21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Introduction to Philippine Literature

What I Know: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided.
______1. What is the best definition of literature? ______6. What is called as the turning point in a story?
A. Literature covers both oral and written forms of A. Climax
works for expressive and imaginative purposes. B. Denouement
B. Literature is limited to written materials that gain C. Exposition
artistic merit for human expression. D. Plot
C. Literature is written solely to inform and persuade. ______7. What element of plot is depicted in this given
D. Literature is anything written and published. statement: "Everything changed when she showed
______2. Which genre of literature observes sounds and unparalleled strength and courage."?
rhythms for aesthetic purpose in expressing one's feelings, A. Climax
ideas, and beliefs? B. Falling action
A. Fiction C. Resolution or denouement
B. Non-fiction D. Rising action
C. Prose ______8. The famous work written by Dr. Jose P. Rizal
D. Poetry entitled "El Filibusterismo" reflects the daily experiences
______3. In which type of literature do legends, folktales, and struggles of our Filipinos during his time. In which
short stories, and any novels belong? genre does it belong?
A. Art A. Drama
B. Fiction B. Non-fiction prose
C. Non-fiction C. Poetry
D. Poetry D. Prose fiction
______4. Which literary form refers to verses that depict ______9. What is most likely the theme of literary text
extraordinary strength, adventure, and heroism? during early Spanish period?
A. Epic A. Equality
B. Fairy tale B. Nationalism
C. Legend C. Nature
D. Myth D. Religion and morality
______5. What element of story is depicted in this given ______10. Which period in the history of Philippine
statement: "The King is very ill and his sons rival each literature did the Spanish, American, and Japanese come to
other in catching a bird"? our country?
A. Character A. Colonial Period
B. Conflict B. Period of Apprenticeship
C. Setting C. Post-colonial Period
A. Theme D. Pre-colonial Period

Exploring Philippine Literary Forms, Genres, Elements, and Traditions

Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500 plus islands that make up our archipelago. This is not surprising
considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces. One can only
imagine the many forms of artistic communication (oral or written) that have been passed on to and through generations,
communities, and groups. Then and now, literature in the Philippines have come in various genres (forms) and have been
appreciated and analyzed for their forms, elements, structures, and traditions.

What is LITERATURE?
The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". According to the
website Britannica, literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative works of
poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as language, national origin, historical period, genre
and subject matter.
Literature can either be in oral or written form. The oral literature handed down from one generation to another, then
later on transformed into written form. The products of written literature are called literary text. A text can be considered
literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and chronology. Also, literature uses literary devices such as
metaphor and symbolism. Reading for entertainment and learning is the most common reason why people read literature.
Simply, the best way to describe the characteristics of literary text is that (1) it narrates a story; (2) it expresses feelings,
thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the imagination or real life experiences of the author or other people; and (3)
it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages.
Also, literature contains specific structure. Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature in
which the most common type is the narrative. Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition, rising action, climax,
falling action, and resolution (denouement). In a much broader context, literary structure is not only limited to content and form
but this may also refer to "the general features or characteristic of genre, style, a specific literary trend, literature as an art form,
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and finally, art as a whole" (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia). For Murphy (n.d.), literary structure may involve arrangement of
various elements according to purpose, style, and genre to effectively convey the intended meaning for the audience.
Two Major Forms of Literature
1. Poetry. This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound,
imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided into three types:
narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry.
a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict,
etc.
b. Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be
recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry.
c. Lyric Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story.
2. Prose. In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are
mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form.
a. Fiction. This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to
the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and
novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and
horror.
b. Non-fiction. These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe
experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form
of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like.

Some Examples of Major Forms of Literature

POETRY PROSE

LYRIC FICTION NON-FICTION

NARRATIVE DRAMATIC
Haiku Short Story Biography /
Epic Dramatic Ode Novel Autobiography
Ballad Monologue Elegy Play Narrative Essay
Metrical Tales Soliloquy Sonnet Legend Memoir
Song Fable Diaries and Journal
Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. The main types are prose and poetry.
There are many other forms that have sprung through the years. Specifically, it is defined in the curriculum guide as something
that “may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between
genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are (in loose
chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry.
Additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a sub-genre, but as a
mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were
composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as either adult, young-adult,
or children's. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.” (Glossary, Curriculum
Guide)
Literary elements refer “to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by
authors; they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms. For example, every
story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-view, etc. In order to be discussed legitimately as part of a
textual analysis, literary elements must be specifically identified for that particular text.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide). The
common elements of a story are setting, character, conflict, theme, point of view, and plot. Plot also has its own elements
such as exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution or denouement /ˌdeɪˈnuːmɒ̃/. In poetry, there are four
essential elements: form, imagery, rhythm, and sound. Poetry comes in different forms such as whether it is free verse,
couplet, limerick, etc. Imagery on the other hand is the reason why we see pictures in words and it adds color in any types of
literature especially in poetry. Rhythms and sounds are somehow similar. In fact, rhythm falls under the broad category sound.
While sound deals with the common use of rhymes and other literary devices such as repetition (repeating of words, phrases, or
lines), alliteration (repeating same consonant sounds), assonance (repeating same vowel sounds), and onomatopoeia (the use of
the actual sound to represent someone or something), rhythm is more concerned with the flow of the beat such as whether it is
fast or slow. In general, both sounds and rhythms are the key ingredients that give poetry a musical effect (Encyclopedia
Britannica).
The term "Traditions" refers to the specific traits of literary works that define a generation or period in history. A
literary tradition “is a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness and coherence that makes them more than
simply a group of works sharing geography or group. Irish poetry and drama, for example, extend over several centuries,

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involving writers with a range of voices and preoccupations; and yet it is often thought that they are distinctively "Irish." This
means that you can have someone who doesn't come from Ireland, perhaps doesn't even have Irish ancestors, but they can write
in the Irish Literary Tradition because they will draw on the same references, structure, mythology, focal points for cultural
meanings and historical moments.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide)
Activity 1: An Overview of Philippine Literature
Historically speaking, Philippine literature can be divided into three most important periods: pre-colonial, colonial, and
post-colonial.
All literary works produced before the Spanish colonization such as chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives are
considered under pre-colonial period which are mostly of oral traditions. This is not because early Filipinos did not have system
of writing yet but due to the unavailability of printing materials. Life was simple and so is literature during this period. If we
have phones and other forms of technology to entertain us, our ancestors had literature for recreation who were noted for being
music lover as more than 10 types of songs in various Philippine languages were discovered. Our forefathers also valued words
of wisdom for teaching values as evidenced by numerous proverbs or salawikain. Story telling was used to explain phenomenon
and to teach lessons as well. Having bugtong or riddles was also a favorite past time and listening to narratives of bravery,
magic, and heroism in epics was a box office hit.
The focus of literature suddenly changed upon the arrival of Spaniards. An emphasis on morality and religion was
common in literary forms such as Corrido, Pasyon, and Cenaculo. The production of printed materials started but it was mostly
of religious purposes and themes. It was made in an attempt to instill traditional Spanish ways and cultures among the native
Filipinos. Despite this indoctrination, native tradition still survived and flourished especially for areas where the colonial power
was less popular. Literacy paved the way to develop sense of nationalism among Filipinos during the latter part of Spanish
colonization. Filipinos started to write about oppression, corruption, and other social ills such as in the works of Dr. Jose P.
Rizal entitled Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo.
The literary production during the American Period was inspired by the developments in education and culture.
Knowledge and information became accessible to all Filipinos because of the free public education. During the apprenticeship
period, the Filipino writers imitated English and American models. All forms of literature were explored by Filipino writers.
During this period, short stories were the most prevalent literary form. With the new knowledge of English language, many
writers started to gain recognition both locally and internationally like Jose Garcia Villa who earned the International title, “Poet
of the Century" as an example.
Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were conquered by Japan between 1941-1945 since
freedom of expression was uncommon back then. Filipino writers in the Philippines were forbidden to write anything against
the government and only those who were in exile had the privilege to do so. As a result of banning the English language, short
stories written in the vernaculars flourished in the country.
The three most influential foreign invaders to the types of literature produced during colonial periods are Spanish,
American, and Japanese wherein the common themes and subject mostly tackle about oppression, religion, freedom, or anything
that reflects the experiences of Filipino people under the colonizers. The influences brought to us by colonial periods are said to
have been extended up to the post-colonial periods especially in social and cultural dimensions. Post-colonial is the period after
the rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the present. One of the most unforgotten and controversial periods during this era
is having Martial Law during the Marcos regime. All of the periods mentioned are essential towards understanding the types of
literature being produced in the Philippines.

ASSESSMENT 1a: What Have I learned so far? Answer the following questions. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper. (Don’t forget to write your name and section)
1. Why is it important to learn about the pre-colonial literature of the Philippines?
2. How does the literature during the Spanish era differ from the literature during the pre-colonial era?
3. Which era do you think has been able to exert its influences the most? Why?

ASSESSMENT 1b: Match the literary theme on SET A to the exact period when it was written from SET B.
A B
______ 1. sense of nationalism; oppression A. Pre-colonial Period
______ 2. heroic deeds; nature; supernatural B. Early Spanish Period
______ 3. morality; religion C. Revolutionary Period
______ 4. poverty; injustice; activism; social issues D. American Period
______ 5. longing for independence; E. Japanese Period
social justice and consciousness F. Post-colonial Period

ASSESSMENT 1c: Some famous literary works in the Philippines are listed below. Identify to which type or genre each
literary work belongs.
A. Myth C. Short story E. Drama
B. Essay D. Novel F. Epic
______1. "Biag ni Lam-ang" anonymous

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______2. "Noli me Tangere" by Jose Rizal
______3. "What Is an Educated Filipino" by Francisco Benitez
______4. "Footnote to Youth" by Jose Garcia Villa
______5. "How the World Began" anonymous

FACT OR FICTION: Write "Fact" if the statement is true about the Philippines and "Fiction" if it is false. Write the correct
word or phrase on top of the incorrect one to make the false statement right.
______________1. Earliest Philippine literature before the colonization period was rich in written literary works.
______________2. Philippine literature can be divided into three major periods.
______________3.The two major classifications of poetry are fiction and non-fiction.
______________4.The Filipino is a unique blend of both Eastern and Western influences.
______________5.Biography is a non-fiction literary work.
______________6. Sounds and rhythm give a musical effect to any prose.
______________7. Philippine history and cultures are associated to the country's literature.

ASSESSMENT: Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
______1. Which is NOT a description of literature? C. setting
A. Literature is a way to understand human nature and to D. theme
know a nation. ______7. What element of a story is depicted in this text:
B. Literature came from the French word litera which “The hero faces the fiercest enemy of all- his monstrous
means letters. other self”?
C. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken A. Character
material. B. Conflict
D. Literature deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of C. Plot
man. D. Setting
______2. In which period did chants, proverbs, songs, and ______8. What element of a story is depicted in this text:
folk narratives first emerge? “Her name is Ella, 26 years old. Her neighbors think she’s
A. American Period feisty.”?
B. Post-colonial Period A. Character
C. Pre-colonial Period B. Conflict
D. Spanish Period C. Plot
______3. Who brought Protestantism to the Philippines? D. Theme
A. American ______9. Which element of poetry is shown in these lines
B. Chinese of the poem entitled "Ang Babaing Nangarap Nang
C. Japanese Gising" by Virgilio Almario?
D. Spanish Naisumpa niya noong dalagita
______4. What is common among these literary genres: Na siya'y aahon
legends, myths, fables, biographies, novels, and short Mula sa malansa at bukid na basa
stories? Ng liblib na nayon;
A. They are based on true historic events. A. Alliteration
B. They are all non-fiction prose. B. Assonance
C. They are all written in lines. C. Onomatopoeia
D. They all have stories to tell. D. Rhyme
______5. Which cannot be found in poetry? ______10. Which is true about Philippine literature?
A. paragraphs A. Early Filipinos were illiterate which explains
B. rhyme scheme why there were no written literary texts
C. rhythm produced at the time.
D. stanzas B. Philippine literature was only introduced when
______6. What element of a story is depicted in this text: the Spaniards came to conquer the Philippines.
“It was 1986. The country was still euphoric for having C. Philippine literature is nothing compared to the
ended a terrible regime”? literary masterpieces of other countries.
A. conflict D. Philippine literature existed even during pre-
B. point of view colonial period.

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 2: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Pre-colonial Period

PRE-TEST: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided.

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______ 1. What does refer to the old system of writing that ______ 6. Which religion does NOT exist during the pre-
existed during the pre-colonial period? colonial period?
A. Alibata A. Buddhism
B. Ancient Transcript B. Catholicism
C. Baybayin C. Hinduism
D. Orik D. Protestantism
______ 2. What spiritual tradition is dominant among early ______ 7. Which type of pre-colonial literature is still
Filipinos? prevalent today?
A. Animism A. Chant
B. Buddhism B. Essay
C. Christianity C. Kundiman
D. Islam D. Proverbs
______ 3. Which form of literature does NOT exist during ______ 8. Which literary theme is often present in pre-
the pre-colonial period? colonial literature?
A. Drama A. Christian faith
B. Myth B. Nature
C. Riddle C. Oppression
D. Song D. Revolution
______ 4. What type of pre-colonial literature is this: "Ang ______ 9. What discusses occurrence on the earth and how
taong hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan, things on earth were created?
kailanma'y hindi makararating sa paroroonan"? A. Epic
A. Kasabihan B. Fable
B. Kawikaan C. Legend
C. Salawikain D. Myth
D. Sawikain ______ 10. Which is true about pre-colonial literature?
______ 5. Which among the ancient literary titles is an A. Pre-colonial literature is of low quality.
example of myth? B. Pre-colonial literature is mostly about daily
A. Biag ni Lam-ang experiences.
B. Ibalon C. Pre-colonial literature no longer exists in the
C. The Cycle of the Sun and the Moon 21st century.
D. The Prowess of Aliguyon D. Pre-colonial literature consists of both oral and
written forms.

Philippine Literature during Pre-colonial Period

The beginning period of Philippine literary history can be considered as the longest as evidenced by the artifacts of
different periods recovered ranging from 50,000 years ago to 14th century A.D. in the Tabon Cave of Palawan. The said
exploration was headed by a team from the National Museum where they found the oldest known human skeletal and fossil in
the Philippines. The discovery later on led to the realization of our very own indigenous cultures before the presence of the
Spanish colonizers through the analysis of collected oral literature preserved by our Filipino ancestors.
Literature during this period may be classified into three groups: folk speech, folk songs, and folk narratives such as
riddles, proverbs, myths, legends, fables, and hero tales. Epics are of great proportions among oral literature in all regions.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (before the arrival of Spaniards)

Certain events in the Philippines during pre-colonial period started to be recorded in the year 1521. Our rich past was
reflected in "folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our
Southeast Asian neighbors" (Godinez-Ortega, n.d.).
In terms of government, Filipinos were ruled by chieftains of different barangay. The Malacañang Palace considered
this as more on "alliance networking rather than territorial" (malacanang.gov.ph). There was no formal education. Learning was
merely through imitation and practice. In general, the following were commonly practiced:
✔ Early Filipinos heavily believed on spirits and supernatural entities (animism).
✔ Social ranking and classes were practiced.
✔ Economic and political dimensions involved trading, marriage, feasting, and alliance.
Dimensions of Pre-colonial Literature
✔ Philippine literature during the pre-colonial era is mostly based on oral traditions passed down from generation to
generation.
✔ The language used pertains to daily life.
✔ Common forms of oral literature are riddles, proverbs, and songs to express a thought or emotion.

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✔ Epic was considered as the most exciting poetic and narrative form of literature in which the ASEAN-sponsored
study of Filipino asserted that there are more than 100 epics discovered where majority came from Palawan (as cited by
Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.).
✔ Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by researchers come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano
dialects.
✔ The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was often cited in the work of Pedro Chirino during
the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the Philippines through House Bill No. 1022.
✔ The experiences of the people during pre-colonial period such as food hunting, work at home, caring for the children,
and creatures or objects of nature served as the common subject in oral literature.
✔ Anyone who knew the language and the convention and forms could be a poet, singer, or storyteller.
✔ All important events such as rites and ceremonies reflect religious observance where people commonly recite, sing,
or utter a chant.
Types of Pre-colonial Literature
✔ Folk Tales. These are stories which can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and placeless tales circulated
orally among a group of people.
✔ Legends. These are a form of prose which deal with the origin of a thing, location or name.
✔ Myths. Unlike legends where the characters have realistic human qualities, the characters here usually have
supernatural powers where the main purpose is to provide explanation about the existence of something or someone.
✔ Epics. These pertain to a type of a long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic achievements and deeds of the
main character.
✔ Folk Songs. These can be considered as the oldest forms of Philippine literature that mirror the culture which
expresses hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos. Some examples are kundiman, kumintang,
oyayi or hele and some drinking songs.
✔ Other Forms. Some examples are proverbs (salawikain), riddles (bugtong), chant (bulong), maxims or those with
rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or 8 syllables, sayings (kasabihan), and idiom (sawikain). Tanaga is another favorite poem
consisting of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each.

Activity 1: Appreciating Words of Wisdom

One timeless piece of literature that has been part of Filipino culture and tradition is a proverb or salawikain in our own
language. Proverbs are brief expressions that serve as a norm which are commonly uttered by elders based on their everyday
experiences to encourage positive behaviors among young people. One of the widely recognized collectors of comprehensive
proverbs in our country is Damiana L. Eugenio who is considered as the "Mother of Philippine Folklore". She classified
proverbs into six categories: (1) proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life; (2) ethical
proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices; (3) proverbs expressing a system of values; (4) proverbs
expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature; (5) humorous proverbs and (6) miscellaneous proverbs.
Answer the activities below to explore more about Filipino proverbs (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.).

ASSESSMENT 1a: Determine whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
_____ 1. The Spaniards were the first to introduce proverbs among early Filipinos.
_____ 2. Proverbs serve as a guide for a righteous living.
_____ 3. Proverbs are culturally specific but their meaning is universal in nature.
_____ 4. Proverbs are numerous that it is impossible to classify them.
_____ 5. There are proverbs for almost any situation.
ASSESSMENT 1b: List down a compilation of your most valued words of wisdom that you often hear from your parents,
grandparents, other elders in the family, or any most influential people in your life. Explain how these words of wisdom helped
or guided you in many ways. Use a separate sheet for this activity.

Activity 2: Becoming Real Heroes

A bigger bulk of oral literature in most regions of the Philippines during the pre-colonial period existed in the form of
epics. Evidently, early Filipinos appreciated supernatural powers and heroic deeds. These are attributed to their beliefs on
animism.

ASSESSMENT 2a: Choose a local hero (mythical and real) whom you wish to study more. Complete the grid below:
The Hero His/ Her Great Acts His/ Her Motives
My superhero (mythical)

My day-to-day hero (real)

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ASSESSMENT 2b: How can you be a real hero in your own simple way? Write a simple paragraph to explain your answer.
Have a separate sheet for this activity.

ACTIVITY 3
LIT AND ART: If you had a superpower and you were given the chance to make your ideal Philippines, what would it
be? Draw your creation on a short bond paper and color it. Write a simple paragraph to explain your drawing at the back
portion.

POST TEST Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided.
______ 1. What is the period before colonization of a A. Our limited access to pre-colonial literature is
region or territory? because of the absence of a system of writing
A. Colonial during this period.
B. Post-colonial B. Trading with foreign neighboring countries
C. Pre-colonial resulted in the diversity of our cultures.
D. Pre-history C. Ancient Filipinos were not influenced by foreign
______ 2. What is the official system of writing in the countries.
Philippines which already existing even during pre-Spanish D. Many literary forms were written during this
period? period.
A) Alibata ______ 7. Which subject or theme was prevalent in pre-
B) Baybayin colonial literature?
C) Cuneiform A) Daily encounters and activities in life
D) Hieroglyphics B) Sense of nationalism
______ 3. Which best describes the type of education C) Poverty
during pre-colonial period? D) Religion
A. Bias ______ 8. What is common about legends and myths?
B. Formal A. They both provide explanations as to the origin
C. Harsh and strict of something or someone.
D. Imitative and informal B. They both tell the heroic deeds of a certain
______ 4. Which does NOT belong to the form of pre- character.
colonial literature? C. Characters both have supernatural powers.
A. Epics D. These are both inspired by true experiences.
B. Idioms ______ 9. In which tradition do fables, myths, and legends
C. Proverbs originally belong?
D. Riddles A. Classical
______ 5. Which folk narrative deals with the story of a B. Historical
mortal with supernatural power? C. Oral
A. Epic D. World
B. Fable ______ 10. Which is true about pre-colonial literature?
C. Legend A. Literature does not exist in this period.
D. Myth B. Literature during this period was mostly written.
______ 6. Which is true about the pre-colonial period? C. Modern people still enjoy primitive literature.
D. Modern people do not enjoy primitive literature.

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 3: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Colonial Period

PRE-TEST: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Even before his death, Rizal affirmed his place in literary 2. Which underground paper was used by the revolutionists
history by succinctly and expertly putting into words his as their mouthpiece of reform during the revolutionary
acceptance of death in the land he so loved in his last poem. period?
What was the original title of the poem “My Last A. Diaryong Tagalog
Farewell.”? B. Doctrina Cristiana
A. Adios Patria Adorada C. La Solidaridad
B. Mi Amore Adios D. The Decalogue
C. Mi Ultimo Adios 3. The short story "Dead Stars" written by Paz Marquez
D. Salve Patria Adios Benitez is considered as the first Filipino modern short
story in English. In which period was it written?
A. American Period
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B. Contemporary Period A. Bulgar and sarcastic
C. Spanish Period B. Imitative
D. 21st Century C. Nationalistic
4. Which type of literature flourished during the Japanese D. Religious or secular
period? 8. Which new form of literature first flourished during the
A. Essay Spanish period?
B. Novel A. Diary
C. Poem B. Drama
D. Short story C. Essay
5. What is the title of the first book printed in the D. Riddles
Philippines? 9. What is regarded as the most famous metrical romance in
A. Doctrina Cristiana the Philippines?
B. Ninay A. Biag ni Lam-ang
C. Noli Me Tangere B. Florante at Laura
D. Urbana at Felisa C. Ibong Adarna
6. Which best describes the literary works during the early D. Noli Me Tangere
Spanish Period? 10. What was the most prevalent form of literature during
A. Bulgar and sarcastic the American and Japanese period?
B. Informal and imitative A. Essay
C. Nationalistic B. Novel
D. Religious and secular C. Poem
7. Which best describes the literary works during the early D. Short story
American Period?

Philippine Literature during Colonial Period

Almost half a decade, after the documented discovery of the Philippines in 1521 during Ferdinand Magellan's
exploration marks the beginning of the colonial period. The Spaniards successfully colonized the Philippines for more than 300
years having evangelization as its main thrust. The nationalistic consciousness of the Filipinos began when world trade took
place in the Philippines as a result of exchanging of liberal ideas with the other countries among children of middle class
Filipino families who were sent to Europe. This led to a revolutionary period that ended the long and oppressive Spanish
tyranny in our country.
American period of colonialism officially took place after Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered. The transition period between
Spanish and American colonialism did not run smoothly since resistance among the native Filipinos who were threatened by the
coming of other colonizers was evident. The setting of public schools during the American period became a necessary tool for
popularizing democracy in our country, training Filipinos for citizenship, and embracing the English language. All of which are
considered influential to Philippine literature even up to this date. The last colonizers to enter the Philippines were the Japanese
who failed to gain the trust of Filipinos and only lasted for less than five years.
An emphasis on Christian doctrine was manifested through various types of texts which replaced stories about heroes
and animated creatures to Biblical characters and saints as evidenced by novenas, prayer books, and other printed materials.
This makes literature during the Early Spanish Period didactic or intended for teaching morality and conduct for good behavior.
Other than books, plays and dramas emerged for recreational purposes. These were mostly poetic in nature and were intended
for public performances. When few privileged Filipino men from middle class families were given access to education, they
also became fluent in Spanish language which paved the way to production of literary texts by our own natives. Eventually, this
led to reforms in the government through underground newspapers and revolts.
Threatened by the presence of other colonizers, the transition between Spanish Period and American Period was not
smooth due to resistance among Emilio Aguinaldo who was the appointed president at that time and our fellow countrymen. As
compared to Spanish regime, American colonizers used democratic approach as manifested by allowing a Filipino to lead the
country through elections where Manuel Quezon won over Aguinaldo. Public education was then emphasized during this period
where the English language was introduced and embraced by many Filipinos resulting in various literary works in English
which were mostly imitative at first. Some notable Filipino writers later on adapted and developed their own theme, styles, and
conventions making their works recognizable both nationally and internationally. Watching foreign films replaced the
popularity of theatrical shows and novels.
The cruelty of the Japanese occupation was evidenced by strong resistance among the majority of Filipino people. The
attempt to erase Western influences was shown when they tried to ban the use of English language during their reign. Freedom
of the press and of expression was also suppressed. The Tagalog language was favored by the Japanese which made Tagalog
stories and dramas flourish at the time. Love for music was evident through exposure to opera and classical music. Life
struggles, nationalism, and patriotism were the common themes and subjects but were secretly published. Only those Filipinos
who were living abroad could freely write and express their opinions.

I. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1565-1898)

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✔ This can be divided into two major periods: Early Spanish Period (1565-1863) and Later Part or Revolutionary
Period (1864-1896).
✔ Early Spanish Period can be categorized as either religious or secular.
Dimensions of Philippine Literature
✔ The type of literature produced during this period used Spanish, Tagalog, and the vernacular form of languages.
✔ Spanish was introduced as the medium of communication and later shifted to Tagalog when a sense of nationalism
arose during the revolutionary period.
✔ The introduction of the printing equipment called xylographic press by the Dominicans resulted in publication of
various religious materials and earliest books.
✔ Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were also fluent in Spanish) such as
Fernándo Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled mostly morality and religion.
✔ Folk songs still existed.
✔ Drama, as another type of literary genre, as well as metrical tales based on European origin (such as awit and
corrido) flourished.
✔ Diaryong Tagalog (1882), a Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published bulk of Filipino writings. The publication
signaled the open campaign for reforms.
✔ In 1889, the La Solidaridad, an underground newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement.
Emergence of Other Types of Literature during Spanish Colonial Period
✔ Books. In 1593, the book written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva entitled "Doctrina Cristiana" (The
Christian Doctrine) was first printed. Among the other notable books printed are "Nuestra Señora del Rosario" by Fr.
Blancas de San Jose, "Barláan at Jósaphát" (first published in 1708) translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio
de Borja, and "Urbana at Felisa" by Modesto de Castro who is considered as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog.
✔ Folk Songs. These were songs modified based on the folkways of Filipinos during this period.
✔ Recreational Plays. These were mostly poetic in nature and intended to be performed during the Spanish era.
Cenaculo, Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Karagatan are among the examples.
✔ Novels. These are fictitious prose usually lengthy and complex in nature. Pedro Paterno's work entitled "Ninay" is the
first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Spanish language and translated into English
and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908.
✔ Newspapers. There has been a debate on whether newspapers should be categorized as literature or not. However,
according to Britannica, some high level journalism like articles written in a newspaper such as columns and feature
articles can be considered as literature for as long as they achieve a certain level of satisfaction under aesthetic,
chronological, and psychological characterization. Bulk of Filipino writings produced were mostly published in
Diaryong Tagalog. The underground newspaper La Solidaridad is considered as the mouthpiece of the Reform
Movement.
Some Notable Writers
✔ Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) was hailed as the "Master of Traditional Tagalog Poetry". His well-known literary
work, Florante at Laura (1838–1861), is regarded as the most famous metrical romance of the country.
✔ Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) was the first Filipino who wrote poetry collection in Spanish entitled Sampaguitas y
poesias varias (1880). His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) was considered to be the first Filipino novel.
✔ Jose Rizal (1861–1896), a prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero, is famous for the novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
✔ Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897), the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa”
which appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan in March 1896.
✔ Leona Florentino (1849–1884), known as the “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature,” was a poet in both
Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe and were included in the
Encyclopedia Internationaldes Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.

II. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910-1945)

✔ American colonial period is divided into two periods: the period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) and the period of
emergence (1920-1930).
✔ The surrender of first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 signified the end of the military struggle for
independence.
✔ Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America but still continued to be very vocal of achieving independence for the
Philippines.
✔ In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of the Commonwealth.
Dimensions of Philippine Literature
✔ During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a foreign
language to them.
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✔ Filipino writers were into all forms of literature during the period of apprenticeship but most of their works were
critiqued as an imitation of English and American models.
✔ Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of American colonial period.
✔ The existence of American literary works and periodicals as well as the coming of American teachers encouraged
many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language.
✔ A new type of literature began when American system of education and English language were introduced.
✔ At the beginning, most of the literary works written in English were considered imitative in nature, but then later on
evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and conventions of writing.
✔ Common theme in plays was all about nationalism.
Other Type of Literature Existed during American Colonial Period
✔ Short Stories. These are stories that can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one subject and may range
between 1,000 up to 20,000 words. The first short story written in English is entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz Marquez
Benitez.
Some Notable Writers
✔ Juan C. Laya. He won first prize for his novel "His Native Soil" in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in
1940.
✔ Zoilo M. Galang. His work entitled "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921 is considered as the first Filipino novel in English.

III. JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942-1945)

✔ Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941 which was strongly opposed by the Guerillas.
✔ Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to have "Death March" to a prison camp where they walked
for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here.
✔ Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to end Filipino and American opposition.
✔ Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust of Filipinos.
✔ The resurgence of World War II forced former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to
immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence in the United States as the Commonwealth government was
suddenly in exile.
✔ There was a great tension between the two major groups: HUKBALAHAP (unified guerilla army against Japanese
invasion) and KALIBAPI (political party approved by the Japanese).
✔ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as the President of the Philippines under the Japanese-sponsored Republic.
✔ In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return which he did in 1944. The US victory in the battle of Leyte gulf
signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
Dimensions of Philippine Literature
✔ All forms of writings were censored during this time because there was no freedom of speech and of the press.
✔ Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely.
✔ The use of English language was stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were
permitted.
✔ Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria
Abelardo.
✔ Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in
all.
✔ Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang
Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G.
Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo, “Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and
“Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
✔ Opera and classical music gained popularity.
✔ Among the other types of literature emerged were essay (e.g. "Literature and Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and
autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon).
Some Notable Writers
✔ Carlos P. Romulo. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as "I Saw the Fall of the Philippines", "I See
the Philippines Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother Americans".
✔ Narciso Reyes. He won first prize with his short story "Lupang Tinubuan".

Activity 1: Colonial Period at a Glance

If one wants to study the entire history of our country during the colonial period, this requires intensive and complex
time, energy, and effort. In the below activities, we will try to go back to history focusing only on what is essential especially in
the progress and development of literature in the Philippines.

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ASSESSMENT 1a: Complete the table below by filling in the needed information based on the discussion about Philippine
literature during the colonial period.
Influences Spanish Period American Period Japanese Period
Government System

Education
Religion

ASSESSMENT 1b: Since you have already reviewed some major influences brought to us by the three countries, it is now time
to examine positive and negative results of each period of colonialism among Filipinos in general during that time.
Colonial Period Positive Influences Negative Influences
Spanish

American

Japanese

Activity 2: Education Is Freedom

Education has been the key instrument towards achieving independence among our fellow countrymen since then.
During Spanish time, Jose Rizal and other heroes like Antonio Luna, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Jose Palma, and many more
privileged educated men of middle class families used what they learned to write nationalistic texts that motivated the
revolutionists in their fight for freedom. Moreover, there was a great emphasis on education during the American period.
Everybody was given an equal chance to be educated which further improved the literacy level in the country resulting to the
production of literature that expressed the desires and aspirations of Filipinos to gain full authority of our beloved country. By
gaining fluency in another foreign language, which is English, many of the Filipino literary works gained both national and
international recognition. These texts written in English unfold the real and current condition of our country to the rest of the
world. Lastly, despite not having freedom of the press and expression during the Japanese period, those Filipinos living abroad
such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel Quezon continued to write about the current state of the Philippines.
The power of education has been used to inspire changes in our nation but what is truly the mark of an educated person?
Now that everybody is provided with an equal access to education, can we say that we are all truly educated? In the essay
written by Francisco Benitez during the early 1900s entitled "What Is an Educated Filipino", he emphasized that education
should be useful not only to the individual but also to the State as well. Look for the copy of the text online or at the local library
and accomplish the tasks that follow.
ASSESSMENT 2a: Describe the characteristics of education based on the essay of Francisco Benitez "What Is an Educated
Filipino".
Education for... CHARACTERISTIC/S
1. Practical Activity
2. Knowledge about History and
Culture
3. Speech and Conduct
Write a composition to provide a clear comparison of the changes in meaning of education between the American and
Spanish periods. Have a separate sheet for this activity.

ASSESSMENT 2b: Compare and contrast the concept of an educated Filipino from Spanish Regime, American Regime, and
present. Answer using one complete sentence only.
Education during Spanish Regime Education during American Regime Current Educational System

Activity 3: PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

Fill in the missing words to complete each statement below.
Colonial periods are divided into three: Spanish, American, and Japanese. The 1)_______________________ are the
longest ruling colonizers who used both language and religion as its weapon. Spanish colonizers introduced 2)
______________________ among Filipinos through exposure to various religious texts that aim to teach Christian values and
morality. Government was mostly ruled by ______________________. Although, 3) ______________________ was allowed

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during the latter part, but it was considered as a privilege and for private concern only. During the Revolutionary Period, 4)
______________________ texts flourished.
There was a great emphasis on 5).______________________ and 6) ______________________ during the reign of
American colonizers. Patriotism and nationalism were still the common topics or subjects of literature.
7).______________________ using English language flourished while 8) ______________________ and plays became less
popular because of foreign films.
9) ______________________ was the shortest among the three. Nationalism and solidarity were still the favorite topics
but forbidden at the same time. Tagalog short stories flourished since 10) ______________________ language was banned.
Inculcating Eastern values among Filipinos was not that successful since Filipinos continued to resist until its period of
sovereignty in 1945.

Activity 4: I AM A SUPERHERO
Do the following tasks. Have a separate sheet for these activities.
A. If given the chance to travel through time and change something from the past to solve the current problem/s of our
nation, in which colonial period era would you prefer to go back and why? Explain the things you will do as you travel.
B. Jose Rizal used the power of writing to educate his fellow countrymen. As a modern day hero, how will you use the
power of writing for the betterment of your country? What specific problems in our country will you focus on?

POST TEST
Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is most likely the theme of literary text during the B. Essay
Early Spanish Period? C. Novel
A. Equality D. Short story
B. Nationalism 6. Which best describes the type of literature during the
C. Nature later part of the Spanish regime?
D. Religion and morality A. Didactic and conservative
2. Which literary theme is the most common among the B. Imitative and informal
three periods of colonialism in the Philippines? C. Sarcastic and pessimistic
A. Daily life D. Simple and dynamic
B. Education 7. Who was appointed as the President of the Philippines
C. Nationalism during the Japanese period?
D. Poverty A. Emilio Aguinaldo
3. Which word best describes the type of literature written B. Jose P. Laurel
in English by Filipino authors during the Early American C. Manuel L. Quezon
Period? D. Sergio Osmeña Sr.
A. Colorful 8. Which Philippine literary was NOT prevalent during the
B. Imitative Japanese period?
C. Fluently written A. Essay
D. Unique B. Drama and classical music
4. Which is true about literature during the Japanese C. Short stories written in English
Period? D. Short stories written in the vernacular
A. Filipinos were encouraged to write using the 9. What refers to a native drama popular during the Spanish
Tagalog language. period that depicts war between Christians and Muslims?
B. Filipinos were forbidden to write at all during A. Epic
this period. B. Komedya or Moro-moro
C. Filipino writers began writing literary text in C. Myth
Nihongo. D. Parable
D. Filipinos continued to write in English and 10. Who is the writer of the first Filipino novel in English
Spanish. entitled "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921?
5. Being in exile during the Japanese period, Manuel L. A. Jose Garcia Villa
Quezon wrote his experiences and thoughts in his work B. Nick Joaquin
entitled "The Good Fight" while he was in the US. What C. Paz Marquez Benitez
genre of literature is this? D. Zoilo M. Galang
A. Autobiography

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 4: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Post-colonial Period

PRE-TEST: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which term is also associated with the post-colonial A. Apprenticeship period
period? B. Contemporary period
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C. Emergence period 6. What is the modern counterpart of Balagtasan?
D. Revolutionary period A. Blogs
2. Who assumed the presidency after the death of Manuel B. Fliptop
Quezon during the post-colonial period? C. Text Tula
A. Diosdado Macapagal D. Spoken Words
B. Ferdinand Marcos 7. Which website contains short articles known as posts?
C. Manuel Roxas A. Blog
D. Sergio Osmeña Sr. B. Internet
3. What term associated with Martial Law did Marcos use C. Social Media
in stabilizing the chaotic condition of the Philippines? D. The Web
A. Edsa Revolution Movement 8. In which period in history was the short poetry Tanaga
B. New Society Movement first emerged?
C. Peaceful Reform Movement A. American Period
D. Social Reform Movement B. Japanese Period
4. What refers to the prestigious award given to gifted C. Pre-colonial Period
Filipino writers and their outstanding literary works and is D. Spanish Period
considered as the counterpart of Pulitzer Prize in the United 9. What greatly influenced the 21st century literary forms?
States? A. Books
A. Gawad Urian Awards B. Culture
B. National Artists of the Philippines C. Science
C. Palanca Awards D. Technology
D. Premio Zobel 10. Which 21st century literary genre addresses issues
5. Who among the authors does NOT belong to the post- concerning woman that is often depicted in humorous or
colonial period? light hearted manner?
A. Jose Dalisay, Jr. A. Chick Lit
B. Jose Garcia Villa B. Flash Fiction
C. Nick Joaquin C. Hyperpoetry
D. Pedro Paterno D. Text Tula

Philippine Literature during Post-colonial Period

As an aftermath of war and a series of foreign invasions in our country, the term post-colonialism was popularized. The
lasting impact of imperialism and colonialism had been the utmost concern at this period.
American colonial rule already loosened but its influences and control are still somehow affecting us in terms of social,
political and economic aspects of our country as manifested in the form of literature produced in various genres.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1945-present) AFTER THE WAR

✔ In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while the Philippine
Commonwealth government was in exile in the U.S.
✔ Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 for the Independent Second Republic
of the Philippines.
✔ Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a heart attack in 1948.
✔ In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected as the new president but died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957.
✔ Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and served until 1961.
✔ Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date of Philippine Independence
from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by the revolutionists). He also
recognized the presidency of Jose P. Laurel.
PHILIPPINES DURING THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
✔ Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965 who got re-elected in 1969 making him the first to win two
presidential terms.
✔ He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972 and led the country into what he calls "The New Society" against
lawlessness which incited a lot of opposition.
✔ Marcos was forced to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the country's chaotic condition where he won
again.
✔ The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling for Marcos' removal.
✔ EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the initiative of Maria Corazon C. Aquino and her
supporters erupted which marked a significant national event.
✔ Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated Corazon Aquino- the widow of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino,
Jr. as the 11th President of the Philippines and ended the 21 years of what many claimed as the tyrant rule.
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✔ Marcos went on exile in Hawaii, where he died on September 28, 1989.
PHILIPPINES AFTER THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD (5TH REPUBLIC TO PRESENT)
✔ The political and economic condition of the Philippines during Cory Aquino's administration was described as
chaotic.
✔ Monopolization of the agricultural industry took place after the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forced the
Philippines to pay its debt amounting to 27.2 billion dollars which they claimed to be inherited from Marcos
administration.
✔ Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial President") took office in 1992 where he immediately worked on the
country's recovery. He was awarded the Peace Award by UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace Agreement with
MILF.
✔ Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won presidency with his pro-poor campaign in1998 but was ousted in 2001
because of corruption and gambling issues.
✔ Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed office in 1998, got re-elected, and served until 2010. During her term,
many impeachment complaints were filed against her due to corruption and electoral sabotage where she got hospital
arrest for her spinal surgery.
✔ Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) seated as the next president in 2010.
✔ Next to him is our current President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer and politician.
Dimensions of Philippine Literature
✔ Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and techniques. The first notable work that appeared right after
the second world war under Japanese occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled Ginto
sa Makiling which was considered as a narrative of the Philippines’ social, political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, et
al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance to the work of Rizal and more on the work of Balagtas in terms of plot and
style.
✔ The rise of English writers began after exposure to American language and culture, although there were still many
Filipino writers observed using the vernaculars. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributory to the
flourishing of Filipino literature: 1) establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908 where English was
primarily used as the medium of instruction, 2) the founding of the Philippine Writers’ Association in 1953, and 3) the
establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to name a few.
✔ According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were war
experiences which can be seen in the works of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) and Edilberto
Tiempo’s Watch in the Night for the English category. While for Filipino literature that used the vernaculars, the works
of Lazaro Francisco were profoundly noted for his style associated to Rizal’s influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal
(1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962). The influence of both Spanish
and American styles could be observed in the work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly
appreciated by critics. Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk tradition especially in poetry such as epic
and other oral forms of literature which still existed like Balagtasan. However, oral tradition became less popular as
people became more interested in short stories.

Activity 1: Post-War Philippine Literature in a Nutshell

The rise of fluent writers in English during the post-war period up to the present shows how flexible, imaginative, and
talented Filipinos are. Rizal’s influence is eminent among the social realist writers. Spanish influences can still be observed in
terms of cultures and languages used in literature by some prominent writers such as Nick Joaquin. Our experiences during
colonial period which stretches up to the present truly reflected in the most notable Filipino works in the field of literature.

ASSESSMENT 1a: Complete the table below by supplying the necessary information. You may use another sheet if the space
provided is not enough.
Some Notable
Contemporary Historical Language or Dominant Literary
Theme/ Subject Writers and their
Period Medium Used Forms or Genres
Literary Works
Third Republic (1946-
1972)

Fourth Republic (1972-

1986) Martial Law Period
or New Republic

Fifth Republic (1986-

present)

Activity 2: LITERATURE THEN AND NOW

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How similar are our preferences and aspirations as a people then and now as reflected in our literature? How do the
current literary genres fare in comparison with their earlier counterparts? Do they mirror each other albeit in different contexts
and audiences? Do we see continuing traditions or has the recent advancement in technology and lifestyle created totally
different literary forms?
Try making a connection between the literature of your grandparents and the literature of your generation. Match earlier
works with those of current writers which you can find in the Internet.
The 21st century literature (sometimes called "contemporary literature") is viewed as the literature of the new
generation. Specifically, this refers to literary piece or diverse postmillennial texts that have been produced since 2000 or 2001
up to the present. The shift from paper to the screen first took place in this type of literature and the use of technology for human
expression such as e-book, blog, digi-fiction, etc. has been very common.
✔ CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE:
-written by contemporary authors within the last decade
-deals with current issues and themes
-reflects technological culture
-literature of emerging genres
-often breaks traditional writing
How the novel gave way to short stories as life became busier and more fast-paced after the Industrial Revolution in the
Western World would also explain the emergence of new genres which complemented dependence on the internet and the
gadgets required to access them. The 21st century learners were born with the computer already as part of the daily life
essential. Some literary genres which the computer and internet helped create are the following:
Genre Definition
This is also known as web log or a website containing short articles called posts that are changed
Blog regularly. Some blogs are written by one person containing their own opinions, interests and
experiences, while others are written by many different people.
This genre fiction addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and light-heartedly. The
Chick Lit genre became popular in the late 1990s, with chick lit titles topping best seller lists and the creation of
imprints devoted entirely to chick lit.
Also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction, it is a genre of writing that uses literary
styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other
Creative
nonfiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact, but is not
Nonfiction
primarily written in service to its craft. As a genre, creative nonfiction is still relatively young, and is
only beginning to be scrutinized with the same critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
This is characterized with a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme brevity. There is no widely
accepted definition of the length of the category. Some self-described markets for flash fiction impose
Flash Fiction
caps as low as three hundred words, while others consider stories as long as a thousand words to be
flash fiction.
It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. It is a very visual form, and is
related to hypertext fiction and visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext poem has no set order, the
Hyperpoetry poem moving or being generated in response to the links that the reader/user chooses. It can either
involve set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as
traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and / or mutate.
Mobile Phone A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with
Text Tula seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line - that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic
verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme. The modern Tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable count, but
rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB,
BAAA, or ABCD.
This is an umbrella term encompassing the more fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction,
Speculative fantasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction,
Fiction apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, and alternate history in literature as well as related static,
motion, and virtual arts.
(Source: Glossary of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Curriculum Guide)

ASSESSMENT 2a: The Kundiman- is the traditional Filipino love song which became popular in the late 19th century and well
into many decades of the 20th century. The King and Queen of Kundiman were Ruben Tagalog and Sylvia La Torre
respectively. Here are samples of lyrics from kundiman songs. Can you find similar Filipino compositions from the present?
Write their lyrics next to those of the given Kundiman.
Filipino love song Filipino love song from
Kundiman Kundiman
from the present the present
O, Ilaw Ibong Sawi
(By Ruben tagalog) (by Sylvia La Torre)
O. ilaw Ako'y isang ibong sawi
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Sa gabing malamig
Wangis mo'y Na hindi na makalipad
Bituin sa langit At sa puso'y may sugat
O, tanglaw wala pang luminga
Sa gabing tahimik Isang saglit ng hating gabi
Larawan mo, Neneng sa madilim na paglipad
Nagbigay pasakit saan ngayon ang aking pugad
Ayy... sa mata mo'y may isang
Gising at magbangon langit ng pangarap
Sa pagkagupiling sa puso mo'y mayron kang
Sa pagkakatulog pugad ng paglingat
Na lubhang mahimbing kung ako'y mamamatay
Buksan ang bintana sa kapighatian.
At ako'y dungawin Sa puso mo lamang
Nang mapagtanto mo muli kang mabubuhay.
Ang tunay kong pagdaing

Activity 3: REMEMBERING THE GREATNESS OF OUR FILIPINO WRITERS

Search for some of the prestigious literary awards and competitions in the Philippines during the contemporary period.
Choose one awardee in literature and write an editorial to commemorate his/ her significant contribution to our nation's literary
identity. Use a separate sheet for this activity. Refer to the rubric in writing an editorial by One World Education, Inc. which
you can access through its website www.oneworldeducation.org.

Activity 4:
DIRECTIONS: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

Across 2. Prevalent in 21st century literature

1. Modern "Balagtasan" 3. Shortest short story
4. Occurring or existing after the colonial period 5. Literary form that greatly flourished after the colonial
6. Also known as web log period
9. ________________ poetry or digital poetry 7. Fantastical form of fiction
10. Another term for 21st century literature 8. Favorite theme or subject among contemporary authors
Down

NOTE: Include space for those answers consisting of two words.

POST TEST:
Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What subject or theme is the most common during the B. Establishment of own governance
contemporary period? C. Threat of another colonizers
A. Educational issues D. Welfare of the writers
B. Psychological issues 3. Why do a lot of Filipino thinkers say that the Philippines
C. Social issues remains a neocolony of the U.S.A?
D. Spiritual issues A. Because our country's economy and foreign
2. Post-colonialism is a broad term that can also be used to policy are both dependent on American government
study literature. What is the utmost concern of this term? B. Because Philippines is directly governed by
A. Impact of imperialism and colonialism American government
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C. Because we love Western cultures only A. Acrostic Poems
D. This belief is not true. B. Chic Lit
4. Which phrase best describes the first EDSA Revolution C. Essay
in our country? D. Proverbs
A. Bloody Revolution 8. Which literary text only existed during 21st century
B. Bloodless Revolution literature?
C. Corrupted Mind A. Comedia
D. The New Society B. Haiku
5. Modern literature comprises both contemporary and 21st C. Myth
century literature. How does contemporary literature differ D. Speculative Fiction
with 21st century literature? 9. Which among the poems only existed during 21st century
A. It is stricter in terms of the convention and literature?
mechanics in writing. A. Concrete Poem
B. Technology is commonly embedded in B. Lyrical Poetry
contemporary literature. C. Hyper Poetry
C. Contemporary literature is better in quality. D. Sonnet
D. It is commonly written in English language. 10. Which best characterizes 21st century literature as
6. What does 21st century literature mean? compared to the other periods?
A. It is any type literary text produced roughly from A. The use of technology is embedded in the
2001 up to the present. creation of
B. It is the type of literary that only uses this type of literature.
technology. B. This is a literature written by contemporary
C. This is the literature of emerging genres. authors
D. Both A and C. within the last decade.
7. Which literary text only existed during 21st century C. This literature often breaks traditional writing.
literature? D. All of the above.

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 5: The Canonical Authors from the Regions

PRE-TEST: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What does the term "Canonical Author" mean? 6. What is the highest recognition bestowed to any Filipino
A. Authors mainly concern about the topic "war" who has a significant contribution towards the development
B. Highly respected literary authors of culture and arts?
C. Authors who are not recognized A. Filipino Writer for Literature Awards
D. Writers during colonial period B. National Artists Awardees
2. How many regions are there in the Philippines? C. Recognition for Filipino Writers
A. 7 regions D. The Order for National Artists
B. 10 regions 7. Who has the power to proclaim the rank and title for the
C. 14 regions National Artists?
D. 17 regions A. Chairman for the NCCA
3. Who are Lumads and Moros? B. Mayor of a locality
A. They are both indigenous groups of people C. President of the Philippines
living in Mindanao. D. Senator
B. They are both groups of foreign people living in 8. Who is the national artist known for historical literature?
Mindanao. A. Carlos Quirino
C. They are both newly discovered clans living in B. Carlos P. Romulo
Mindanao. C. Cirilo F. Bautista
D. They are both native people living in Visayas. D. Sionil Jose
4. Which do greatly contribute to the conflict in Mindanao? 9. Who is the only National Artist who did not use either
A. Government and international affair Tagalog or English language for he has been known as the
B. Economics, politics, and religion longest reigning king of Hiligaynon novels?
C. Colonization and industrialization A. Jose Garcia Villa
D. Cultural conflicts and military policies B. Ramon L. Muzones
5. What is the most prevalent literature in Visayas? C. Resil B. Mojares
A. Drama D. Virgilio Almario
B. Non-fiction 10. Who coined the CCP’S motto “KATOTOHANAN,
C. Novels KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”?
D. Poetry A. Benigno Aquino Jr.
B. Fidel Valdez Ramos
C. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
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D. Imelda Marcos

Regional Literature: Life and Works of Canonical Authors

Collecting literary works does not only involve words but also passion. Literary writers/authors have enriched our
Filipino culture and their works introduce something vital in exploring our humanity. Discovering and appreciating what our
writers from the different regions have produced will help in preserving the heritage of our country's literary arts.
The 21st century literature has its own advantage and that is the use of technology. With the presence of internet,
readers of today have the means to access numerous notable literary works. Perhaps, this can also be a bridge toward
appreciating literature from different regions for full consciousness of one's own identity as a Filipino. Thus, learning about the
canonical authors in every corner of the Philippines is one way to honor those people who have contributed greatly to the
country.
As defined by Oxford dictionary, canonical /kənɒnɪkəl/ traditionally means anything that is included in a list of holy
books that are accepted as genuine. Another definition given is its connectedness with works of literature that are highly
respected. It comes from the root word "canon" or a generally accepted rule, standard or principle by which something is
judged. If something has canonical status, it is accepted as having all the qualities that a thing of its kind should have. Thus,
canonical authors are those who are highly esteemed and well-respected writers whose published works have contributed greatly
in the field of literature.
As we gain an awareness of the gaps and issues concerning the field of literature across the regions, we must also
remember to appreciate the works of the great authors in our country for they are the key to the restoration of our National
heritage, cultures, and traditions.

LUZON
Whenever we hear the island group of Luzon, it is not surprising that the language mostly associated with it is Tagalog.
In fact, most literary works from Luzon are written in this language which coined the term "Tagalog Literature" and flourished
greatly during the Japanese occupation when the English language was strictly banned. Specifically, bulk of Tagalog Literature
comes from Southern Luzon, Central Luzon, and National Capital Region or Metro Manila.
It is not surprising as well that the majority of the recognized National Artists came from this major group of islands in
the Philippines. Authors from Metro Manila seem to be widely accepted among readers as their popularity is more observed and
evident. This could be attributed to having NCR as the central focus of politics, culture, and economics. Moreover, most of our
influential historical figures who were writers themselves were also from this island such as Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Jose
P. Laurel, and Amado Hernandez to name a few. Consequently, we can still trace modern literature reflecting the country's
historical development.

VISAYAS
"It is time to restore those pieces in the voices of our poets and storytellers in the local languages'', Sugbu (n.d). The
call to write in mother tongue has been the battle cry of many writers from the other regions relative to acknowledging regional
and local languages.
Many critiques consider literature from Visayas as the home of hybrid forms especially in their romance novels where
age-old pattern like corrido (metrical romances) is mixed with new trends and genre mostly depicting social realities. These
hybrid forms are also rich in local colors that significantly show Visayan cultures and traditions. Unfortunately, lack of venue
for publication hinders the flourishing of fiction from this island according to Sugbu (n.d.). One of the longest known epics in
the world called Hinilawod is actually from Visayas. Truly, the love for poetry runs in the blood of Visayans. Modern literature
revolves around poetry and drama which are mostly satirical in nature that deal with social behavior produced since the 1900s
up to the present. Literature produced is widely written in Waray, Cebuano, and English.

MINDANAO
People from Mindanao are divided into three groups: Christian settlers (mostly migrants from Visayas and Luzon),
Moro (mainly from ARMM groups), and Lumads (consisting of 18 ethnolinguistic groups). Being the only island of the
Philippines where majority is non-Christian, ignorance among Christians, discrimination, and distortion are mostly felt by
Muslim people. Some of the insensitive words associated among Muslims are being immoral because they can marry as many
wives as they can, warlike, killer, and totally different from that of Christians. The conflict in Mindanao is mostly because of
two factors: political and religious. Unfortunately, this conflict extends up to their literature as it seems to be widely invisible or
inaccessible.
With reference to the compilation of Philippine literature by Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Encyclopedia of
the Arts, Jaime An Lim of Encyclopedia stated that out of 272 recognized individuals, only seven are from Mindanao (as cited
by Santos; 2009). Attempts have been made to support Mindanao Literature as CCP, National Commission for Culture and the
Arts (NCCA), and CHED take joint efforts in tapping Mindanawons such as Jaime An Lim and Christina Godinez Ortega for
journals dedicated to Mindanao Literature.
The negative image portrayed among Muslims has perpetuated the so-called "Moro-Moro Literature" representing them
as “savage, barbarian, bandit, lawless and wicked”. In the critical review focusing mainly on the inclusion of Mindanao in
contemporary literary made by Paz Verdades M. Santos and published in the Ateneo de Davao University Journal called
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Tamara in 2009, she suggested that our history books should be rewritten and the "Moro-Moro Literature" should be
condemned in order to address the problem of distortion and discrimination. She said that fairness should be observed in doing
so and focus on the need for peace in Mindanao should be prioritized instead.
Most literary works in this island are under oral tradition such as epics, folk stories, and folk poetry. Santos (2009),
stated that " literature of Mindanao has its own unique landscape, distinct from that of Luzon and the Visayas, and marked by its
peculiar history and tripeople character".

Some Writers across the Region

Filipinos of today, though separated by seas, cultures and languages, choose to maintain a united front for equality and
freedom as one nation. Understanding the different cultures across the country would provide an opportunity to discover the
literature of other regions to paint a better picture of who we are as a nation. With the help of the new technology, we build
bridges across the archipelago because many contemporary authors are already publishing their work online such as blogs,
online newspapers and magazines, online journals, and video sharing sites. Below are some of the famous contemporary authors
associated with each group of islands in the Philippines who have been noted for their exemplary works in the field of literature
and are recipient of multiple national and international awards:

LUZON: Among the country's eighteen recognized National Artists, sixteen are from Luzon who mostly came from NCR such
as Amado V. Hernandez, Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Arcellana, Rolando S. Tinio, Levi
Celerio, Carlos Quirino, Alejandro R. Roces, and Cirilo F. Bautista. The National Artists from the other regions are Lazaro
Francisco (Bataan) and Virgilio S. Almario (Bulacan) for Region III, NVM Gonzales (Romblon) for Region IV-B Mimaropa, F.
Sionil Jose (Pangasinan) for Region 1, Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Viscaya) for Region 2, and Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera (Batangas)
for Region IV-A.
 Lualhati Torres Bautista. Known as contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction, this foremost Filipino female novelist
from Tondo, Manila is also famous for her screenwriting career as most of her works such as Dekada 70 and Bata,
Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa already have film versions. This realist writer often tackles issues among women who
courageously face difficult situations. She is a recipient of numerous literary awards such as Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for Literature.
 Roberto "Bob" Ong. This author's actual name and identity is unknown. He is the author of various popular books
such as ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, Bakit Baligtad Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino, and Alamat ng Gubat to name a few.
He is widely known for his conversational and humorous writing style that often depicts Filipino cultures. His technique
of violating standard writing principles shows one unique characteristic of a 21st century literary writer who applies
latest trends in writing.

VISAYAS: Two of our National Artists are natives of this island such as essayist and literary historian Resil B. Mojares of
Cebu and novelist Ramon L. Muzones of Iloilo province.
 Peter Solis Nery. This Hiligaynon pride from Iloilo is an award-winning Filipino poet, fictionist, and author of various
books. He is a recipient of multiple awards from Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, the Cultural Center of
the Philippines (CCP) Literary Grant, and the All-Western Visayas Literary Contest of the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Among his notable and award-winning works are collection of poems Umanhon nga
Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks), Hiligaynon short story "Lirio", and screenplay "Buyong".
 Merlie Alunan. She is another pride of Iloilo who wrote award-winning collections of poetry in English and Cebuano
languages such as Susumaton: Oral Narratives of Leyte and Sa Atong Dila, Introduction to Visayan Literature which
earned her the title National Book Award for 2016 and 2017 and Carlos Palanca Awards. Also, she is a recipient of
international awards such as ASEAN Poets in 2013 by the Kingdom of Thailand and Lillian Jerome Thornton Award.

MINDANAO
 Anthony L. Tan. He was born in Siasi, Sulu whose writings have been appearing locally and internationally in
magazines, journals, and anthologies. This poet, essayist, and fictionist is the author of The Bajao Cemetery and Other
Poems and Poems for Muddas. He has received multiple awards from Don Carlos Palanca for his poetry and essay.
 Myrna Peña Reyes. This poet from Cagayan de Oro is a recipient of Oregon Literary Fellowship for poetry. Some of her
works are the following: Memory’s Mercy: New and Selected Poems (University of the Philippines Press, 2015),
Almost Home: Poems (University of the Philippines Press, 2004) and The River Singing Stone (Anvil, 1994). Her
works are published both in the Philippines and United States.

ACTIVITY 1: INVENTORY OF FILIPINO AUTHORS

We still have various local authors who truly deserve to be appreciated and recognized. Some of the many ways to
make it possible are by exploring their works, knowing more of their backgrounds, supporting their advocacies and patronizing
their literary works.

ASSESSMENT 1a: Can you name some authors for each Philippine region? List down as many as you can. It is recommended
if their profile is available online so it will be easier to learn more about their lives and literary works. There are various

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unpublished contemporary literary works that you can access from panitikan.ph entitled LIKHAAN: Journal of Philippine
Contemporary Literature where many of the contributors already have names in the field of writing. The entries there underwent
screening processes through the initiative of eminent writers and critics within and outside the University of the Philippines. Be
sure to write the complete name of the authors and the province where they belong.
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR):
REGION 1:
REGION 2:
CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region):
REGION 3:
REGION 4 -A:
REGION 4-B:
REGION 5:
REGION 6:
NIR:
REGION 7:
REGION 8:
REGION 9:
REGION 10:
REGION 11:
REGION 12:
REGION 13:
ARMM:

ASSESSMENT 1b: You have now learned some of the distinguished writers from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Complete
the table below by exploring more about these writers focusing specifically on the writers from the region, province or town (if
applicable) where you belong.
Some Titles of Their Common Theme/
My Favorite Writers Common Genre Remarks
Literary Works Subject
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ACTIVITY 2: MY NATIONAL ARTIST
The National Artist is a Filipino citizen recognized for his/ her significant contribution in the fields of music, dance,
theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture or allied arts based on the criteria mandated with
reference to Proclamation No. 1144 s. 1973 and Presidential Decree No. 208 s. 1973 "Granting Certain Privileges and Honors to
National Artists and Creating a Special Fund for the Purpose". The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and
the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) committee are the ones in charge of the administration and selection process. The
President of the Philippines grants the title or rank upon recommendation of both institutions. The insignia that each recipient
will get upon being proclaimed as a National Artist symbolizes its motto coined by Imelda Marcos “KATOTOHANAN,
KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”. Below are the criteria, honors, and privileges for a National Artist with reference to the
Official Gazette of the Philippines where some information have been changed prior to the new guidelines set by the NCCA
Board of Commissioners Meeting since April 27, 2017.
The order of National Artists is the highest recognition given to Filipinos who have contributed significantly to the
status of Philippine arts, such as Music, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, dance architecture, design and allied
arts.
The country’s president approves the rank and title of a National Artist based on the recommendation conferred by the
NCCA and the CCP as mandated by an executive order. The criteria set to get this prestigious award are dreamlike but to be
granted this is truly an honor. One of the most important privileges a National Artist can get is the gift of immortality as he/ she
will be remembered for great works forever.

Assessment 2a: If you were given the chance to vote for a National Artist in any field that interests you, who would that be and
why?

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________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

Assessment 2b: No writer has been recognized yet from Mindanao. Make a list of notable writers from Mindanao highlighting
their contributions in the development of literature in the region. Based on your list, choose one writer worthy to become a
National Artist for Literature.
AUTHORS FROM MINDANAO NOTABLE WORKS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
If you were to nominate one author from Mindanao who is worthy to be a National Artist, who will that be? Justify your
reason for choosing the person. Use the space provided below for your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

ACTIVITY 3
A. FEATURE WRITING: Search online or visit the local library to look for some lesser-known authors who seem to be
promising for you. Write a 500-word feature article on a Filipino contemporary (21st century) noteworthy author of
your choice. Be sure to provide the following information:
1. background of the author;
2. a short overview of his/ her literary works; and
3. a short sampling of the work's content with your commentary.
Highlight this author's contribution to contemporary literature. Use a separate sheet for this activity.
B. RESOLVING CONFLICTS: As a Christian Youth Ambassador for Peace, you are commissioned by CCP, NCCA,
and DepEd to promote the welfare and interest of your fellow Muslims by calling for peace in your speech and by
encouraging equal treatments among Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao people. Write a persuasive speech for this purpose
and be ready to deliver it either in person or through your social media account. If you want to learn more about
Mindanao, you may read compilation of article, review, and critique paper about it in Tambara which is published in
Ateneo de Davao Universtiy Journal. You may access it in this link: http://www.addu.edu.ph. Check as well the works
of Jaime An Lim and Christina Godinez Ortega.

ASSESSMENT:
Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is true about Philippine literature? B. Writers from Visayas and Mindanao are not
A. Literary works from NCR are the most widely well-trained.
published and accepted. C. Their literature is banned across the Philippines.
B. Philippine literature across the regions is equally D. Writers from Luzon are considered exceptional.
represented. 5. What does "Hybrid Visayan Literature" mean?
C. There are no published literary works in A. Limited style of literature
Mindanao. B. Realistic style of literature
D. Visayan literature is dominant in the Philippines. C. Technologically advance literature
2. What does the term "tripeople" in Mindanao refer to? D. Traditional style of literature
A. Moros, foreign settlers, and Christian settlers 6. This 5-novel series written by F. Sionil Jose has been
B. Moros, Lumads, and Christian settlers internationally acclaimed and has been translated in more
C. People with identify crises than 20 languages. What is its title?
D. Three ethnic groups A. Daluyong
3. What is true about "Moro-Moro Literature"? B. Hunger in Barok
A. Both Christians and Muslims are represented in C. The Great Malayan
a positive way. D. The Rosales Saga
B. Muslims are represented with a good image. 7. Which is true about the Order of National Artists?
C. Muslims are represented with a bad image. A. The awardees should be highly respected by
D. Christians are the antagonists. their peers.
4. What makes Mindanawon and Visayan literature limited? B. Only dead persons are entitled to enjoy and have
A. There is a lack of support from the bigger this award.
publishing houses and the government. C. Any qualified individual may apply himself/
herself for this award.

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D. The National Commission for Culture and the A. Amado V. Hernandez
Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the B. Carlos P. Romulo
Philippines (CCP) grant the National Artists award. C. Jose Garcia Villa
8. What is the title of the novel of Amado V. Hernandez D. Nick Joaquin
which exposes the ills of society as evident in the agrarian 10. How are Muslims portrayed in Moro-Moro literature
problems of the 50s? according to the critical review written by Paz Verdades M.
A. Ibong Ligaw Santos?
B. Ligaw na mga Ibon A. Brave and well-disciplined
C. Mga Ibong Malaya B. Immoral and warlike
D. Mga Ibong Mandaragit C. Poor and uneducated
9. Who is the writer of Footnote to Youth and has a pen D. Talented and creative
name “Doveglion”?

ANSWER KEY:
MODULE 1
WHAT I KNOW ACTIVITY 1 ASSESSMENT
1. A Assessment 1a: 1. B
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
2. D 1 – 3: Answer may 2. C
Assessment 1C: 1. Fiction – oral
3. B vary 3. A
1. F 2. Fact
4. A 4. D
2. D 3. Fact
5. B Assessment 1b: 5. A
3. B 4. Fact
6. A 1. C 6. C
4. C 5. Fact
7. D 2. A 7. B
5. A 6. Fiction – poetry
8. D 3. B 8. A
7. Fact
9. D 4. F 9. D
10. A 5. D 10. D
MODULE 2 MODULE 3

PRE-TEST ASSESSMENT PRE-TEST

ACTIVITY 3
ASSESSMENT
1. C ACTIVITY 1 1. C 1. B 1. D 1. Spaniards
2. A Assessment 2. B 2. C 2. C 2. Christianity
3. A 1a: 3. D 3. A 3. B 3. Education
4. C
1. F 4. A 4. D 4. A 4. Nationalistic
5. C 5. D 5. A 5. A 5. Education
6. B 2. T 6. B 6. D 6. C 6. Citizenship
7. D 3. T 7. A 7. B 7. B 7. Short stories
8. B 4. F 8. A 8. B 8. C
8. Novels
9. C 9. C 9. B 9. B
5. T 9. Japanese period
10. B 10. C 10. D 10. D
10. English
MODULE 4
PRE-TEST ACTIVITY 4 ASSESSMENT
1. B 1. Fliptop 1. C
2. D 2. Technology 2. A
3. B 3. Flash fiction 3. A
4. C 4. Postcolonial 4. B
5. D 5. Novels 5. A
6. B 6. Blog 6. D
7. A 7. Speculative 7. B
8. C 8. Freedom 8. D
9. D 9. Hyper 9. C
10. A 10. Contemporary 10. D
MODULE 5
PRE-TEST ASSESSMENT
1. B 1. A
2. D 2. B
3. A 3. C
4. B 4. A
5. D 5. D
6. D 6. D
7. C 7. A
8. A 8. D
9. B 9. C
10. D 10. B

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