CHAPTER 

1: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY - Physical Chemistry-The study of the mechanism,

rates and energetics of chemical reactions.
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
- Deals with the study of matter * It is important to note that the scope of
- “The central science”- basic understanding of each branch overlaps with that of the rest of the
chemistry is essential in the study of all other five branches. A chemist may be working in
fields of science. more than one area at a particular time. For
- The study and further reactivity of elements and instance, am biochemist uses organic chemistry
compounds comprising atoms, molecules and to study digestion and absorption of nutrients in
ions. the body.

FOCUS OF CHEMISTRY THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

- COMPOSITION - talks about what is present on - Scientific method is used to answer a logical and
matter. It also talks about percentages content scientific question. It is a step by step process in
of a certain compound. investigation and answering a scientific question
- For water the mass percent hydrogen is
11.11% and the mass percent oxygen is SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS
88.89% 1. OBSERVE- make observations, the use of the five
- For carbon monoxide the molecule with a senses; sight, olfactory, auditory, taste and
chemical formula of CO, 42.88 percent touch. This is use to describe scientific
carbon and 57.12 percent oxygen phenomena in the surroundings.
- STRUCTURE - discusses how matter is being - Example: I tend to feel refreshed when I
formed, shaped and oriented. smell something grassy
- Like water, it is shape as bent or v-shaped
- PROPERTIES - describes how matter changes 2. QUESTION- ask a question or identify a problem,
from one state to another. The scientific method starts when you ask a
- Ice changes its state from solid to liquid to question about something that you observe:
gas through the use of heat. How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or
- CLASSIFICATION -describes how matter is being Where?
classified through their characteristics. - Example: Why do I feel refreshed when I
smell something grassy?

3. RESEARCH- search for existing answers and

solution, rather than starting from scratch in
putting together a plan for answering your
question, you want to be a savvy scientist using
library and Internet research to help you find the
best way to do things and ensure that you don’t
repeat mistakes from the past. Basically, you
gather related literatures that may help answer
your question or back up your claims.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY - Example: You opened your browser then
- Inorganic chemistry- The study and structure searched “ Psychological effect of Grassy
and behavior of inorganic compounds. Do not Smell” or “relationship of olfaction to
contain carbon. Include metals and minerals. psychology” or “Nostalgic smells” then cited
(Fools gold/FeS(pyrite), real gold relevant topics or answers from reliable
- Organic chemistry- the study of the structure sources.
and behavior of organic compounds or carbon-
based compounds. (caffeine, grapheme, 4. CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHESIS- formulate
Guanine, DNA), with few exceptions like carbon hypothesis, a hypothesis is an educated guess
dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) about how things work. It is an attempt to
- Biochemistry- the study of the chemistry of answer your question with an explanation that
living system. can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to
- Analytical Chemistry- the study of the quality then make a prediction: "If _____[I do
and quantity of components of substances.
this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen.“ on a poster or during a talk at a scientific
Basically it’s just cause and effect. meeting. In a science fair, judges are interested
State both your hypothesis and the resulting in your findings regardless of whether or not
prediction you will be testing. Predictions must they support your original hypothesis
be easy to measure. - Example: If you want to share your findings
- Example: If I minced a few leaves of grass or research, you can share it to others for
then smell it, I will feel that refreshing them to improve or use it as a related
sensation again. literature.
___________________________________________
5. EXPERIMENT- design and perform an
experiment, your experiment tests whether your MEASUREMENTS
prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis WHAT IS MEASUREMENT?
is supported or not. It is important for your - Measurement is used to describe matter
experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair quantitatively through the use of measuring
test by making sure that you change only one instrument like meter stick, weighing scale,
factor at a time while keeping all other beaker, graduated cylinder, ruler, tape measure.
conditions the same. You should also repeat Different instrument measures different
your experiments several times to make sure quantities.
that the first results weren't just an accident. UNITS AND STANDARDS
- Example: You asked 10 of your friends to - In order for a measurement to be used, a
smell your super special minced weed and measurement standard must be used.
asked them if they felt refreshed. 9 out of 10 - A standard is an exact quantity that people
said they felt it. agree to use for comparison.

6. HYPOTHESIZE- accept or reject the hypothesis THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
- Example: Since 9 out of 10 said they felt - This was proposed by the scientific
refreshed. Accept the hypothesis community for the standard units of
measurement. There were other systems of
7. DRAW CONCLUSIONS- make conclusion based units before the SI units. First was the English
on hypothesis. Once your experiment is system proposed by the Ancient English people.
complete, you collect your measurements and Second was the Metric system which is the unit
analyze them to see if they support your of measurement with the base of 10. Below is
hypothesis or not. Scientists often find that their the list of the different units of English and
predictions were not accurate and their metric system.
hypothesis was not supported, and in such - The metric system is a called a decimal-
cases, they will communicate the results of their based system because it is based
experiment and then go back and construct a on multiples of ten. Any measurement given in
new hypothesis and prediction based on the one metric unit (e.g., kilogram) can be converted
information they learned during their to another metric unit (e.g., gram) simply by
experiment. This starts much of the process of moving the decimal place
the scientific method over again. Even if they
find that their hypothesis was supported, they SYSTEM UNITS
may want to test it again in a new way IMPERIAL/ENGLIS Pound, atmosphere, inch,
- Example: Based from the observations, H yard, mile, bar, miul/hr
analysis and data. I therefore conclude that METRIC Meter, liter, centimeter,
when you smell something grassy, you will pascal, newton, hour, second,
feel refreshed. cubic meter

8. REPORT- share your result. To complete your CONVENTIONAL UNITS OF THE SI UNITS
science fair project you will communicate your
results to others in a final report and/or a display BASED/FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
board. Professional scientists do almost exactly Quantity SI Unit
the same thing by publishing their final report in Length Meter (m)
a scientific journal or by presenting their results Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Amount of Substance Mole (mol)
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)
Electric Current Ampere (A)

DERIVED UNITS (named a few)

Speed Meter per second (m/s)
Acceleration Meter per second square (m/s2)
Force Newton (N)
Pressure Pascal (Pa)
Volume Cubic meter (m3)
Density Kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3)

Length
- The SI base unit for length is the meter
- 1m=10dm=100cm=1000mm
- Meter rulers and meter sticks are used to
measure length.
Volume
- Them amount of space occupied by an
object.
- Volume= length X width X height
Mass
- Measurement of the matter in an object.
- Base unit: kilograms (kg)
- Grams (g) and milligrams (mg) are used for
measuring objects of small mass.
Density
- Density is the mass per unit of volume of a
material. (Expressed as gram per cubic cm)
- D=m/v
Time and Temperature
- The SI unit for time is the seconds (s)
- The Si unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K)
- O degrees K is the coldest possible
temperature also known as absolute zero.
- -272 degrees Celsius

SUMMARY
- A standard is an exact quantity that people
agree to use for comparison.
- In order for a measurement to make sense it
must be a number and a unit.
- The International System of Units or SI is a
system of measurement based of units of 10
and used by most nations around the world.
- Every type of quantity measured in SI has a
base unit and a symbol for that unit.
-