EARTH AND

LIFE SCIENCE
MODULE 12

Name: STEPHEN SHAUAN BAHL V. MAGNO Date: __________

Grade/Section: GRADE 11 Week: 12
Track/Strand: STEM
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key
card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings
and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction - This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

Lesson Prevention or Mitigation of the Impact of Land

Development, Waste Disposal, and Construction of
12 structures on Coastal Processes

EXPECTATIONS
You will be able to cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of
land development, waste disposal, and construction of structures on
coastal processes.

Specifically this lesson will guide you to:

 Explain the different ways to cope with coastal hazards, particularly on

coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion.
 Evaluate the appropriateness and effectivity of the different mitigation
measures to minimize or prevent various coastal hazards

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PRETEST
Directions: Read and analyse the following items, then choose the letter of the correct
answer.

A 1. Which of the following is placed at the base of a cliff to reflect the wave’s
energy?
A. Gabions B. Groynes C. Sea Wall D. Rip Rap
A 2. Which of the following allows the natural erosional processes of the sea
to occur, areas of low value land are allowed to flood hopefully protecting
more important areas further down the coast?
A. Managed Retreat C. Rip Rap
B. Cliff Stabilization D. Sea Wall
D 3. Which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Groynes B. Gabions C. Rip Rap D. Cliff Stabilization
B 4. Large amounts of sand are added to beaches to build them up and help
absorb wave energy, this practice is known as what?
A. Beach Nourishment C. Groynes
B. Managed Retreat D. Sea Wall
A 5. When Cages of wire filled with rocks are placed to absorb the wave’s energy, this
coastal management is known as what?
A. Gabions B. Groynes C. Sea Wall D. Rip Rap
B 6. Which of the following is described when cliffs are covered in matting and
vegetation planted to help make them more stable and resistant to erosion?
A. Groynes B. Cliff Stabilization C. Rip Rap D. Gabions
C 7. What type of coastal management involves working with nature by using
natural materials or allowing nature to take back areas?
A. Hard Engineering C. Soft Engineering
B. Rip Rap D. Submersion
B 8. The following are all examples of Soft Engineering EXCEPT?
A. Do Nothing C. Beach Nourishment
B. Sea Wall D. Cliff Stabilization
D 9. Which of the following involves building structures to protect the coast?
A. Submersion C. Soft Engineering
B. Rip Rap D. Hard Engineering
C 10. The following all examples of Hard Engineering EXCEPT?
A. Groynes B. Gabions C. Cliff Stabilization D. Rip Rap

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

The previous module focuses on coastal processes. Before you proceed on this
module, let’s first refresh your learnings from the previous module.

Directions: Put a check mark on the TRUE column if the given statement is correct
about Coastal Processes otherwise check the FALSE column.

Coastal Processes TRUE FALSE

1. Corrosion is described when waves pick up beach 
materials and hurl them at the base of a cliff
2. When sediment is submersed under water and 
eventually replaced back to its original location
is
known as Submersion
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3. Abrasion and Attrition may cause coastal erosion 
4. The rise and fall of ocean water under the 
influence of the gravitational pull of the moon
and sun will influence the tides.
5. Storm Surge is also known as coastal flood or 
tsunami-flood phenomenon

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Reasons why coast are modified?
1. Residential, recreation and tourism
2. shipping and transport
3. Gain more land
4. Protect beach properties
5. Preservation of cultural or historical landmarks (e.g. forts and lighthouses)

With these modifications several impacts and effects to the coastal process are then
observed.

The following are some of the ways on how to prevent or mitigate the impacts of
land development, waste disposal, construction on coastal processes. The way the
coast is managed can cause conflict. There are two types of coastal management:

 Hard engineering - this involves building structures to protect the coast.

 Soft engineering - this involves working with nature by using natural materials
or allowing nature to take back areas.
I. Hard Engineering
A. Sea Wall: Placed at the base of a cliff to reflect the wave’s energy.
B. Gabions: Cages of wire filled with rocks to absorb the wave’s energy, they are
effective and cheap but environmentally ugly.
C. Groynes: Can be made of wood or rock and are long vertical structures placed
at right angles to the beach to trap sediment. This builds up the beach and
protects the cliffs from erosion. They are effective at building up the beach
therefore protecting cliffs from wave attack. Can result in areas further down
the coast being starved of beach material resulting in more erosion! Only last
25-30 years.

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D. Rip Rap (Rock
Armour): Large
rocks placed at
the bottom of the
cliff to absorb the
wave energy, they
are effective at
dispersing the
waves energy and
cheap.
Environmentally
ugly and may put
off tourists.
II. Soft Engineering
E. Beach Nourishment: Large amounts of sand are added to beaches to build
them up and help absorb wave energy. This protects tourism as well as the
coast and is easy to carry out and fairly cheap. But it does not last very long
as sand will continue to be transported along the coast by long shore drift.
F. Managed Retreat: This allows the natural erosional processes of the sea to
occur, areas of low value land are allowed to flood hopefully protecting more
important areas further down the coast.
G. Cliff Stabilization: Cliffs are covered in matting and vegetation planted to
help make them more stable and resistant to erosion.
H. Do nothing: Obviously the cheapest and most environmentally friendly
option! However, you have to weigh up the COSTS (to people, tourism and
buildings) against the BENEFITS (advantages of letting the area return to its
natural processes). If the costs greatly outweigh the benefits e.g. by having to
rehome many people or losing valuable tourist facilities then other options
will have to be looked at.

Note: You can perform the following activities through collaborating with a partner. You can first
answer the activities individually then just communicate your results after.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Coastal Problem vs. Mitigation Procedure
Carefully study the given information about the reason for modifying the coasts and
the mitigation procedures. Then fill out the table below to show the proper preventive
measure to answer such hazard.
Reasons for Coastal Mitigation Procedure to
Coastal hazard/s
Modification be Used
Protect beach properties Storm surges Sea Wall
Residential recreation and tourism Tsunami Rip Rap

Activity 2: Identifying Coastal Problem/s in the Philippines

Research on at least one (1) prevalent coastal problem the country has or is
experiencing, then provide possible mitigation procedure based from your learning
in this lesson.

Coastal Problem in the Place (identify the specific place, Suggested Mitigation
Philippines e.g. San Fernando La Union) Procedure
Sea Erosion Carlatan, San Fernando, La Union Sea Wall

Note: You may access this lecture presentation for this lesson to help you in your
activity. (http://bit.ly/coastalprocesses)

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REMEMBER
Here’s the key concepts that you must remember on Prevention or Mitigation of the
Impact of Land Development, Waste Disposal, and Construction of structures on
Coastal Processes

The following are the reasons for coastal modification

1. Residential, recreation and tourism
2. Shipping and transport
3. Gain more land
4. Protect beach properties
5. Preservation of cultural or historical landmarks (e.g. forts and lighthouses)

The following are some of the ways on how to prevent or mitigate the impacts of
land development, waste disposal, construction on coastal processes. The way the
coast is managed can cause conflict. There are two types of coastal management:

 Hard engineering - this involves building structures to protect the coast.

 Soft engineering - this involves working with nature by using natural materials
or allowing nature to take back areas.
 Sea Wall: Placed at the base of a cliff to reflect the wave’s energy.
 Gabions: Cages of wire filled with rocks to absorb the wave’s energy, they are
effective and cheap but environmentally ugly.
 Groynes: Can be made of wood or rock and are long vertical structures
placed at right angles to the beach to trap sediment. This builds up the beach
and protects the cliffs from erosion.
 Beach Nourishment: Large amounts of sand are added to beaches to build
them up and help absorb wave energy.
 Cliff Stabilization: Cliffs are covered in matting and vegetation planted to
help make them more stable and resistant to erosion.
 Do nothing: Obviously the cheapest and most environmentally friendly option!
However, you have to weigh up the COSTS (to people, tourism and buildings)
against the BENEFITS (advantages of letting the area return to its natural
processes). If the costs greatly outweigh the benefits e.g. by having to rehome
many people or losing valuable tourist facilities then other options will have to
be looked at.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. What are the two main types of coastal management?
Hard and Soft Engineering
2. Enumerate at least two (2) examples for hard and soft engineering type of
coastal management.
Hard Engineering: Sea wall, Gabion, Groynes, Rip Rap
Soft Engineering: Beach Nourishment, Manage Retreat, Cliff Stabilization, Do nothing
3. What are the reasons for coastal modification?
The following are the reasons for coastal modification
1. Residential, recreation and tourism
2. Shipping and transport
3. Gain more land
4. Protect beach properties
5. Preservation of cultural or historical landmarks (e.g. forts and lighthouses)

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POSTTEST
Directions: Read and analyze the following items, then choose the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is placed at the base of a cliff to reflect the wave’s energy?
A. Gabions B. Groynes C. Sea Wall D. Rip Rap
2. Which of the following allows the natural erosional processes of the sea to occur,
areas of low value land are allowed to flood hopefully protecting more important
areas further down the coast?
A. Managed Retreat C. Rip Rap
B. Cliff Stabilization D. Sea Wall
3. Which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Groynes B. Gabions C. Rip Rap D. Cliff Stabilization
4. Large amounts of sand are added to beaches to build them up and help
absorb wave energy, this practice is known as what?
A. Beach Nourishment C. Groynes
B. Managed Retreat D. Sea Wall
5. When Cages of wire filled with rocks are placed to absorb the wave’s energy, this
coastal management is known as what?
A. Gabions B. Groynes C. Sea Wall D. Rip Rap
6. Which of the following is described when cliffs are covered in matting and
vegetation planted to help make them more stable and resistant to erosion?
A. Groynes B. Cliff Stabilization C. Rip Rap D. Gabions
7. What type of coastal management involves working with nature by using
natural materials or allowing nature to take back areas?
A. Hard Engineering C. Soft Engineering
B. Rip Rap D. Submersion
8. The following are all examples of Soft Engineering EXCEPT?
A. Do Nothing C. Beach Nourishment
B. Sea Wall D. Cliff Stabilization
9. Which of the following involves building structures to protect the coast?
A. Submersion C. Soft Engineering
B. Rip Rap D. Hard Engineering
10. The following all examples of Hard Engineering EXCEPT?
A. Groynes B. Gabions C. Cliff Stabilization D. Rip Rap

ANSWER:
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. C

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REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Name: Grade & Section:

My Coast, My Home!
REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Directions: Answer the following questions using the given space below.

1. What is your stand about Coastal Modification, do you agree with it or not?
Yes, I agree to Coastal Modification. People love living near the beach. More than 50% of the U.S.
population lives within 50 miles (80 km) of a shoreline. Once developed, communities make an effort
to protect their beach homes and coastal businesses. Throughout history, humans have attempted to
slow or alter the dynamic coastal zone. The anthropogenic (human-influenced) changes to coastal
environments may take many forms: creation or stabilization of inlets, beach nourishment and
sediment bypassing, creation of dunes for property protection, dredging of waterways for shipping
and commerce, and introduction of hard structures such as jetties, groins, and seawalls. These
modifications change coastal features and have far-reaching effects on coastal processes and
ecosystems. An understanding of how human changes alter shoreline environments and park
resources is vital for the protection and preservation of coastal areas.

2. Upon knowing the effects of Coastal Modification, what type of Coastal

Management will you use? Explain your answer.
I will use hard engineering particularly sea walls since, these are the most obvious defensive methods.
Sea walls are exactly that. Giant walls that span entire coastlines and attempt to reduce erosion and
prevent flooding in the process. They’re big, ugly and very expensive requiring constant maintenance
so that they don’t fail. However, sea walls produce a strong backwash in waves which undercuts the
sea wall making their long term sustainability questionable.

Congratulations! You did great, hope you had fun in learning today’s topic.

REFERENCES
Acledan, M., Cabras, A., Espera, A., Medina M N., Subsuban R., (2016). Earth and Life Science for
Senior High School. Potrero, Malabon City, Philippines. Mutya Pulishing House Inc.

Mangali G., Oliva M., (2016). Earth and Life Science.

Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines. DIWA Learning System Inc.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6qtyrd/revision/1

https://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/geography/coastal-landscapes/coastal-management

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