 3

2 z 4 z 4 z
=

1
0

19. Express Z{f(n + 1)} in terms of f (z )

Sol.

n
We have Z{ f (n)} f (n) z f ( z )
n 0

Z { f (n 1)} f (n 1) z n

n0

f ( m) z

( m 1)

m 1 0

Put n + 1 = m
n=m1

z f ( m) z m
m 1

z f ( m ) z m f ( 0)
m 0

(i.e.) Z { f (n 1)} z [ f ( z ) f (0)]

20. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A from yn = A.3n
y n A.3n
Sol.

yn1 A.3n1
3 A.3n 3 yn
(i.e.) yn1 3 yn 0

21. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from U n a.2 n1

Sol.

U n a.2 n1

U n1 a.2 n2
2a.2 n1 2U n
(i.e.) U n1 2U n 0
n
22. Form the difference equation from y n a b.3
n
Sol. Given y n a b.3 ------------- (1)

yn1 a b.3n1
a 3b.3n (2)
yn2 a b.3n2
a 9b.3n (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1

yn1 1 3 0
yn 2 1 9
yn (6) yn1 (8) yn2 (2) 0
(i.e.) yn2 4 yn1 3 yn 0
23. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants A and B from
y n A(2) n B.3n

Sol. Given y n A(2) n B.3n ------------- (1)

yn1 A(2) n1 B.3n1

2 A(2) n 3B.3n (2)

yn2 A(2) n2 B.3n2

4 A(2) n 9B.3n (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn
1 1
y n1 2 3 0
y n2 4 9
yn (30) yn1 (5) yn2 (5) 0
(i.e.) yn2 yn1 6 yn 0
n
24. Find the difference equation generated by y n a n b.2
n
Sol. Given y n a n b.2 ------------- (1)

yn1 a(n 1) b.2 n1

a(n 1) 2b.2 n (2)
yn2 a(n 2) b.2 n2
a(n 2) 4b.2 n (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn
n
1

y n1

n 1 2 0

y n 2

n2 4

yn [4(n 1) 2(n 2)] yn1[4n (n 2)] yn2 [2n (n 1)] 0

yn (2n) yn1 (3n 2) yn2 (n 1) 0
(i.e.) (n 1) yn2 (3n 2) yn1 2nyn 0
z

1
25. Evaluate Z 2
z 7 z 10
z
Let f ( z )
Sol.
( z 2)( z 5)

f ( z)
1
A
B

z
( z 2)( z 5) z 2 z 5

1 A( z 5) B( z 2)
Put z 2, we get 1 A(3) 0
1
A
3
Put z 5, we get 1 0 B(3)
1
B
3
f ( z) 1/ 3 1/ 3

z
z 2 z 5
1 z
1 z
f ( z)

3 z 2 3 z 5
1
z 1 1 z
Z 1 f ( z ) Z 1
Z
3
z 2 3
z 5
1
1
(2) n (5) n
3
3

26. Does the Z transform of n! exist? Justify your answer.

Sol.

Z{n!} n! z n
n0

1! 2! 3!
1 2 3 ..............
z z
z
Thus the Z transform of n! does not exist.

27. What advantage is gained when Z transform is used to solve difference equation?
Sol. The role played by the Z transform in the solution of difference equations corresponds to
that played by the Laplace transform in the solution of differential equations.

PART B
1. Find the Z transform of the sequences fn = (n + 1)(n + 2) and gn = n(n 1)
Sol. Z{f(n)} = Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)}
= Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z{n2} + 3Z{n} + Z(2)
z ( z 1)
3z
2z

( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 2 z 1
z 2 z 3 z ( z 1) 2 z ( z 1) 2

( z 1) 3
z 2 z 3z 2 3z 2 z 3 4 z 2 2 z

( z 1) 3
2z 3

( z 1) 3
Z{g(n)} = Z{n(n 1)}
= Z{n2 n}
= Z{n2} Z{n}
z ( z 1)
z

( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 2
z 2 z z ( z 1)

( z 1) 3
2z

( z 1) 3
n
n
2. Find the Z transform (i ) {a } (ii) {n a }

n n
Sol. (i) Z{a } a z
n

n0

n0

z

a

a

n0 z
2
3
a a a
1 .............
z z z
1
1
a
za
1

z
z

za

d
Z (a n )
dz
d z
z
dz z a
( z a)(1) z (1)
z

( z a) 2

a
z
2
( z a)
az

( z a) 2

n
(ii) Z{n a } z

n n
1
n
3. Find the Z transform , cos , sin , {a cos n } and
2
2
n

1 n
1
Sol.
(i) Z z
n n 1 n
1
1
1
2 3 ..............
z 2z
3z
1

log 1
z
z 1
log

z
z
log

z 1

n
n
a cos

(ii) We know that

z
Z {a n }
za
i
put a r e , we get
z
Z {(r e i ) n }
z r ei
z
Z {r n e i n }
z r ei
Z {r n (cosn i sin n )}

z r (cos i sin )
z
Z {r n cos n i r n sin n }
( z r cos ) i r sin
z[( z r cos ) i r sin ]

[(z r cos ) i r sin ][(z r cos ) i r sin ]

z ( z r cos ) i z r sin

( z r cos ) 2 r 2 sin 2
z ( z r cos ) i z r sin

z 2 2 zr cos r 2
Equating R.P and I .P, we get
z ( z r cos )
z r sin
Z {r n cos n } 2
and Z {r n sin n } 2
2
z 2 zr cos r
z 2 zr cos r 2
n
z2
n
Z a cos 2
2 z a2

n
z2
z

n
Z cos 2
and Z sin
2
2 z 1
2 z 1

z
n
n
n
n
Now, Z{a cos n } Z{a (1) } Z{(a) }
za
n
4. Find the Z transform (i ) n cos n (ii) n a sin n
d
Sol. Z{n cos n } z Z (cosn )
dz
d z 2 z cos
z 2

dz z 2 z cos 1

( z 2 2 z cos 1)(2 z cos ) ( z 2 z cos )(2 z 2 cos )

z

( z 2 2 z cos 1) 2

3
2
2
3
2
(2 z 5 z cos 2 z cos 2 z cos ) (2 z 4 z cos 2 z cos2 )
z

( z 2 2 z cos 1) 2

2
z cos 2 z cos
z
2
2
( z 2 z cos 1)
z 2 cos 2 z cos
z 2
2
( z 2 z cos 1)

d
Z (a n sin n )
dz

d
z a sin
z 2
2
dz z 2 z a cos a
( z 2 2 z a cos a 2 )( a sin ) z a sin (2 z 2 a cos )
z

( z 2 2 z a cos a 2 ) 2

Z{n a n sin n } z

z 2 a sin 2 z a 2 sin cos a 3 sin 2 z 2 a sin 2 z a 2 sin cos

z

( z 2 2 z a cos a 2 ) 2

2
3
z a sin a sin
z 2
2 2
( z 2 z a cos a )
( z 2 a 2 ) z a sin
2
( z 2 z a cos a 2 ) 2

n
2 n

(ii) cos
5. Find the Z transform (i ) sin
4
2 4
2 n
1
2n

Sol. (i) Z sin Z 1 cos

4
4

2
1
n

Z (1) Z cos

2
2

1 z
z2

2
2 z 1 z 1

n
n

Z cos cos sin

sin
(ii) Z cos
2
4
2
4

2 4
n 1
n 1

Z cos .
sin
.

2
2
2
2

1
n
n

Z cos 2 Z sin 2
2

2
1 z
z

2
2
2 z 1 z 1
1 z ( z 1)

2
2 z 1

10

1
5 1 1 5
f
(
n
)

6. Find Z{f(n)} if
5 2 2

n
n

5 1 1 5
1

Z { f (n)} Z

Sol.
5 2 2

1 5 n
1 5 1
Z

Z
2
5 2

1
z
z

5 z {( 5 1) / 2} z {(1 5 ) / 2}

1
2z
2z

5 2 z ( 5 1) 2 z (1 5 )
2 z[2 z (1 5 )] z[2 z ( 5 1)]

5 [2 z ( 5 1)][2 z (1 5 )]

2
2z 2 z z 5 2z 2 z 5 z
2

5 4 z 2 z (1 5 ) 2 z ( 5 1) (1 5 )(1 5 )

2
2z 5

5 4 z 2 2 z 2 z 5 2 z 5 2 z (1 5)
2 2z 5
2

5 4z 4z 4
z
z 2 z 1

2n 3
(n 1)( n 2)
2n 3
A
B

(i)
(n 1)( n 2) n 1 n 2

7. Find the Z transform of (i)

Sol.

(ii)

1
n (n 1)

2n 3 A(n 2) B(n 1)
Put n 1, we get 1 A(1) 0
A 1
Put n 2, we get 1 0 B(1)
B 1
2n 3
1
1

(n 1)(n 2) n 1 n 2
2n 3
1
1
Z
Z

n 2 (1)
(
n

1
)(
n

2
)
n

1 1 n
Z

1
n

n0
1
1
1
1
2 3 ..............
2 z 3z
4z
1
1
1
1

z 2 3 4 ..............
3z
4z
z 2z

1
z log1
z

log(1 x) x

x2 x3

..........
2
3

11

z 1
z log

z
z
z log

z 1
1 1
Z

z n

n 2 n0 n 2
1 1
1
2 ..............
2 3z 4 z
1
1
1

z 2 2 3 4 ..............
3z
4z
2z

1 1
z 2 log 1
z z

z 1
z 2 log
z
z
z
z 2 log
z
z 1
Equation (1) becomes

2n 3
z 2 z
Z
z log
z log
z

(
n

1
)(
n

2
)
z

1
z

z
z (1 z ) log
z
z 1
(ii)

1
A
B

n(n 1) n n 1

1 A(n 1) B(n)
Put n 0, we get
1 A(1) 0
A 1
Put n 1, we get
1 0 B(1)
B 1
1
1
1

n(n 1) n n 1
1
1
1
Z
Z Z

(1)
n
(
n

1
)
n
n

1 1
Z z n
n n 1 n
1
1
1
2 3 ..............
z 2z
3z
1
log 1
z
z 1
log

z
z
log

z 1

12

1 1 n
Z

z
n 1 n 2 n 1
1
1
1
2 3 4 ..............
z
2z
3z
1 1
1
1

2 3 ..............
z z 2z
3z

1
1
log 1
z
z
1 z 1
log

z
z
1 z
log

z
z 1
Equation (1) becomes

1
z 1 z
Z

log

log

z 1 z
z 1
n(n 1)
1 z

1 log

z z 1

1 z z
z 1 z 1

log
(or )
log

z z 1
z z

8. State and prove the second shifting theorem in Z transform.

Statement: If Z{ f (n)} f ( z ) then Z{ f (n 1)} z [ f ( z ) f (0)]
Proof.
We have

Z { f (n)} f (n) z n f ( z )
n0

Z { f (n 1)} f (n 1) z n

n0

f ( m) z

Put n + 1 = m
n=m1

( m 1)

m 1 0

z f ( m) z m
m 1

z f ( m ) z m f ( 0)
m 0

(i.e.) Z { f (n 1)} z [ f ( z ) f (0)]

Note:
Similarly, Z { f (n 2)}

m 2 0

m2

f ( m ) z ( m 2 ) z 2 f ( m) z m

z f (m) z m f (0) f (1) z 1

m 0

2
1
z [ f ( z ) f (0) f (1) z ]
z 2 f ( z ) z 2 f (0) zf (1)
Z { f (n 3)} z 3 f ( z ) z 3 f (0) z 2 f (1) zf (2) and so on.
In general,
Z { f (n k )} z k [ f ( z ) f (0) f (1) z 1 f (2) z 2 ............ f (k 1) z ( k 1) ]
2

13

9. State and prove final value theorem in Z transform.

lim
lim
{( z 1) f ( z )}
[ f (n)] =
Statement: If Z{ f (n)} f ( z ) then
z 1
n
Proof. By definition,

Z { f (n 1) f (n)} [ f (n 1) f (n)] z n
n0

[ z f ( z ) z f (0)] f ( z ) [ f (n 1) f (n)] z n
n0

(i.e.) ( z 1) f ( z ) z f (0) [ f (n 1) f (n)] z n

n0

Taking limit as z 1 on both sides, we get

lim

[( z 1) f ( z )] f (0) [ f (n 1) f (n)]
z 1
n0
lim
lim
[( z 1) f ( z )] f (0) =
[ f (1) f (0)
z 1
n
f (2) f (1)
f (3) f (2)
.................
f (n 1) f (n)]
lim
[ f (n 1) f (0)]
=
n
lim
[ f (n)] f (0)
=
n
lim
lim
[( z 1) f ( z )] =
[ f (n)]
(i.e.)
z 1
n
10. State and prove convolution theorem in Z transform.
Statement: If Z { f (n)} f ( z ) and Z {g (n)} g ( z ) then Z { f (n) g (n)} f ( z ). g ( z )
Proof. We have

f ( z ) f (n) z n , g ( z ) g (n) z n
n0

n 0

f ( z ). g ( z ) [ f (0) f (1) z f (2) z

f (3) z 3 .......... .... ]

[ g (0) g (1) z 1 g (2) z 2 g (3) z 3 .......... .... ]

[ f (0) g (n) f (1) g (n 1) f (2) g (n 2) .......... f (n) g (0)] z n

n0

Z [ f (0) g (n) f (1) g (n 1) f (2) g (n 2) .......... f (n) g (0)]

Z { f (n) g (n)}

14

11. Find the inverse Z transform of

Sol.

Let f ( z )

10 z
z 3z 2
2

10 z
( z 1)( z 2)

f ( z)
10
A
B

z
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2

10 A( z 2) B( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 10 A(1) 0
A 10
Put z 2, we get 10 0 B(1)
B 10

Z 1

f ( z ) 10 10

z
z 1 z 2
10 z 10 z
f ( z)

z 1 z 2
z
z
f ( z ) 10Z 1
10Z 1

z 1
z 2
10 (1) n 10 (2) n
10 10.2 n

z
1
12. Find Z

( z 1)(z 2)
z
A
B

Sol.
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2

z A( z 2) B( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 1 A(1) 0
A 1
Put z 2, we get 2 0 B(1)
B2
z
1
2

( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2

z
1
1
Z 1
Z 1
2 Z 1

z 1
z 2
( z 1)( z 2)
(1) n 1 2(2) n 1
2n
1 2
2
n
1 2

z3
1
Z
13. Find

using partial fraction method.

2
( z 1) ( z 2)
z3
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 1) 2 ( z 2)

f ( z)
z2
A
B
C

z
( z 1) 2 ( z 2) z 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2
z 2 A( z 1)( z 2) B( z 2) C ( z 1) 2

15

Put z 1, we get
1 0 B(1) 0
B 1
Put z 2, we get 4 0 0 C (1)
C4
1 AC
1 A 4
A 3

Coeff . of z 2 ,

f ( z) 3
1
4

2
z
z 1 ( z 1)
z2
3z
z
4z
f ( z)

2
z 1 ( z 1)
z2
z
z
1
1 z
Z 1{ f ( z )} 3Z 1

4
Z

2
z 2
z 1
( z 1)
3 n 4.2 n

z2
1
Z
14. Find

by the method of partial fractions.

2
( z 2)(z 4)
z2
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 2)( z 2 4)

f ( z)
z
A
Bz C

2
2
z
( z 2)( z 4) z 2 z 4
z A( z 2 4) ( B z C )( z 2)
Put z 2, we get 2 A(4 4) 0
2 8A
1
A
4
2
Coeff . of z ,
0 A B
1
0 B
4
1
(Bz + C)(z + 2)
B
Bz2 + 2Bz +Cz + 2C
4
Coeff . of z, 1 2 B C
2
1 C
4
1 1
C 1
2 2
f ( z) 1/ 4 1/ 4 z 1/ 2

z
z2
z2 4
1 z
1 z2
1 z
f ( z)

2
4 z 2 4 z 4 2 z2 4
1 1 z 1 1 z 2 1 1 2 z
1
Z { f ( z )} Z
Z 2
Z 2
4
z 2 4
z 4
z 4 4
1
1
n 1 n
n
(2) n 2 n cos
2 sin
4
4
2 4
2

16

z 3 3z
15. Find the inverse Z transform of
( z 1) 2 ( z 2 1)

Sol.

z 3 3z
Let f ( z )
( z 1) 2 ( z 2 1)

f ( z)
z2 3
A
B
CzD

2
2
2
2
z
( z 1) ( z 1) z 1 ( z 1)
z 1
z 2 3 A( z 1)( z 2 1) B( z 2 1) (C z D)( z 1) 2
Put z 1, we get 4 0 B(2) 0
B2
3

Coeff . of z ,

0 A C (1)

1 A B 2C D
1 A 2 2C D
A 2C D 1 (2)
Coeff . of z,
0 A C 2D
0 0 2 D [ using (1)]
D0
(2) A + 2C = 1 ---------- (3)
(3) (1) C = 1
(1) A = 1
Coeff . of z 2 ,

A(z 1)(z2 + 1)
A(z3 z2 + z 1)

(Cz + D)(z 1)2

(Cz + D)(z2 2z + 1)
Cz3 2Cz2 + Dz2 + Cz 2Dz + D

f ( z) 1
2
z0

2
2
z
z 1 ( z 1)
z 1
z
2z
z2
f ( z)

z 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2 1
2

z
1
1 z
1
1 z
Z { f ( z )} Z

2
Z

Z
2
( z 1) 2
z 1

z 1
n
1 2n cos
2
z 3 20 z
16. Find the inverse Z transform of
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)

z 3 20 z
n 1
.
z
at its poles.
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )} f (n) = sum of the residues of
3
( z 2) ( z 4)

z n 2 20 z n
at its poles.
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of
3
( z 2) ( z 4)
1

Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z 2) 3 ( z 4) 0
z 2, 4
z = 2 is the pole of order 3
and z = 4 is the simple pole.
n2
20 z n
1 lim d 2
3 z
(
z

2
)
Re s ( z 2)

2! z 2 d z 2
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)
1 lim d 2 z n 2 20 z n

z4
2 z 2 d z2

17

1 lim d ( z 4)[(n 2) z n 1 20 n z n 1 ] ( z n 2 20 z n )(1)

( z 4) 2
2 z 2 d z

1 lim d z n 2 (n 1) z n (20n 20) 4(n 2) z n 1 80 n z n 1

( z 4) 2
2 z 2 d z

( z 4) 2 {(n 1)(n 2) z n 1 (20n 20) n z n 1 4(n 2)(n 1) z n 80 n (n 1) z n 2 }

{z n 2 (n 1) z n (20n 20) 4(n 2) z n 1 80 n z n 1}.2( z 4)

1 lim

( z 4) 4

2 z 2

2
n
n
n
n
(2) {(n 1)(n 2)2 .2 (10n 10) n 2 4(n 2)(n 1)2 20 n (n 1) 2 }

{2 n.4(n 1) 2 n (20n 20) 4(n 2) 2 n.2 40 n 2 n }.2(2)

1

(2) 4

4.2 n 2(n 2 3n 2) 10n 2 10n 4n 4 20n 20 8n 16 40n

16
2

4.2 n 8n 2 4

2 16
2n

(2n 2 1)
2
z n 2 20 z n
lim
(
z

4
)
Re s( z 4)
z 4
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)
n2
n
lim z 20 z

z 4 ( z 2) 3

4 n 2 20 4 n

(2) 3
4n
(16 20)
8
4n

2
f (n) Re s( z 2) Re s( z 4)
2n
4n
2

(2n 1)
2
2

ALITER

z 3 20 z
16. Find the inverse Z transform of
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)

Sol.

z 3 20 z
Let f ( z )
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)

f ( z)
z 2 20
A
B
C
D

z
( z 2) 3 ( z 4) z 2 ( z 2) 2 ( z 2) 3 z 4
z 2 20 A( z 2) 2 ( z 4) B( z 2)( z 4) C ( z 4) D( z 2) 3
Put z 2, we get 16 0 0 C (2) 0
C 8

Put z 4, we get

4 0 0 0 D(2) 3
4
1
D
8
2

18

0 A D
1
0 A
2
1
A
2
2
Coeff . of z , 1 8 A B 6 D
8
6
1 B
2
2
1 1 B B 2
Coeff . of z 3 ,

f ( z ) 1/ 2
2
8
1/ 2

2
3
z
z 2 ( z 2)
z4
( z 2)
1 z
2z
8z
1 z
f ( z)

2
3
2 z 2 ( z 2)
( z 2) 2 z 4
1 z
2 z ( z 2) 8 z 1 z

2 z2
2 z4
( z 2) 3
1 z
2z 2 4z 1 z

2 z 2 ( z 2) 3 2 z 4
2
1 1 z
1 1 z
1
1 2 z 4 z
Z { f ( z )} Z

3
2
z 2
z 4
( z 2) 2
2n
4n
n 2

2 n
2
2

A(z 2)2(z 4)
A(z2 4z + 4)(z 4)
A(z3 8z2 + 20z 16)
D(z 2)3
D(z3 6z2 + 12z 8)

a z2 a2 z
Z 1
ann2
3
(
z

a
)

z ( z 2 z 2)
17. Find Z
2 using residue method.
( z 1)(z 1)
z ( z 2 z 2) n 1
1
.z at its poles.
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )} f (n) = sum of the residues of
2
(
z

1
)(
z

1
)

z n ( z 2 z 2)
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of
2 at its poles.
( z 1)(z 1)
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z 1)( z 1) 2 0
z 1, 1
z = 1 is the simple pole
and z = 1 is the pole of order 2.
z n ( z 2 z 2)
lim
( z 1)
Re s( z 1)
z 1
( z 1)(z 1) 2
z n ( z 2 z 2)
lim

z 1
( z 1) 2
(1) n (1 1 2)

4
n
(1)
n
2

1 lim d
2 z ( z z 2)
Re s ( z 1)
( z 1)

1! z 1 d z
( z 1)(z 1) 2

lim

z 1

d z n ( z 2 z 2)

d
z
(
z

1
)

19

n
2
n 1
n
2
lim ( z 1){z (2 z 1) ( z z 2).n z } z ( z z 2)(1)

z 1
( z 1) 2

(2){1 (2).n} (2)(1)

(2) 2

2 4n 2

4
n

f (n) Re s( z 1) Re s( z 1)
(1) n n

18. Find the inverse Z transform of

z ( z 1)
by residue method.
( z 1) 3

z ( z 1) n 1
.z at its poles.
Sol. Let Z 1{ f ( z )} f (n) = sum of the residues of
3
(
z

1
)

n
z ( z 1)
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of
3 at its poles.
( z 1)
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z 1) 3 0
z 1
z = 1 is the pole of order 3.
Re s ( z 1)

1 lim d 2

2! z 1 d z 2

3 z ( z 1)
(
z

1
)

( z 1) 3

d2

n
2 {z ( z 1)}
d z

1 lim d n
{z (1) ( z 1) n z n 1}

2 z 1 d z

1 lim

[n z n 1 n( z 1).( n 1) z n 2 n z n 1 (1)]
2 z 1
1
[n 2n (n 1) n ]
2
1
[ n 2n 2 2n n]
2
n2
f (n) Re s( z 1)
n2

1 lim
2 z 1

19. Solve y(n 2) 4 y(n 1) 4 y(n) n given that y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1 by using Z - transform.
Sol. Given y(n 2) 4 y(n 1) 4 y(n) n
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n 2)] 4 Z [ y (n 1)] 4 Z [ y (n)] Z (n)
z
{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} 4 {z y ( z ) z y (0)} 4 y ( z )
( z 1) 2
z
{z 2 y ( z ) 0 z (1)} 4{z y ( z ) 0} 4 y ( z )
( z 1) 2
z
( z 2 4 z 4) y ( z )
z
( z 1) 2

20

z z ( z 1) 2
( z 2) y ( z )
( z 1) 2
z z ( z 1) 2
y( z)
( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2
y( z)
1 ( z 1) 2
z 2 2z 2

z
( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2 ( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2
2

z2 2z 2
A
B
C
D

( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2 ( z 2) 2
z 2 2 z 2 A( z 1)(z 2) 2 B ( z 2) 2 C ( z 2)(z 1) 2 D ( z 1) 2
Put z 1, we get
1 2 2 0 B(9) 0 0
1
B
9
Put z 2, we get
4 4 2 0 0 0 D(9)

10
9
0 A C (1)
D

Coeff . of z 3 ,

A(z 1)(z+2)2
A(z 1)(z2 + 4z + 4)
A(z3 + 4z2 z2 + 4z 4z 4)
A(z3 + 3z2 4)

1 3A B 0 D
1 10
1 3A
9 9
11
2
C(z + 2)(z 1)2
1 3A A
C(z + 2)(z2 2z + 1)
9
27
C(z3 2z2 + 2z2 + z 4z + 2)
2
C(z3 3z + 2)
(1) 0
C
27
2
C
27
y ( z ) 2 / 27
1/ 9
2 / 27
10 / 9

2
z
z 1
z 2 ( z 2) 2
( z 1)
2 z
1 z
2 z
10
z
y( z)

27 z 1 9 ( z 1) 2 27 z 2 9 ( z 2) 2
2
z 1 1 z 2 1 z 5 1 2 z
Z 1{ y ( z )} Z 1
Z
Z
Z
2
2
27
z 1 9
z 2 9
( z 1) 27
( z 2)
2
1
2
5
y(n) (1) (n)
(2) n n.(2) n
27
9
27
9
2 n 2
5

(2) n n.(2) n
(i.e.) y(n)
27 9 27
9
Coeff . of z 2 ,

n
20. Solve un 2 6 un 1 9un 2 with u0 u1 0 using Z - transform.

Sol.

n
Given un 2 6 un 1 9un 2
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get
Z [un 2 ] 6 Z [un 1 ] 9 Z [un ] Z (2 n )

{z 2u ( z ) z 2u (0) z u (1)} 6 {z u ( z ) z u (0)} 9 u ( z )

{z 2u ( z ) 0 0} 6 {z u ( z ) 0} 9 u ( z )

z
z2

z
z2

21

z
z2
z
( z 3) 2 u ( z )
z2
z
u ( z)
( z 2)(z 3) 2
u ( z)
1

z
( z 2)(z 3) 2
1
A
B
C

2
( z 2)( z 3)
z 2 z 3 ( z 3) 2
1 A ( z 3) 2 B ( z 2)( z 3) C ( z 2)
( z 2 6 z 9)u ( z )

Put z 2, we get

1 A(5) 2 0 0
1
A
25
Put z 3, we get
1 0 0 C (5)
1
C
5
Coeff . of z 2 ,
0 A B
1
0
B
25
1
B
25
u ( z ) 1 / 25 1 / 25
1/ 5

z
z 2 z 3 ( z 3) 2
1 z
1 z
1
z
u ( z)

25 z 2 25 z 3 5 ( z 3) 2
1 1 z 1 1 z 1 1 3z
u n Z 1{u ( z )}
Z
Z
Z
2
25
z 2 25
z 3 15
( z 3)
1
1
1
(i.e.) u n .2 n (3) n .n (3) n
25
25
15
n
21. Solve un 2 2 un 1 un 2 with u0 2, u1 1 using Z - transform.

Sol.

n
Given un 2 2 un 1 un 2
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get

Z [un 2 ] 2 Z [un 1 ] Z [u n ] Z (2 n )
{z 2u ( z ) z 2u (0) z u (1)} 2 {z u ( z ) z u (0)} u ( z )

{z 2u ( z ) 2 z 2 z} 2{z u ( z ) 2 z} u ( z )

z
z2

z
z2

z
2 z 2 3z
z2
z z (2 z 3)(z 2)
( z 1) 2 u ( z )
z2
z [1 2 z 2 7 z 6]
u ( z)
( z 2)(z 1) 2

( z 2 2 z 1)u ( z )

22

u ( z)
2z 2 7z 7

z
( z 2)( z 1) 2

2z 2 7z 7
A
B
C

2
( z 2)( z 1)
z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
2 z 2 7 z 7 A ( z 1) 2 B ( z 2)( z 1) C ( z 2)

Put z 2, we get
Put z 1, we get
Coeff . of z 2 ,

8 14 7 A(1) 2 0 0
A 1
2 7 7 0 0 C (1)
C 2
2 A B
2 1 B

B 1
u ( z)
1
1
2

z
z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
z
z
2z
u ( z)

z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
z
z
1 z
1
u n Z 1{u ( z )} Z 1

2
Z
( z 1) 2
z 1
z 2

n
(i.e.) u n 2 1 2n
n
22. Solve yn 2 4 yn 1 3 yn 3 with y0 0, y1 1 using Z - transform.

Sol.

n
Given yn 2 4 yn 1 3 yn 3
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y n 2 ] 4 Z [ y n 1 ] 3 Z [ y n ] Z (3n )

{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} 4{z y ( z ) z y (0)} 3 y ( z )

{z 2 y ( z ) 0 z} 4{z y ( z ) 0} 3 y ( z )

z
z 3

z
z 3

z
z
z 3
z z ( z 3)
( z 1)( z 3) y ( z )
z 3
z [1 z 3]
y( z)
( z 1)( z 3)( z 3)
z 2 2z
y( z)
( z 1)( z 3)( z 3)
( z 2 4 z 3) y ( z )

z 2 2z
A
B
C

( z 1)( z 3)( z 3) z 1 z 3 z 3
z 2 2 z A ( z 3)( z 3) B ( z 1)( z 3) C ( z 1)( z 3)
Put z 3, we get
9 6 0 0 C (4)(6)
3 1
C

24 8
Put z 1, we get
1 2 A(2)(4) 0 0
3
A
8

23

1 A B C
3
1
1 B
8
8
3 1
B 1
8 8
8 3 1 10 5
B

8
8 4
3 / 8 5 / 4 1/ 8
y( z)

z 1 z 3 z 3
3
1 5 1 1 1 1 1
y n Z 1{ y ( z )} Z 1
Z
Z

8
z

1
4
z

8
z 3
3
5
1
y n (1) n 1 (3) n 1 (3) n 1
8
4
8
n
n
3 (1)
5 (3)
1 (3) n
yn

8 (1) 4 (3) 8 3
3
5
3n
n
n
(i.e.) y n (1) (3)
8
12
24
Coeff . of z 2 ,

23.Using Z-transform solve y(n) 3 y(n 1) 4 y(n 2) 0 , n 2 given that y(0) 3, y(1) 2
Sol. Changing n into n + 2 in the given equation, it becomes
y(n 2) 3 y(n 1) 4 y(n) 0 , n 0
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n 2)] 3 Z [ y (n 1)] 4 Z [ y (n)] Z (0)
{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} 3{z y ( z ) z y (0)} 4 y ( z ) 0
{z 2 y ( z ) 3 z 2 2 z} 3{z y ( z ) 3 z} 4 y ( z ) 0
( z 2 3 z 4) y ( z ) 3 z 2 7 z
( z 4)( z 1) y ( z ) z (3 z 7)
y( z)
3z 7

z
( z 1)( z 4)
3z 7
A
B

( z 1)( z 4) z 1 z 4
3z 7 A( z 4) B( z 1)
Put z 1, we get
3 7 A(5) 0
10
A 2
5
Put z 4, we get 12 7 0 B(5)
5 5B
B 1
y( z)
2
1

z
z 1 z 4
2z
z
y( z)

z 1 z 4
z
z
y n Z 1{ y ( z )} 2 Z 1
Z 1

z 1
z 4
(i.e.) y n 2 (4) n

24

24. Using Z-transform method solve y n 2 y n 2 given that y0 y1 0

Sol.
Given y n 2 y n 2
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y n 2 ] Z [ y n ] Z (2)
2z
{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} y ( z )
z 1
2z
{z 2 y ( z ) 0 0} y ( z )
z 1
2z
( z 2 1) y ( z )
z 1
2z
y( z)
( z 1)(z 2 1)
y( z)
2

z
( z 1)(z 2 1)
2
A
Bz C

2
2
( z 1)( z 1) z 1 z 1
2 A( z 2 1) ( Bz C )( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 2 A(2) 0
A 1

0 A B
0 1 B
B 1
Coeff . of z,
0 B C
(Bz + C)(z 1)
0 1 C
Bz2 Bz +Cz C
C 1
y ( z)
1
z 1

2
z
z 1 z 1
z
z2
z
y ( z)
2
2
z 1 z 1 z 1
2

z
1
1 z
1 z
1
yn Z { y ( z )} Z

2
2
z 1
z 1
z 1
n
n
(i.e.) y n 1 cos
sin

2
2

Coeff . of z 2 ,

Problems for practice

1. Solve y(n 2) 5 y(n 1) 6 y(n) 36 given that y(0) = y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
2. Using Z-transform method solve y k 2 2 y k 1 y k k given that y0 y1 0
3. Solve y(k 2) 4 y(k 1) 4 y(k ) 0 given that y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
4. Solve y(n 3) 3 y(n 1) 2 y(n) 0 given that y(0) = 4, y(1) = 0, y(2) = 8.
Answer
n
n
1. y (n) 18 36 (2) 18 (3)
1 k 1
1
k
k
2. yk (1) k (1)
4 4 4
4
k
k
3. y (k ) 2 k .2
8 4
n
4. y (n) (2)
3 3

25

25. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of

Sol.

1
( z 1)( z 2)

1
1
1 1
Z 1
Z 1

z 2
z 1
( z 1)(z 2)
1 2 n 1
2n 1 n
1
(2 1)
2 2
1 n r nr
2 .(1)
2 r 0
1
[1 2 2 2 2 3 .......... 2 n ]
2
1 2 n 1 1

2 2 1
2 n 1 1

z2
26. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of
( z a) 2

z2
z
z
Z
Z 1
.
2
z a z a
( z a)
z
z
1
Z 1

Z
z a
z a
(a) n (a) n
1

Sol.

(a) r (a) n r
r 0
n

(a) n
r 0

(n 1)(a ) n

z2
27. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of
( z a )( z b)

z
z2
Z 1
.
Sol. Z

z a z b
( z a)(z b)
z
z
1
Z 1

Z
z b
z a
(a) n (b) n
1

(a) r (b) n r
r 0

(b)

(a) (b)
r

r 0

a
(b)

r 0 b
n

26

a
( b )
r 0 b
n
a a 2
a
n
(b) 1 .........
b
b b
a n 1
1
b
( b ) n

a
1
b

n 1
a n 1 ) / b n 1
n n (b
(1) b

(b a ) / b

n 1
n 1
b a
(1) n

ba
n

12 z 2
28. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of
(3 z 1)( 4 z 1)

12 z 2
Sol. Z

(3z 1)(4 z 1)
1

2
2

12 z
z
1
1
Z

Z
3 z 1 4 z 1
z 1 z 1

3
4
3
4
z
z
1
Z 1

Z
z 1 / 4
z 1 / 3
(1 / 3) n (1 / 4) n
(1 / 4) n (1 / 3) n
n

(1 / 4) r (1 / 3) n r
r 0

1 n 1
(3) r
3 r 0 4
n
r
1 n 3

3 r 0 4
n

n
3 3 2
3

.........

1
4
4 4
3 n 1

n 1
1 4

3 1 3

1

3

n
n
1 4 3 3
1

3 7 4 4
n
n
1 4 3 3


3 7 7 4

27

z2
29. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of
( z 4)( z 3)

1 z
z2

Z
.
Z
Sol.
( z 4)(z 3)
z 4 z 3

z
1 z
Z 1

Z
z 3
z 4
(4) n (3) n
n

(4) r (3) n r
r 0

(4) (3)
r

r 0

4
3
r 0 3
n
4 4 2
4
n
3 1 .........
3
3 3
n 1

1
n 4 / 3
3

4 / 3 1
n 1
3n 1 ) / 3n 1
n (4
3

1/ 3

n 1
n 1
4 3
n

30. Using convonlution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of

z 4
z 3
z 2
z
1
1
1
Z
Z
(1)
Sol. Z
z 4
z 4
z 4
z 2
z
z
1
1
1
Z
Z
Z

z 4
z 4
z 4
4n 4n
n

(4) (4)
r

r 0

nr

(4) n
r 0

(n 1)(4) n
Equation (1) becomes
z 3
1
n
n
Z
(n 1) 4 4
z 4
n

(r 1)(4) r (4) n r
r 0

(r 1)( 4) n
r 0
n

4 [1 2 3 ......... (n 1)]
(n 1)( n 2)
4n
2

28

n
31. Form the difference equation whose solution is y n ( A Bn )2

n
n
n
Sol. Given y n ( A Bn )2 A2 Bn 2 ------------- (1)

yn1 [ A B(n 1)]2 n1 2[ A B(n 1)]2 n

2 A2 n 2B(n 1)2 n (2)

yn2 [ A B(n 2)]2 n2 4[ A B(n 2)]2n

4 A2 n 4B(n 2)2 n (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1
n

2(n 1) 0

y n1

y n 2

4 4( n 2)

y n [8(n 2) 8(n 1)] y n1[4(n 2) 4n] y n 2 [2(n 1) 2n] 0

y n (16 8) y n1 (8) y n 2 (2) 0
8 y n 8 y n1 2 y n 2 0
(i.e.) y n 2 4 y n1 4 y n 0
n
32. Derive the difference equation from y n ( A Bn )( 3)

n
n
n
Sol. Given y n ( A Bn )( 3) A(3) Bn (3) ------------- (1)

yn1 [ A B(n 1)](3) n1 3[ A B(n 1)](3) n

3 A(3) n 3B(n 1)(3) n (2)
yn2 [ A B(n 2)](3) n2 9[ A B(n 2)](3) n
9 A(3) n 9B(n 2)(3) n (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn
1
n

y n1
yn2

3 3(n 1) 0
9

9(n 2)

yn [27(n 2) 27(n 1)] yn1[9(n 2) 9n] yn2 [3(n 1) 3n] 0

yn (54 27) yn1 (18) yn2 (3) 0
27 yn 18 yn1 3 yn 2 0
(i.e.) yn2 6 yn1 9 yn 0
z 2 3z
1
Z
33. Find
3
using partial fraction method.
2
z 3z 4
z 2 3z
z 2 3z

Sol. Let f ( z ) 3
z 3 z 2 4 ( z 1)( z 2) 2

f ( z)
z 3
A
B
C

2
z
z 1 z 2 ( z 2) 2
( z 1)( z 2)
z 3 A( z 2) B( z 2)( z 1) C ( z 1)
2

Put z 1, we get

4 A(3) 2 0 0
4
A
9
Put z 2, we get
1 0 0 C (3)

1
3

1
0
1

3
1
4

0
4
4

4
4
0

(z + 1) is a factor.
The other factors are
z2 4z + 4
(z 2)2

29

0 A B
4
4
0 B B
9
9
f ( z) 4 / 9 4 / 9
1/ 3

z
z 1 z 2 ( z 2) 2
4 z
4 z
1
z
f ( z)

9 z 1 9 z 2 3 ( z 2) 2

Coeff . of z 2 ,

4
z 4 1 z 1 1 2 z
Z 1{ f ( z )} Z 1
Z
Z
2
9
z 1 9
z 2 6
( z 2)
4
4
1
(1) n (2) n (n.2 n )
9
9
6
z3
34. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of
( z 2) 2 ( z 3)

z2
z
z3
1

Z
.
Sol. Z

2
2
( z 2) z 3
( z 2) ( z 3)
z2
z
1
Z
Z 1
2

z 3
( z 2)
(n 1)(2) n (3) n
1

(r 1)(2) (3)
r

nr

(r 1)(2) (3)
r

xS x 2 x 2 3 x 3 ........... n x n (n 1) x n 1
S xS 1 x x 2 x 3 ........... x n (n 1) x n 1

r 0
n

Let S 1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ........... (n 1) x n

1 x n 1
(n 1) x n 1
1 x
1 x n 1 (n 1) x n 1
S

1 x
(1 x) 2

(1 x) S

r 0

2
3 (r 1)
3
r 0
2
3
n

2 2
2
2
n
3 1 2 3 4 ......... (n 1)
3 3
3
3

n 1
2 n 1
2
(n 1)
1
3

3
n
3

2
2
2

1
1

3
3

n
n
2 2
2 2
1 (n 1)
3
3
3 3
3n
1
1

9
3

n
2 n 2
2 2
3 91 3(n 1)
3 3
3 3
n

n
n

2
2
3 9 6 2 (n 1)
3
3

2 n

n
3 9 (6 2n 2)
3

2 n

n
3 9 (2n 8)
3

9.3n 2 n (2n 8)

30

z2
35. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of
( z 1) 2 ( z 2)

z
z

z2
1

Z
.
Sol. Z

( z 1) 2 z 2
2

( z 1) ( z 2)
z
z
Z 1
Z 1
2
z 2
( z 1)
1

n (1) n (2) n n 2 n
n

r (2) n r
r 0

r (2) r

1
r
2

r 0

r 0

2
3
n

1 1
1
1
2 0 1 2 3 ......... n
2 2
2
2

2
n 1

1 1
1
n 1
2 1 2 3 ......... n
2
2 2
2
n
1 n
1
n
1
Let S 1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ........... n x n 1
2n 2
2

xS x 2 x 2 3 x 3 ........... (n 1) x n 1 n x n
2
1
2 1
1
S xS 1 x x 2 x 3 ........... x n 1 n x n
1
2
2

1 xn
(1 x) S
n xn
n
n
1 x
1
1
1

1 xn
n xn
2n 2
2
S

(1 x) 2 1 x
1
1

4
2

2n

1 n 1 n
41 2n
2 2

n
n

1
1
4 4 2 n
2
2

2.2 n 2 n

2n