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Assigment1 20184142

The document discusses the components and features of 8051 microcontrollers. It describes the CPU, memory, I/O ports, oscillators and pin diagram of the 8051 microcontroller. The 8051 was designed by Intel in 1981 and has features like 4KB ROM, 128B RAM, timers and programmable I/O ports.

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lea hac
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26 views

Assigment1 20184142

The document discusses the components and features of 8051 microcontrollers. It describes the CPU, memory, I/O ports, oscillators and pin diagram of the 8051 microcontroller. The 8051 was designed by Intel in 1981 and has features like 4KB ROM, 128B RAM, timers and programmable I/O ports.

Uploaded by

lea hac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment-01

Micro-controller:-
A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying
microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc.The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM),
Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), etc.

8051 micro-controller:-
8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM
storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers. It consists of are four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as addressable
as per the requirement. An on-chip crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller having crystal frequency of 12 MHz.

Components of 8051 micro-controller:-


The system bus connects all the support devices to the CPU. The system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address bus and bus control
signals. All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial interface, interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all interfaced
together through the system bus.

CPU:-
It is the heart of the Microcontroller that mainly comprises of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and a Control Unit (CU) and other important
components. The CPU is the primary device in communicating with peripheral devices like Memory, Input and Output.

ALU or Arithmetic Logic Unit, as the name suggests, performs the Arithmetical and Logical Operations. CU or Control Unit is responsible for
timing of the communication process between the CPU and its peripherals.

On-Chip ROM:-
The instructions of the CPU are stored in the Program Memory. It is usually implemented as Read Only Memory or ROM, where the Program
written in to it will be retained even when the power is down or the system is reset.

Modern Program Memory Modules are generally made up of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read – only Memory), which is a type
of non – volatile memory.

In this type of memory, the data can be erased and reprogrammed using special programming signals.
When the microcontroller is powered on or manually reset, the processor executes a set of instructions from a pre-defined memory location
(address) in the Program Memory.

On-Chip RAM:-
Data Memory in a Microcontroller is responsible for storing values of variables, temporary data, intermediate results and other data for proper
operation of the program.

Data Memory is often called as RAM (Random Access Memory), which is a type of volatile memory. It is generally organized as registers and
includes both Special Function Registers (SFRs) and user accessible memory locations.

I/O Ports:-
I/O Ports or Input / Output Ports provide the microcontroller, a physical connection to the outside world. Input Ports provide a gateway for
passing on the data from the outside world with the help of sensors.

The data from the input ports is manipulated (depending on the application) and will determine the data on the output port.

Output Ports allow microcontroller to control external devices (like motors and LEDs). Generally, all ports in microcontrollers have dual
functionality i.e. they can act as both input and output port (not at the same time though).

OSC:-
A clock signal allows the operations inside the microcontroller and other parts to be synchronous. A Clock Generator is an integral part of the
Microcontroller’s Architecture and the user has to provide an additional Timing Circuit in the form of a Crystal.

Pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller:-

 Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any other functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.

 Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial values.

 Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial
communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.

 Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the system clock.

 Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.

 Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher order address bus signals are also multiplexed using this
port.
 Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read a signal from the external program memory.

 Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to enable/disable the external memory interfacing.

 Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port.

 Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower order address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this
port.

 Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.

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