Perpetual Help College of Manila

International Hospitality Management

Manila Bay: The Harbour of Hope

A Sustainable Tourism in Manila Bay

Researcher:

Arvin Bryan Doctor

Sustainable Tourism

Prof. Erlyn Cabuhayan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction
a. Background
b. History
c. Population
d. Geographic Location
e. Social Culture
II. Statement of the Problem
III. Objectives of the Study
IV. Significance of the Study
V. Scope and Limitation
VI. Theoretical Framework
VII. Conceptual Framework
VIII. Definition of Terms
I. INTRODUCTION

The Philippines is a country of 65 million people, and the 13% of its people are residing
in National Capital Region (NCR). The capital of Philippines, Manila is one of the most
popular metropolitans in the world. It is the nation’s heart when it comes to culture,
business, politics, education, and transportation. Manila has been through a lot – from
normal fiasco to consistent alter in political situations and urbanization, yet it’s
developed to ended up into a genuine Asian pearl of a city. The city of Manila is known
for its skyscrapers, malls, expats, friendly locals, multi-cultural heritage, golf courses
and exciting nightlife. It has the geographical advantage of being close to beautiful
islands and scenic spots like Corregidor Island, Batangas, and Laguna that are just
hours away. A trip to Manila will be incomplete without a visit to Palawan (an hour
southwest of Manila), which is blessed with some of the most truly stunning beaches in
the world. Manila invites generally more than 1 million sightseers every year, and the
key destinations include Manila Ocean Park, the walled city of Intramuros, the National
Theater, Manila Zoo, National Museum of the Philippines and more. Manila Bay has
been the spot that make the way for the travel industry of the Philippines. It turned into
the fundamental entryway to the larger part of international tourists to the nation
registering 3,139,756 arrivals in 2012.

Manila Bay is one of the most important bodies of water in the Philippines because of its
historical, cultural and economic value. The bay has both local and international ports. It
is also endowed with abundant natural resources, which have been the primary source
of livelihood for residents in the coastal areas surrounding the bay. Manila Harbor, at
the easternmost part of the bay, is divided into two sections: North Harbor for interisland
ships and South Harbor for international shipping. The Philippine military maintains an
air base and a naval reservation near Cavite, on the southeastern shore. Balanga, on
the western shore, is the base of a small fishing fleet. The bay is facing several issues
arising from conflicts in the use of the bay and its resources, the continued decline in
the quality of the bay, water and sediments and the rapid deterioration of marine
habitats found in the area. In addition, the bay was also the home to a biodiverse
system, with upland forests, a mangrove, mudflats, coral reefs and more.
The Manila Bay used to be an integral part of the country’s capital, serving both as a
strategic advantage during times of war and as a scenic view during more peaceful
times. But that beautiful esplanade is long gone, getting to be a well-being risk when the
Department of Energy reported an alarming average of 330 million MPN (most probable
number) of fecal coliform in its river mouths. The baseline level is 100 MPN.

B. HISTORY

Manila Bay is a natural harbor which serves the Port Manila or Luzon in the Philippines.
Manila Bay provides excellent protected anchorage, since it is sheltered by the
mountains of Bataan Peninsula (west) and the Cordillera Central (east). Because of its
location near the Southeast Asian mainland, it was already commercially important
when, in 1571, Spanish colonizers began building fortifications at the site of present-day
Manila. In 1574 the Chinese pirate Lim-ah-hong entered the bay with a force of nearly
3,000 but was repulsed by Spanish forces. Manila Bay was the western terminus of the
Manila–Acapulco “galleon trade” between 1593 and 1815. The decisive naval battle of
the Spanish-American War, the Battle of Manila was happened on May 1 1898, when
the U.S fleet headed by Commodore George Dewey knocked down the Spanish fleet off
Cavite. During World War II many Philippine, American, and Japanese ships were sunk
by aerial bombardment at Manila, Cavite, Corregidor, and other locations. In February–
March 1945 Manila Bay was regained by U.S. forces.  In February–March 1945 Manila
Bay was regained by U.S. forces. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2019)

Since then, Manila Bay was there and been witnessed the struggles that the nation has
suffered against colonialism and dictatorship. Manuel Quezon was the president of the
Philippine Commonwealth when the Filipino and American troops fought against
Japanese invaders in World War II. Manila was bombed by the Japanese on 8
December 1942 while the people were celebrating the Feast of the Immaculate
Conception. Manila Bay, specifically Corregidor Island, was the site of the last
organized resistance against the Japanese.
C. POPULATION

It is the most densely populated city proper in the world as of 2019. Around 30% of the
country’s population is found in the Manila Bay area. As of May 2000 there are
23,045,442 persons living in this area. About 42.6% of this population or 9,826,622 live
in the coastal areas, which include Manila, Las Piñas City, Pasay City, Navotas, Bataan,
Bulacan, Pampanga and Cavite. The noncoastal population is 13,218,820 persons.

D. GEOGRAPIC LOCATION

The Manila Bay

Source: sciencedirect.com

Manila Bay, bay of the South China Sea extending into south western Luzon,
Philippines. Almost completely landlocked, it is considered one of the world’s greatest
harbors and has an area of 770 square miles (2,0000 square km) with a 120-mile (190-
km) circumference. Its widest diameter, from northwest to southeast, measures 36 miles
(58 km). The surface area of the Bay is about 1,800km 2 and the surrounding watershed
area of 17,000 km2. The 190 km coastline is intersected by the (7) major rivers, draining
26 catchment basin.

E. SOCIAL CULTURE

Today, the National Capital Region (Metro Manila), consisting of 12 cities and 5
municipalities, is a bustling metropolis. There are around 39 extraordinary monetary
zones and mechanical parks situated in the regions, close by prime farming grounds. In
this field, financial and business centers are also focused. Considered to be East Asia's
best natural port, the largest shipping ports in the country as well as ferry terminals, fish
port and yachting marina are located around the bay. Its orientation towards the South
China Sea enables the country to benefit from the current pattern of cross-border
growth and trade with the rest of Asia and the world. The NCR, Regions 3 and 4
contribute around 55% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). These regions
account for almost one-third of the country’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry
production; and 64% and 60% of the contribution of the industrial and services sectors
to the GDP, respectively.

Fisheries and aquaculture are among the main sources of livelihood in the Bay of
Manila. Industrial, municipal and craft fisheries are abundant in the Bay. The whole area
of Manila Bay, except those near the ports, is a major fishing grounds. Shellfisheries are
common in the southern part of the NCR and Cavite. Aquaculture also abounds in
Laguna Lake, as well as in inland areas in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Pampanga and
Tarlac.

Shipping is the most important avenue for trade and trade in the Bay. An total of
30,000 ships arrive and depart from these ports each year, carrying passengers,
manufactured goods and raw materials. The Bay includes international ports, fish ports,
a container terminal and several major terminals servicing industries in the area. A
shipyard is being developed in the former Sangley Base.

Agriculture The inland area surrounding Manila Bay is predominantly agricultural. Most
provinces and a limited portion of the NCR are engaged in agricultural activities
cultivating rice, maize, vegetables and other crops, as well as livestock and poultry.
Central Luzon (Region 3) is the country's rice granary, and Bulacan is a major source of
livestock and poultry for the Metro Manila area.

Commercial areas Commercial and business areas abound in the NCR, being the
center of trade, commerce and finance. Most cities have shopping malls, business and
commercial centers.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Manila Bay area is the Philippines’ major center of economic activity ranging from
shipping, industrial, commercial, fishing, aquaculture and tourism activities. With the
various developments taking place in and around the bay, it causes major
environmental problems identified in Manila Bay include: deterioration of water quality;
coastal erosion and siltation; overexploitation of fishery resources; degradation of
habitats; and loss of biodiversity. The health of the Bay of Manila is greatly impacted by
the rivers flowing into it. The majority of contamination is caused by land-based human
activities, including discharges of urban, industrial and agricultural waste, land runoff
and atmospheric deposition. About 21 percent of the organic pollution load to Manila
Bay comes from the Pasig River basin, with 70 percent of this load derived from
households.

In August 2018, following days of torrential rain, Manila Bay “threw up” 80 tons of
garbage which was captured in videos that went viral. Over the years, the sea wall of
Manila Bay has also weakened, which was evident after Typhoon Pedring on
September 27, 2011. The sea walls were visibly destroyed by storm surges, flooding the
nearby Museo Pambata, U.S. Embassy, and even Sofitel Plaza. Costing around P30
million to repair, the sea walls were opened again to the public a year later.

Manila Bay has a wide range of environmental problems to be addressed such as the
following:

1. What will be the effect of the dolomite in Manila Bay in terms of:
1.2 The health of tourist, fishermen and persons living along the bay
1.3 Marine Life
1.4 Environment

2. What is the sustainable solution to the environmental problems besetting the

historic body of water in Manila Bay?

3. What are the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the bay and to avoid the
pollution and sewages in Manila Bay?

III. OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is to have a sustainable tourism and develop an overall
understanding of the tourism development initiatives in Manila Bay. However, the
specific objectives of the work are to:

1. To know the cause of the major environmental problems.

2. To raise awareness of the public and participation about the issue in Manila Bay.

3. To preserve and conserve the sanctity of a place.

4. To determine the effectiveness of the implementation of environmental policies.

5. To provide safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for visitors.

IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings deemed beneficial to the following:

Fishermen This study will help the individual fisher folk to maintain their source of
livelihood.

Tourists The study will help them to have a fulfilling experience in Manila Bay.
Students They may be aware of what are the current issue happening on the famous
tourist spot in the Philippine.

Educational Institution They are the key movers and supporters of intellectual
strength to respond to the growth of the economy.

The Country As a whole, this study will contribute to the conservation of the tourist
spot, enhancing the image of the country and eventually to the economic growth of the
nation.

V. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The general intent of this study is to maintain the sustainability of Manila Bay with the
focus on preserving and conserving the sanctity of the place by restoring the pristine
water sight of Manila bay by continuing the "Rehabilitation Program" that start on
Sunday, January 27, year 2019 and Reclamation Projects that are not approved yet.
This study is conducted through Google form survey and will be needing 10 students
from 2nd Year and 3rd Year BSTM and HM and 10 students from outside the school for a
total of 20 respondents. Survey Questionnaire will be used as a tool of this research to
further understand by the student.

This research will not cover the relevance of the issue about the budget to rehabilitate
the Manila Bay.

VI. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Gifford, R. (2008) Individuals and organizations use resources along the
continuum, ranging from pure collective or environmental interests to pure self-interest,
and face the social dilemmas that these interests tend to conflict with each other. The
Comprehensive Model describes the impacts on decision-making, including
geophysical, policy, interpersonal, decision-maker, and problem understanding, on the
type of methods that people use to make collective decisions. Outcomes occur for both
the decision-maker and the environment (e.g. whether the resource is lost or sustained
or whether improvements to the public good are made). Rogers, E.M. (2003) Focuses
about how ideas spread through a society. Diffusion is the mechanism by which
innovation is transmitted over time between the social system participants through
certain platforms. People vary in their willingness to embrace technologies and embrace
them early or late, advancing through different stages. Stern, P.C. (2000 pp 407- 424)
For those activities that are not strongly restricted by contextual forces, the individual
choice of pro-environmental acts can be driven by personal norms-an internalized
sense of duty to act in a certain way. Norms are activated when a person assumes that
breaking them will have detrimental effects on their value. By taking action, they will
bear substantial responsibility for those consequences.

Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the three hypotheses and their application
to sustainable practices.

This study is focused on theoretical frameworks such as Gifford 's Social Dilemma
System Model, which assumes that, when individuals and groups use resources along a
spectrum ranging from pure social or environmental interests to pure self-interest, they
face social dilemmas that tend to conflict with each other. Roger's Diffusion of
Innovation Theory / DOI, which emphasizes how innovations spread through a society,
examines that diffusion is the mechanism by which innovation is transmitted across
certain channels over time among the social system members. While Stern 's Value
Belief Norm (VBN) theory indicates that behaviours that are not strongly restricted by
contextual forces, individual decisions about environmentally responsible actions can be
influenced by personal norms – an internalized sense of responsibility to act in a certain
way. Gifford 's Social Dilemma System Model, Roger's Diffusion of Innovation Theory,
and Stern 's Value Belief Norm are important for this study: it allows us to determine the
effectiveness of implementing the environmental policies to know what will be the effect
of the dolomite in Manila Bay.

Due to the numerous changes happening in and around the bay, major environmental
problems found in the Manila Bay include deterioration of water quality, coastal erosion
and siltation; overexploitation of fishery resources; destruction of habitats; and loss of
biodiversity. The health of the Manila Bay is adversely influenced by the rivers flowing
into it. The bulk of pollution is caused by ground-based human activities, including
municipal, manufacturing, agricultural waste discharges, drainage, and atmospheric
deposition. Gifford's Social Dilemma System Model, Roger's Diffusion of Innovation
Theory, and Stern's Value Belief Norm are the most relevant to the aims of this study
because it will help the research to know how to implement a solution to solve the
environmental issues in Manila Bay. With the help of the Gifford's Social Dilemma
System Model, this study will know if there is a conflict between the personal interest
and common interest, it can test what will be the effect of the dolomite sand in the
community, and the result of the test will know if it is a common interest or the personal
interest of the government. The study results will know if the community is ready or if
they are already adapted in this kind of innovation. This study will be using the people;
the researchers will use Roger's Diffusion of Innovation Theory because people have
different ideas about the white sand or Manila Bay rehabilitation; to know the different
views or opinions on the project. While on Stern's Value Belief Norm will help to answer
what are the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the bay to avoid the pollution and
sewages so that people will have a sense of responsibility in how they adapt or how
they can come up with a certain way to take care of the project.

VII. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual model which will be the guide in this study follows the system Approach
model utilizing the INPUT, PROCESS and OUTPUT model which is shown in Figure 1.

The INPUT box is composed of the demographic profile, development plan of

destination, such as internal environment (i.e., Water Pollution, Natural and Manmade
Hazard, Over Exploitation of Resources. Situation and Sedimentation); external
environment (i.e., Tourist Satisfaction, Management Policies, Lack of Awareness; lastly,
Problems and Solutions in the Sustainability Plan in Manila Bay.

The PROCESS box involves in identifying the demographic profile of

respondents, Assessment of Internal Environment and External Environment risks,
Determination of Problems Encountered and solutions offered to the Sustainability Plan
in Manila Bay, and Statistical Treatment, analysis and interpretation of data.

The OUTPUT box illustrates the Sustainable Tourism of Manila Bay.

The researchers present a conceptual framework that is built around the concept that
tourism in Manila needs to be seen not only as a tourist destination but as a social-
ecological system. The figure below shows the process of the study comprising of the
actions which is how to sustain the overall of Manila Bay:
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of Manila Bay

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Profile of the • Identification of

Respondents demographic
profile of
 Internal Environment respondents
 Water Pollution
• Assessment of
 Natural and Internal
Manmade Hazard Environment and
External
 Over Exploitation of
Environment
Resources risks Sustainable
 Situation and Tourism of Manila
• Determination of
Sedimentation Bay
Problems
 External Encountered and
solutions offered
Environment
to the
 Tourist Satisfaction Sustainability
 Management Plan in Manila
Bay.
Policies
 Lack of Awareness • Statistical
Treatment,
 Problems and
analysis and
Solution in the interpretation of
Sustainability Plan in data
Manila Bay
Paradigm of the Study

VIII. DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined contextually and operationally to understand

better the study.

Sustainable Tourism the tourism that takes full account of its current and
future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of
visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.

Urbanization is the process through which cities grow, and higher and
higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city.

Harbour an area of water next to the coast, often protected from the sea by
a thick wall, where ships and boats can shelter.

Rehabilitation

 Deterioration the action or process of becoming impaired or inferior in

quality, functioning, or condition.

Marine habitats are habitats that support marine life.

Biodiversity the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or

ecosystem.

Siltation the process of blocking something with sand or soil; the sand or
soil that blocks something.

Overexploitation the process of blocking something with sand or soil; the

sand or soil that blocks something.

Degradation the act or process of damaging or ruining something.

Socio-ecological System consists of 'a bio-geo-physical' unit and its
associated social actors and institutions.

Manileños A member of the ethnic group native to Manila. 

Aquaculture is also referred to as fish farming.

Agriculture the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the

soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool,
and other products.

Most probable number (MPN) is a statistical method used to estimate the

viable numbers of bacteria in a sample by inoculating broth in 10-fold dilutions
and is based on the principle of extinction dilution. It is often used in estimating
bacterial cells in water and food.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of all finished

goods and services made within a country during a specific period.

IX. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Manila Bay is the country’s major hub and international gateway to its political,
economic and social center. It is to the Filipino people, a natural heritage and a silent
witness to the millennia of Philippine history and the venue of many historical events
that helped shaped the Filipino culture and values. Along with its surrounding provinces,
the Bay contributes an estimated 55% of the country’s GDP and account for almost one
third of the country’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry production and 64 percent of the
contribution of industrial and services sector to the GDP, respectively. It supports
fisheries and aquaculture as among the major sources of livelihood as well as activities
in the following development areas: a) manufacturing industry; b) shipping and ports; c)
agriculture; d) mining and quarrying; e) commercial areas; and f) residential areas.
However, the conservation of the Bay and its diverse ecosystem continue to be
disturbed by a variety of land-based and se-based natural factors that lead to a decline
in its environmental quality. Over-exploitation of resources, unauthorized and disruptive
fishing, loss of habitat, deforestation, silting and sedimentation, unregulated growth and
competing use of barely available resources are placing pressure on the bay. Several
laws are being implemented (P.D. 984, DAO 35, R.A. 6969, R.A.2003, P.D. 979) for the
protection and conservation of the bay. However, with the increasing complexity of the
problem there is a need for multi-agency and cross-sectoral management program.
Thus, the implementation of the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project a local
component of the Regional Program on building Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Thus in 2000, the DENR
implemented the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project, a local component of
the regional program on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the
Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA).

The on-going and proposed initiatives for Manila Bay are entirely based on the
Operational Plan for the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (OPMBCS). This document was a
product of inter-agency and stakeholders’ consultations throughout the watershed which
embodies stakeholders’ vision and action program for restoring the heritage of Manila
Bay. It was developed and approved and currently being implemented by the DENR as
the lead coordinating agency, and various government agencies to clean the bay. The
problem of water contamination in Manila Bay is at the top of the DENR priorities,
requiring collaborative and urgent action by the national government entities involved,
the LGU, the civil society and the business sector.

As the lead organization, DENR focuses on water quality improvement, habitat

restoration and river basin management. Other agencies are accountable to executing
their OPMBCS strategy, which is also compliant with their respective mandates.

With the latest efforts to clean up Manila Bay, one of the country’s most polluted bodies
of water, has come under fire after they dumped truckloads of white sand over the
shoreline at the end of August. Mayor Francisco “Isko” Moreno celebrated what he
called a long-delayed rehabilitation move, but the artificial sand — crushed dolomite
boulders from a quarry in Cebu province in the central Philippines — drew a backlash
from environmental groups and public official. Environmentalists say the project passed
over the public consultation phase and lacked the necessary environmental impact
studies. Lawmakers and public officials have called it a waste of resources that could
have been diverted to supplement the country’s pandemic health response and provide
gadgets for public school students grappling with online learning. Due to what is
happening in our country right now many of Filipinos are giving each other’s concern
about the new white sand project in Manila Bay. According to Gloria Estenzo Ramos,
executive director of marine conservation NGO Oceana Philippines, ““This project is not
timely,” she also said that “This will be a total waste of people’s money. Government
resources should be allocated more to helping Filipinos affected by the pandemic.” The
DENR wants to make the water in the bay fit for swimming and to keep heavy metal and
waste contamination at a minimum but dumping dolomite on the shore to make it look
like a white sand beach is a step backward, groups say. “One of the objectives of
Manila Bay rehabilitation is to decrease the amount of heavy metals in its waters,” said
Fernando Hicap of the fisherfolk group Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya
ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya). “Dolomite contains high amount of heavy metals such as
aluminum, lead and mercury, which would contribute to the pollution and acidity of
Manila Bay,” Hicap said. “Why is DENR leading a campaign that could increase and
cause further harm to the bay?”

Ill-timed, may pose health risks, legally questionable – these are only some of the
issues that the Department of Environment and Natural Resources has to face due to its
“white beach” project in Manila Bay. The EcoWaste Coalition likewise said, “Manila Bay
does not need cosmetic beautification through beach nourishment that has to be
periodically repeated to address coastal erosion due to waves and storm surges.” In
terms of health and legal concern "White sand" being released on the shores of Manila
Bay could be harmful to human health, warned the Department of Health (DOH) on
Monday.

In a press conference, DOH Undersecretary Maria Rosario Vergeire said there are
medical reports that crushed dolomite can cause "serious side effects" primarily to the
respiratory system if it is "aerosolized" and inhaled. “If you inhale the dust, your
respiratory [system] will be affected. But we are not saying that when you go to Manila
Bay, you’ll get it at once,” she noted. “But with the clearance of the (DENR), I don’t think
this [project] will be implemented if it will cause harm to the environment and also to our
people.” Sen. Nancy Binay lamented that the DENR failed to see the health hazards
caused by the dumping of dolomite and asked the agency to immediately suspend the
project.

Fishing is an important operation in the Bay of Manila, considering the high levels of
coliform bacteria in its waters. The region known as a pollution catch basin is restricted
to the water body near the port of Manila. Beyond the harbor, shellfish and aquaculture
farms are flourishing. Last year, a new-to-science sardine species, Sardinella pacifica,
was identified from the bay. According to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources, once rehabilitated, Manila Bay could become a sardine conservation area.
Farther out, located at the mouth of the bay, the Habitats Research and Development
Bureau, the research arm of the DENR, also found coral reefs flourishing in the bay
amid the water conditions.

It’s not just Manila Bay’s environment that’s at risk, Ramos said. The quarries in Alcoy,
Cebu, from which the dolomite sand was sourced are massive operations that have
long threatened the region’s terrestrial species. Cebu only has 1% of its original forest
cover left, yet even this sliver of wilderness is home to one of the highest numbers of
threatened endemic species in the Philippines. At the height of the dolomite issue, the
Cebu provincial government said it hadn’t been informed of the Manila Bay project and
that it hadn’t issued transport permits for the shipment of boulders to the capital. It
subsequently halted dolomite quarrying activities in Alcoy.

While replenishing the sand on beaches is a common way to combat erosion, studies
show that it’s only a short-term solution. Topsoil sand needs to be reapplied and its
erosion can cause sedimentation and block estuaries. “In conserving Manila Bay and all
other environments, DENR must be conscious of actual long-term impacts and not
superficial fixes,” Reganion said. “We need a healthy rehabilitated Manila Bay, for the
environment and the people.”
X. RESEARCH METHOD

This study uses a quantitative research method, which defines as a method used to
construct with group of people that describes a specific issue regarding to conduct a
hypothesis. Researchers used quantitative research because the result is predicted
rather than descriptive.

A survey was conducted to a selected sample from a specific population. Survey will be
used to a research methodology design to collect data from a specific population or a
sample from the population and usually utilizes a questionnaire as the survey
instrument.

This study is distinguished by four crucial steps. These are: Recognize and identify a
question or a problem to be studied, describe and execute procedures to collect
information about the question and problems being studied, analyze the selected
information and state the results or implications based.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of the study are the students of 2 rd year and 3rd year IHM students
who has an experienced in visiting Manila Bay. A total of 20 respondents will be the
target students of the study.

VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS

To establish the reliability of the instrument a test-retest method was employed. A
research instrument can go a long way to notify the reliability of the research finding.
The primary tool in this study was survey questionnaire in a likert scale format. For
validation, the researchers sent the survey questionnaires via email to International and
Hospitality Management students of Perpetual Help College of Manila to gather
information. This was to establish the reliability and content validity of the instrument.

XI. RESEARCH TIMETABLE

The researchers started concluded and choose the Manila Bay as the subject for the
case study. On the first chapter of the case study, the researchers started gathering
data last September 1, 2020. The researchers started on giving the survey forms to
respondents last November 7, 2020. The survey lasted for 2 weeks since there are
various implications on the surveying such as lack of internet connection due to the
natural disaster happened, number of respondents whom had visited Manila Bay and
late submission of survey from the respondents. The case study was presented and
defended on the final examination day.

XII. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION DATA

This chapter manifests the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data. It presents
the result of the survey that the researchers have gathered from the selected
respondents and the discussion of the study. The results were presented in Tabular and
Graphical forms for easy understanding of the study.

TABLE 1

AS TO AGE

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

17 years old and below 0 0

18-20 years old 10 50%

21 years old and above 10 50%

FIGURE 1. Age of the Respondents

Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according
to their perspective. As shown on the table, the out of 20 respondents 10 of them are
18-20 years old with a frequency of 50% and another 10 of the respondents were 21
years old and above has the frequency of 50% of the total respondents.

TABLE 2

AS TO GENDER

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Female 17 85%

Male 3 15%
FIGURE 2. Gender of the Respondents

Table 2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according
to their perspective. As shown on the table, the Female has the highest frequency which
is 85% of the respondents while the Male has the least frequency which is 15% of the
total respondents.

TABLE 3

AS TO OCCUPATION

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Student 20 100%
FIGURE 3. Occupation of the Respondents

Table 3 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according
to their perspective. As shown on the table, 20 of the respondents are students and has
the frequency which is 100%.

VISITED MANILA BAY FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 17 85%
No 3 15%
TABLE 4
AS TO VISITING THE MANILA BAY
FIGURE 4. Visited Manila Bay

Table 4 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according
to their perspective. As shown on the table, the Yes has the highest frequency which is
85% of the respondents while the No has the least frequency which is 15% of the total
respondents.

TABLE 5

AS TO THE ACCOUNT OF VISIT IN MANILA BAY

LAST TIME YOU VISIT

MANILA BAY
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

2015 1 5%

2017 2 11%

January 2020 1 5%

February 2020 5 27%

Last Month 1 5%

Last week 1 5%

Last Year 8 42%

When was your last visit in Manila Bay?

5%
11%

5%
42%

26%

5% 5%

2015 2017 Jan-20 Feb-20

Last Month Last Week Last Year

FIGURE 5. Account of Visit in Manila Bay

Figure 5 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according

to their perspective. As shown on the graph, Last Year has the highest frequency which

is 42% of the respondents where be able to visit the Manila Bay while the February

2020 has the next to the highest frequency which is 27% of the total respondents
TABLE 6

AS TO THE TRAVEL COMPANION

TRAVEL COMPANION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Alone 0 0

Loved Ones 1 5%

Family 7 35%

Friends 11 55%

Work Colleagues 0 0

Classmates 1 5%

FIGURE 6. Respondents Travel Companion

Table 6 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according
to their perspective. As shown on the table, the Friends has the highest frequency which

is 55% of the respondents while the Family has the second highest frequency which is

35% of the total respondents and the Loved Ones and Classmates has the least

frequency which is 5% of the total respondents.

TABLE 7

AS TO THE AWARENESS OF THE ISSUE IN MANILA BAY

Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Somewhat Strongly

Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree Disagree

14 3 2 0 1

I am aware of the latest/current issue in Manila Bay

5%
10%

15%

70%

Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Somewhar Disagree Strongly Disagree

FIGURE 7. Respondents Awareness of the issue in Manila Bay

Table 7 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the table and graph, the Strongly Agree has the highest

frequency which is 70% of the respondents while the Strongly Disagree has the least

frequency which is 5% of the total respondents.

TABLE 8

AS TO THE SATISFACTION OF DUMPING DOLOMITE

Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Somewhat Strongly

Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree Disagree

2 1 7 0 10

I am satisfied of dumping white sand (dolomite) in Manila

Bay

10%
5%

50%

35%

Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Somewhar Disagree Strongly Disagree

FIGURE 8. Respondents Satisfaction of dumping dolomite in Manila Bay

Table 8 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the table and graph, the Strongly Disagree has the highest
frequency which is 50% of the respondents while the Somewhat Agree has the least

frequency which is 5% of the total respondents. Meaning that half of the respondents

are NOT agree with the dumping of white sand (dolomite) in Manila Bay.

TABLE 9

AS TO THE RISK IN THE HEALTH OF THE BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT IN

MANILA BAY

Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Somewhat Strongly Disagree

Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree

8 7 4 1 0

I am aware that the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila

Bay will have a risk in the health of tourist.

20%

40%

35%

Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree

FIGURE 9. Respondents Awareness that the Beach Nourishment Project will have a

risk in the health of the tourist

Table 9 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the table and graph, the choices Strongly Agree has the

highest frequency which is 40% of the respondents while the choices Somewhat

Disagree has the least frequency which is 5% of the total respondents. Meaning that

half of the respondents are agree that the Beach Nourishment Project have a risk in the

health of the tourist.

TABLE 10

AS TO EFFECT IN MARINE LIFE OF THE BEACH NOURIGHMENT PROJECT

Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Somewhat Strongly Disagree

Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree

12 4 3 0 1

I am aware that the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila

Bay will affect the marine life.

5%
15%

20% 60%

Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree
FIGURE 10. Respondents Awareness that the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
will affect the marine life.

Table 10 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the table and graph, 60% of the respondents answered

Strongly Agree while 5% of them chooses Strongly Disagree and has the least

frequency of the total respondents.

TABLE 11

AS TO THE AFFECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE BEACH NOURISHMENT

PROJECT

Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Somewhat Strongly Disagree

Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree

13 3 2 0 2

I am aware that the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila

Bay may have an affect the environment

5%

10%

15%

65%

Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree
FIGURE 11. Respondents Awareness that the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila

Bay will affect to the environment

Table 11 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the table and graph, the Strongly Agree has the highest

frequency which is 65% of the respondents while the Strongly Disagree has the least

frequency which is 5% of the total respondents which mean that most respondents are

agree that the Beach Nourishment Project may affect the environment

TABLE 12

AS TO THE SOLUTION TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEM IN MANILA BAY

Placing Recycle the Implement a Refuse Reduce use of

garbage bin
waste to rules and single used plastic
along the
conserve regulation items
bay
natural

resources

9 6 5 0 0

I think this is what the Manila Bay needed to do to resolve

the problem.

25%

45%

30%

Placing garbage bin along the bay Recycle the waste to conserve natural resources
Implement a rules and regulation Refuse single-use items
Reduce the use of plastic
FIGURE 12. Respondents Insight on the solution in Manila Bay

Table 12 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the table and graph, the choices Placing Garbage Bin along

the Bay has the highest frequency which is 45% of the respondents while the choices

Implement Rules and Regulation has the least frequency which is 25% of the total

respondents. Meaning that placing garbage bin along the bay will help the sustainability

of Manila Bay.

FIGURE 13

AS TO THE ACTIVITIES TO MAINTAIN THE CLEANLINESS OF MANILA BAY

Figure 13.1 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the graph, 16 of the respondents answered 5 as the level of

their willingness to Volunteer for clean-ups in the community. In the choices of

Participate to seminar 13 of them are willing to this this and 4 of them chooses the 3 as

the level of their willing to participate in a seminar.

FIGURE 13.2

Figure 13.2 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

perspective. As shown on the graph, 8 of the respondents answered 5 as the level of

their willingness to Refuse single-use items while the choices of Plant trees and

landscape with native plants 85% or 17 of them are willing to do this and for the Use of

public transportation to lessen the pollution 4 of them only chooses this as 5 and 8 of

the total respondents only chooses this as 4 of their willingness.

XIII. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings; the conclusion made and the

recommendation offered:

Manila Bay has a wide range of environmental problems to be addressed. It sought to

answer the following questions:

What will be the effect of the dolomite in Manila Bay in terms of:

1.2 The health of tourist, fishermen and persons living along the bay
1.3 Marine Life
1.4 Environment

1. What is the sustainable solution to the environmental problems besetting the

historic body of water in Manila Bay?

2. What are the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the bay and to avoid the
pollution and sewages in Manila Bay?

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. As to the awareness of the issue in Manila Bay

1.1. 74% of the total respondents answered Strongly Agree as to the
awareness of the current issue in Manila Bay
1.2. 16% of the total respondents answered Somewhat Agree as to the
awareness of the current issue in Manila Bay
1.3. 10% of the total respondents answered Neither Agree nor Disagree as to
the awareness of the current issue in Manila Bay
1.4. None of them answered Somewhat Disagree as to the awareness of the
current issue in Manila Bay
1.5. 5% of the total respondents answered Strongly Disagree as to the
awareness of the current issue in Manila Bay
2. As to the satisfaction of dumping dolomite in Manila Bay
2.1. 10% of the total respondents answered Strongly Agree as to the
satisfaction of dumping dolomite in Manila Bay
2.2. 5% of the total respondents answered Somewhat Agree as to the
satisfaction of dumping dolomite in Manila Bay
2.3. 35% of the total respondents answered Neither Agree nor Disagree as to
the satisfaction of dumping dolomite in Manila Bay
2.4. None of them answered Somewhat Disagree as to the satisfaction of
dumping dolomite in Manila Bay
2.5. 50% of the total respondents answered Strongly Disagree as to the
satisfaction of dumping dolomite in Manila Bay
3. As to the risk in the health of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
3.1. 40% of the total respondents answered Strongly Agree as to the risk in the
health of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
3.2. 35% of the total respondents answered Somewhat Agree as to the risk in
the health of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
3.3. 20% of the total respondents answered Neither Agree nor Disagree as to
the risk in the health of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
3.4. 5% of the total respondents answered Somewhat Disagree as to the risk
in the health of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
3.5. None of them answered Somewhat Disagree as to the risk in the health of
the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
4. As to the effect in marine life of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
4.1. 60% of the total respondents answered Strongly Agree as to the effect in
marine life of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
4.2. 20% of the total respondents answered Somewhat Agree as to the effect
in marine life of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
4.3. 15% of the total respondents answered Neither Agree nor Disagree as to
the effect in marine life of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
4.4. None of them answered Somewhat Disagree as to the effect in marine life
of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
4.5. 5% of the total respondents answered Neither Agree nor Disagree as to
the effect in marine life of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
5. As to the effect to the environment of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila
Bay
5.1. 65% of the total respondents answered Strongly Agree as to the effect to
the environment of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
5.2. 15% of the total respondents answered Somewhat Agree as to the effect
to the environment of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
5.3. 10% of the total respondents answered Neither Agree nor Disagree as to
the effect to the environment of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila
Bay
5.4. None of them answered Somewhat Disagree as to the effect to the
environment of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
5.5. 5% of the total respondents answered Strongly Disagree as to the effect to
the environment of the Beach Nourishment Project in Manila Bay
6. As to the solution to resolve the problem in Manila Bay
6.1. 45% of the total respondents answered Placing Garbage Bin along the
Bay as to the solution to resolve the problem in Manila Bay
6.2. 30% of the total respondents answered Recycle the waste to conserve
natural resources as to the solution to resolve the problem in Manila Bay
6.3. 25% of the total respondents answered Implement a rules and regulation
as to the solution to resolve the problem in Manila Bay
6.4. None of them answered Reduce use of plastic as to the solution to resolve
the problem in Manila Bay
6.5. None of them answered Refuse Single-used Items as to the solution to
resolve the problem in Manila Bay

7. As to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay

7.1. 80% of the total respondents answered 5 to the activity Volunteer for
clean-ups in your community as to the activities to maintain the
cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.2. 10% of the total respondents answered 4 to the activity Volunteer for
clean-ups in your community as to the activities to maintain the
cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.3. 5% of the total respondents answered 3 to the activity Volunteer for clean-
ups in your community as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of
Manila Bay
7.4. 5% of the total respondents answered 2 to the activity Volunteer for Clean-
ups in your Community as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of
Manila Bay
7.5. None of them answered 1 to the activity Volunteer for Clean-ups in your
Community as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.6. 65% of the total respondents answered 5 to the activity Participate to
Seminar as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.7. 20% of the total respondents answered 4 to the activity Participate to
Seminar as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.8. 15% of the total respondents answered 3 to the activity Participate to
Seminar as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.9. None of them answered 2 to the activity Participate to Seminar as to the
activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.10. None of them answered 1 to the activity Participate to Seminar as to the
activities to maintain the cleanliness of Manila Bay
7.11. 40% of the total respondents answered 5 to the activity Refused Single-
used Items as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.12. 25% of the total respondents answered 4 to the activity Refused Single-
used Items as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.13. 30% of the total respondents answered 3 to the activity Refused Single-
used Items as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.14. None of them answered 2 to the activity Refused Single-used Items as to
the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.15. 5% of the total respondents answered 5 to the activity Refused Single-
used Items as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.16. 85% of the total respondents answered 5 to the activity Plant Trees and
Landscape with Native Plants as to the activities to maintain the
cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.17. 15% of the total respondents answered 4 to the activity Plant Trees and
Landscape with Native Plants as to the activities to maintain the
cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.18. None of them answered 3 to the activity Plant Trees and Landscape with
Native Plants as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.19. None of them answered 2 to the activity Plant Trees and Landscape with
Native Plants as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.20. None of them answered 1 to the activity Plant Trees and Landscape with
Native Plants as to the activities to maintain the cleanliness of the Manila
Bay
7.21. 20% of the total respondents answered 5 to the activity Use Public
Transportation to Lessen the Pollution as to the activities to maintain
cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.22. 40% of the total respondents answered 4 to the activity Use Public
Transportation to Lessen the Pollution as to the activities to maintain
cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.23. 25% of the total respondents answered 3 to the activity Use Public
Transportation to Lessen the Pollution as to the activities to maintain
cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.24. 5% of the total respondents answered 2 to the activity Use Public
Transportation to Lessen the Pollution as to the activities to maintain
cleanliness of the Manila Bay
7.25. 10% of the total respondents answered 1 to the activity Use Public
Transportation to Lessen the Pollution as to the activities to maintain
cleanliness of the Manila Bay

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION