Criminology- is the study of criminals 3 Benjamin and Master Threefold Model

Victimology Precipitating- it contains time, space, being in

the wrong place at wrong time
 is the study of etiology or causes of
victimization Attracting- it contains choices, options,
 it was coined in the mid 1900s lifestyles. Sociological expression
 the code of Hammurabi
Predisposing- all the socio demographic
 1940s concern was shown for the
characteristics of victims, being male etc.
crime victim, but this concern was not
entirely sympathetic 3 Routine Activities Theory of Cohen and
Felson
Criminologist- study elements
Suitable Targets- well always have suitable
Victimologist- use the scientific method.
targets as long as we have poverty
Benjamin Mendelsohn (1956)
Motivated offenders- assumes anyone will try
 Father of Victimology to get away with something if they can
 Discovered strong relationship between
Absence of Guardians- there are few defensible
victimization and social setting
spaces ( natural surveillance areas) the
3 classification based on legal government can’t do job alone.
considerations of the degree of the victim’s
2 Victim Prepitation Theory
blame
Passive Precipitation- the victim unconsiously
1. Completely innocent (being in the
exhibits behaviors or characters that instigate
wrong place at the wrong time)
or encourage the attack.
2. Victims with minor guilt/due to
ignorance Active Precipitation- victimization under this
3. Victim as guilty as theory occurs through the threatening or
offender/voluntary victim proactive actions of the victim

The Lifestyle Theory- purports that individual

are targeted based on their lifestyle choices, to
6 need to study of Victimology
expose them to criminal offenders.
1. Victimization
Deviant Place Theory- states that greater
2. Victims and media
exposure to dangerous places makes an
3. Victim offender relationship
individual more likely to become the victim of a
4. Victims and the cost of crime
crime.
5. Victim criminal justice relationship
6. Victims and movements Routine Activity Theory- the presence of one or
more of these factors creates a higher risk of
Theories in Victimology
victimization
6 Luckenbill’s (Situated Transaction Model)
WHO IS A CRIME VICTIM?- refers to any person,
insult , clarification, retaliation, counter group, or entity who has suffered injury or loss
retaliation, presence of weapon, and due to illegal activity (man-made)
Onlookers.
3 Harm can be: Restitution

Physical Harm- may include physical injury;  Make fair restitution to victims
generally it involves physical harm  return of property or payment for the
harm or loss suffered
Psychological Harm- increase in the belief of
 governments should review their
personal vulnerability and perception of the
practices
world, viewing themselves in a negative.
 available sentencing option in criminal
Economic Harm- may include loss of property cases
like family house. Etc.  should include: restoration of
environment, reconstruction of
VICTIMS IN GENERAL: infrastructure etc.
 a person who, by reason of natural  in public officials, victims should receive
disaster or man-made cause restitution from the state whose official
 a person who suffered direct or or agents were responsible to harm
threatened inflicted.
 a person who individually or collectively  In cases where government under
suffered harm. whose authority the victimizing act is no
4 UN Declaration basic principles longer in existence

Access to Justice and Fair Threatment Compensation

- They are entitled to access the  When compensation is not fully

mechanisms of justice and available from the offender states
prompt redress should endeavor to provide financial
- Judicial and administrative compensation.
mechanisms should be  The establishment, strengthening, and
established and strengthened expansion of national funds for
where necessary to enable compensation.
victims to obtain. Assistance
5 needs to facilitated  Victims Should receive the necessary
1. Informing victims of their role and the material, medical, psychological and
scope social assistance
2. Allowing the views and concerns of  Victims Should be informed the
victims to be presented and considered availability of health and social
at appropriate stages of the services.\
proceedings  Personnel concerned should receive
3. Providing proper assistance training to sensitize them to the needs
4. Taking measures to minimize of victims.
inconvenience to victims  Attention should be give to those who
5. Avoiding unnecessary delay have special needs.

Victimization Minority Victims- refers to those victims who
are targeted by criminals due to the fact that
 Describes the outcome of crime based
they are victims of minority.
on the interaction between the
offender and victim Environmental victims and non human victims
 “victimizer” continues to be
 In 1990s when green criminology was
conceptualized to describe this
developed environment and non
particular part of crime effect
human animals as victims too.g
 Individually or collectively.
 Individual victimization results when a Green Criminology- refers to study of
single private person becomes the environment crimes and harms
object of an act proscribed by a criminal
statute PD 705- the forestry reform code of the
 The offender does not victimize the Philippines
individual victim because of his group RA 7942- Philippine mining act of 1995
affiliation.
RA 9275- the Philippine clean water act
Collective victims- who belong to a certain
group. RA 9147- wildlife resources conservation an
protection act.
Collective Victimization- can be found in
international crime, particularly in genocide, 5 Consequences of Crime
crimes against humanity and war crimes 1. Fear
Typologies of Victim 2. Anxiety
3. Nervousness
Child Victim 4. Self blame
 Refers to those who are subjected to an 5. Anger
act proscribed by domestics and 2 types of Models of Victimization
international laws and who are below
the age of (18). Victim of crime model (man made cause)- stage
 Victimized due to their childhood or of impact, stage of recoil, organization stage
offender attracted to them. Victim disaster model:
R.A 9208- Anti Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 Pre impact stage- this describes the state of the
R.A 9262- the Anti- Violence Against Women victim prior to being victimized
and their Children Act of 2004. Impact stage- this stage is the phase in which
Female Victims victimization occurs

 Victimized by male offenders owing to Post impact stage- this page entails the degree
their gender. and duration of personal and social
 Domestic abuse or violence is disorganization.
perpetrated by male offenders against Behavioral outcome- this face describes the
female. victims adjustment to victimization experience.
3 Kinds of Crime Victim

Direct or Primary crime- this kind of victim their

places offers this harm or injury which is
physical etc.

Indirect or Secondary crime victim- harm

second hand, such intimate partners etc.

Tertiary crime victim- victims who experience

the harm vicariously, through media account
etc.
1974- the first police based victim advocate
project is started in Fort lauderdale, Florida
CRITICAL DATES in VICTIMOLOGY
USA.
1924- Edwin Sutherland includes a chapter on
1975- the first “Victim Rights week” is organized
victims in his criminology textbook
by the Philadelphia District Attorney
1937- Benjamin Mendelsohn publishes his
1976- Emilio Viano launches the first scholarly
writings on the rapist and his victim.
journal devoted to victimology
1941- hans von hentig publishes article of victim
1979- the world Society of Victimology is
and criminal interactions
founded in Munster Germany
1947- Mendelsohn coins the term victimology
1980- Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD)
in a French journal
is founded by Candi Lightner after one of her
1948- hans von hentig publishes his book the twin daughters was killed by a drunk driver.
criminal and his victims
1981- president ronald regann proclaims the
1949- Frederic Wertham first used the word first national victim rights week in april.
“victimology” in a book shown of violence
1982- the first victim impact panel established
1957- Margery Fry proposes victim by MADD to educate drunk drivers
compensation in the London Times
1984- the victims of crime act (VOCA)
1958- Marvin Wolfgang studies homicide established the national crime victims
victims; uses the term “victim precipitation”
1985- the UN unanimously adopts the
1963- New Zealand enacts the first Criminal declaration of basic principles of justice of
Compensation Act victim of crime

1965- California is the first state in the USA to 1987- the US department of justice opens the
start Victim Compensation national victim resource

1966- Japan enacts criminal indemnity law 1988- the first “Indian nations; justice for victim
of crime”..
1967- Canada creates a Criminal compensation
injuries act as does cuba and switzerland 1990- the European forum for victim services

1968- Stephan Schafer writes the first 1999- guide of policymakers..

victomology textbook the victim and his
2002- the creation of victim and witness unit.
criminals
2003- opened its doors to promote victim
1972- the first three victims assistance
rights, to conduct seminars.
programmers are created St. Louis, Missouri
etc. 2004- the world society if victimology at its
annual executive
1973- the first international symposium on
victimology id held Jerusalem Israel 2005- Japan puts the UN basic principles of
justice
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