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M2 Unit

The document contains model problems and solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations from the Anna University syllabus. It includes 30 short answer problems in Part A and their solutions. Problem examples involve solving differential equations, finding particular integrals, complementary functions and general solutions. The document aims to help students study and pass their ODE course.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views

M2 Unit

The document contains model problems and solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations from the Anna University syllabus. It includes 30 short answer problems in Part A and their solutions. Problem examples involve solving differential equations, finding particular integrals, complementary functions and general solutions. The document aims to help students study and pass their ODE course.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit.

1 Ordinary Differential Equations

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - II

MATHEMATICS (MA2161)
FOR
k /
SECOND SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS . t
b e
t u
s e
/ c
: /
t p
This text contains some of the most important short-answer (Part A) and long-
answer questions (Part B) and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university

h t
questions. Thus, a total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student
who studies these model problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).

Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics

JANUARY, 2009

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

UNIT I ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Part – A

Problem 1 Solve the equation  D 2  D  1 y  0


Solution:
1  1  4 1  3i
The A.E is m2  m  1  0  m   .
2 2
1  3i 1 3
m and   ;  
2 2 2
G.S : y  e  A cos  x  B sin  x 
x

 1
3x
x 3x 
G.S : y  e  A cos  B sin

2
2 2
 where A, B are arbitrary constants.

k /
.t
Problem 2 Find the particular integral of  D 2  a 2  y  b cos ax  c sin ax.
Solution:
b e
Given  D 2  a 2  y  b cos ax  c sin ax.
t u
P.I  b
1
D a2 2
cos ax  c. 2
1
D  a2
sin ax.
s e

bx sin ax cx cos ax

/ c
x
2a 2a
 b sin ax  c cos ax . : /
2a
t p
h t
Problem 3 Find the particular integral of  D  1 y  e  x cos x .
2

Solution:
1
P.I  e  x cos x
 D  1
2

e x
 cos x
 D  1  1
2

1
 e x cos x
D2
1
 e x sin x
D
x
 e cos x.

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

Problem 4 Find the particular integral of  D 2  4  y  x 4 .


Solution:
1
P.I  x4
D 42

1
 x4
 D  2
4 1  
 4 
1
1  D2  4
 1   x
4 4 
1  D2 D4  4
 1   x
4 4 16 
1 4.3x 2 4.3.2.1 
  x4   
4 4 16 
k /
1 3
  x 4  3x2   .
4 2
.t
Problem 5 Solve  D 2  6 D  9  y  e 2 x x3 . b e
Solution: t u
The A.E is m 2  6m  9  0
s e
  m  3  0
m  3, 3
2

/ c
C.F:  A  Bx  e 3x
: /

1
t e 2 x x 3
p
h t
 D  3
e 2 x
2

 x3
 D  2  3
2

e 2 x
x 3  e2 x 1  D  x3
2

1  D 
2

P.I  e 2 x 1  2 D  3D 2  4 D 3  x 3


 e 2 x x3  2  3 x 2   3  3.2 x   4  3.2.1 
 e 2 x  x 3  6 x 2  18 x  24 
G.S. y   A  Bx  e 3 x   x 3  6 x 2  18 x  24  e 2 x .

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

Problem 6 Solve  D 2  2 D  1 y  x
Solution:
2  4  4
The A.E is m 2  2m  1  0  m  y
2
 m  1  2
 1 2  x  1 2  x
C.F: Ae  Be  Ae  x e 2x
 Be  x e  2x

1
P.I  2 x
 D  2D  1
1
 x
 1  2 D  D 2 

  1   2D  D 2   x
1

P.I   1  2 D  D 2  x   x  2

G.S: y  e x Ae  2x
 Be 2x
   x  2. k /
.t
Problem 7 Find the particular integral  D 2  4 D  5  y  e2 x cos x
b e
Solution:
t u
P.I  2
1
D  4D  5
e2 x cos x
s e

1
 D  2  1
2  e2 x cos x 
/ c
 e 2 x : / 1
p
cos x
D  2  2 1
2

 e 2 x
1
t t
xe 2 x
h
D 1
2
cos x

P.I  sin x.
2

Problem 8 Solve for x from the equations x  y  t and x  y  1 .


Solution:
x  y  t  (1)  x  y  1  x  1  y 
x  y  1  (2)  x  x  1  1
Thus x  x  2 (or)  D 2  1 x  2
m2  1  0  m   i
C.F. A cos t  B sin t

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1
 
1
P.I   2   D 2
 1  2  2
 D 2  1
G.S: x  A cos t  B sin t  2.

Problem 9 Solve  D3  3D 2  6 D  8 y  x .


Solution:
The A.E is m3  3m 2  6m  8  0
 m  1 m  2  m  4   0
m  1,  2, 4
 C.F is C1e x  C2e 2 x  C3e 4 x
1
P.I  3 x
D  3D  6 D  8
2

1

 D  3D 2  6 D 
8 1 
3


x

k /
 8
1  D3  3D 2  6 D 

1
.t
 1 
8 8  x
 b e
1   D 3  3D 2  6 D  
 1     .. x t u
8  8  
s e
1 6 1 
 x    x  .
8 8 8 
3
4 / c
Complete solution is y  C.F  P.I
: /
1
p
3
y  C1 e x  C2 e 2 x  C3e 4 x   x   .
t 8 4

h t
Problem 10 Solve the equation  D 2  4 D  13 y  e 2 x
Solution:
Given  D 2  4 D  13 y  e 2 x
The A.E is m 2  4m  13  0
4  16  52
m
2
4  36

2
4  6i
  2  3i
2
C.F y  e2 x  A cos 3x  B sin 3x 

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1
P.I.  e2 x
D  4 D  13
2

1 1
 e2 x  e2 x
4  8  13 9
G.S: y  C.F  P.I
e2 x
y  e 2 x  A cos 3 x  B sin 3x   .
9

Problem 11 Solve the equation  D5  D  y  12e x


Solution:
Given  D 5  D  y  12e x
The A.E is m5  m  0
m  m 4  1  0
m4  1  0
m  0  or  m 4  1  0 k /
m  1 m 2  1  0 .t
2

m  0, m  1, m  i b e
C.F  C1 e0 x  C2 e x  C3e  x  C4 cos x  C5 sin x 
t u
P.I 
1
D D 5
12e x
s e

1
12e x  Replacing D by 1 / c

1 1
x
:
12e x  Replacing D by 1
/
5D 4  1
t p

x
5 1 t x
12e x  12e x  3xe x
h 4
G.S. y  C.F  P.I
 C1  C2 e x  C3e  x  C4 cos x  C5 sin x   3xe x .

Problem 12 Solve the equation  D 2  5D  6  y  e 7 x sinh 3x


Solution:
The A.E is m5  5m  6  0
 m  2  m  3  0
m  2, 3
C.F. is C1 e 2 x  C2 e 3 x
1
P.I  2 e 7 x sinh 3x
D  5D  6

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

7 x  e  e 3 x 
3x
1
 e  
D 2  5D  6  2 
1 1 1 
  2 e 4 x  2 e10 x 
2  D  5D  6 D  5D  6 
1 e 4 x
e 10 x

  
2 16  20  6 10  50  6 
1  e4 x e10 x 
 
2  2 34 
e 4 x e 10 x
 G.S. y  C1e 2 x  C2 e 3 x   .
4 68

Problem 13 Solve the equation  D3  3D 2  4 D  2  y  e x


Solution:
Given m3  3m 2  4m  2  0 k /
 m  1  m 2  2m  2   0
.t
m  1 (or ) m  1  i
Complementary function  Ae x  e x  B cos x  C sin x  b e
1 t u
P.I  3
D  3D  4 D  2
2
ex
s e
 3
  
1  3 1
1
2
 4 1  2
ex
/ c
 Replacing D by 1


1 1
ex  ex : /
1 3  4  2
x t
0 p

3D  6 D  4
2

1 h t ex

 e x  Replacing D by 1
36 4
 xe x
G.S: y  C.F .  P.I
 Ae x  e x  B cos x  C sin x   xe x .

d2y dy
Problem 14 Solve the equation 2
 4  4 y  e 2 x
dx dx
Solution:
Given  D 2  4 D  4  y  e 2 x
The A.E is m 2  4m  4  0
 m2  2   m  2   0
7

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

m  2, 2
C.F.:  Ax  B  e2 x
1
P.I  e 2 x
D  4D  4
2

1
 e 2 x  Replacing D by - 2 
 2   4  2   4
2

1
 e2 x  Dr is 0 
4 8 4
x
 e2 x  Replacing D by -2 
2D  4
x
 e 2 x
2  2   4
x 2 2 x
  Dr is 0 
2
e

x2 k /
G.S is y   Ax  B  e 2 x  e 2 x .
2
.t
Problem 15 Solve the equation  D 2  2 D  1 y  e  x  3 b e
Solution:
t u
Given  D 2  2 D  1 y  e  x  3
s e
The A.E is m 2  2m  1  0
 m  1 m  1  0 / c
m  1, 1
: /
C.F.:  Ax  B  e x
t p
P.I = P.I1  P.I 2

P.I1  2
1 h
e x
t
D  2D  1
1
 e x  Replacing D by -1
 1  2  1  1
2

1
 e x
1 2 1
x
 e x  Dr is 0 
2D  2
x
 e x  Replacing D by -1
2  1  2
1
PI 2  3e0 x
D  2D  1
2

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1
 3e0 x  Replacing D by 0 
 0  2 0 1
2

x2  x
G.S is y   Ax  B  e x  e  3.
2

Part-B

Problem 1 Solve  D 2  2 D  8  y  4 cosh x sinh 3 x   e2 x  e x   1 .


2

Solution:
The A.E. is  m 2  2m  8   0
  m  4  m  2   0
 m  2, 4
C.F.: Ae 2 x  Be 4 x
R.H.S  4 cosh x sin 3 x   e 2 x  e x   1
2
k /
 e x  e x  e3 x  e 3 x  . t
  e  e  1
x 2
 4 
 2 

2 
2x

b e
   e  e  e  e   e 4 x  2e3 x  e 2 x  1
4x 2 x 2x 4 x

t u
e
1
2 x


4 x
 e  2e  1e
e2 x  
3x

1
0x

s e
 e4 x  2e3x  e0 x 
P.I. 
 D  4  D  2   D  4  D  2 
/ c

1
 2  4  D  2 
e 2 x 
: / e 4 x

2e3 x

1
 8 2   1 5  4  2 
t
 xe2 x e4 x 2e3 x 1
p

6

16
h t
5
xe

2 x
8
e4 x 2e3 x 1
G.S is y  Ae 2 x  Be 4 x     .
6 16 5 8

Problem 2 Solve y  y  sin 2 x  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x


Solution:
The A.E is m 2  1  0  m 2  1  m   i
C.F.: A cos x  B sin x
cos x  2 cos 2 x cos 3 x  cos x
R.H.S   cos 5 x  cos x 
2 2
1
  2 cos x cos 5 x  2 cos 2 x 
4

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1
cos 6 x  cos 4 x  1  cos 2 x 
4
 2 cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B   A  3 x, B  2 x
1
P.I.  sin 2 x  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x 
 D  1
2

1  e0 x cos 2 x cos 6 x cos 4 x cos 2 x e0 x 


     
D 2  1  2 2 4 4 4 4 
1 cos 2 x cos 6 x cos 4 x cos 2 x 1
     
2  4  1 4  36  1 4  16  1 4  4  1 4
2

3 cos 2 x cos 6 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 3



     .
4 6 140 60 140 4
cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 3
G.S. is y  A cos x  B sin x     .
12 60 140 4
k /
Problem 3 Solve
d 2x
dy 2
 10 x  cos8 y.
. t
Solution:
b e
Here y is independent and x is dependent variable
d t u
Let D 
dy
.
s e
The A.E is m 2  10  0
 m 2  10 / c
 m   10i
: /
C.F.: A cos 10 y  B sin 10 y
t p
 cos8 y
P.I  2
1
 D  10 
cos8 y 
h t cos 8 y
64  10

54
cos8 y
G.S. is x  A cos 10 y  B sin 10 y 
54

d2y dy
Problem 4 Solve 2
 6  9 y  sin x cos 2 x .
dx dx
Solution:
The A.E is m 2  6m  9  0
 m  3 0
2

m  3,  3.
C.F.:  A  Bx  e 3x
2sin x cos 2 x 1
R.H.S   sin 3x  sin   x  
2 2
10

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1
 sin 3x  sin x 
2
 2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B   A  x, B  2 x

1 1 1 1
P.I.  sin 3 x  sin x
2  D  3 2
2  D  3 2
1 1 1 1
 sin 3x  sin x
2 D  6D  9
2
2 D  6D  9
2

1 1 1 1
P.I.   sin 3 x   sin x
2 9  6 D  9 2 1  6 D  9
1 1 1 1
  sin 3x   sin x
12 D 2 8  6D

 cos 3x

 4  3D  sin x
12  3 4  4  3D  4  3D 
1 1 1 k /
 cos 3x 
36 4 16  9 D 2
 4sin x  3cos x 
.t
1
 cos 3x  
36
1 4sin x  3cos x
4 16  9 b e

 cos 3x sin x 3cos x
 
t u
36 25 100
s e
Problem 5 Solve  D 2  4  y  x 4  cos2 x
/ c
Solution:
The A.E. is m 2  4  0 : /
m  2i
t
C.F.: A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x
p
P.I  2
1
x4  2h t
1  1  cos 2 x 
 
D 4 D 4 2 
1 1 1 1 1 1
 x4  e0 x  cos 2 x
4 D  2
2  D  4
2
2 D2  4
1  
 4 
 x sin 2 x 
1
1  D2  4 1
 1   x  
4 4  2  4  2  2  2 
1  D 2 D 4  4 1 x sin 2 x
 1   x  
4 4 16  8 8
x 4 12 x 2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2 x
    
4 16 64 8 8

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

4 3 x 2 x 4 x sin 2 x
G.S. is y  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x    
8 4 4 8

Problem 6 Solve  D 2  2 D  1 y   x  e x   cos 2 x cosh x .


2

Solution:
The A.E is m 2  2m  1  0
2  4  4
m  1  2
2
 1 2  x  1 2  x
C.F.: Ae  Be
 e x  e x 
P.I.  2
1
 x  2 xe  e   D 2  2D  1 cos 2 x 2
2 x x 1
 D  2 D  1  
1 1
x2   x2
 D 2
2 D  1  1   2 D  D  
 2

/
  1   2 D  D 2    2 D  D 2   .... x 2
2

t k

  1  2 D  D  4 D  x   x
2 2 2 2

e .
  x 2  4 x   5  2 
u b
1
D  2D 1
x 2   x 2  4 x  10
e t
2

2  2e x 
c s
D  2D 1
2
xe x
  x
  D  1  2  D  1  1 

2

/ 
/
 2e x 2
1
D  2D  1  2D  2 1 p
x :
 2
2e x
t t
 x
D  4D  2
2e x
h 1
 x
2   D2 
1   2 D  
  2 
1
  D2 
 e 1   2 D 
x
 x
  2 
  D2  
 e x 1   2 D    ... x
  2  
 e 1  2 D  x
x

2
xe x  e x  x  2   x  2  e x
 D  2 D  1
2

12

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1 1 e2 x
e 2x
 e 2x

D 2  2D 1  4  4  1 7
1 e x cos 2 x 1 e x cos 2 x

D 2  2D 1 2 D2  2D 1 2
e x
1 e x 1
 cos 2 x  cos 2 x
2  D  1  2  D  1  1
2
2  D  1  2  D  1  1
2

ex 1 e x 1
 cos 2 x  cos 2 x
2 D2  2D  1  2D  2 1 2 4  2
e x  2 D  1 cos 2 x e x
  cos 2 x
2 2  2 D  1 2 D  1 12
ex 1 e  x cos 2 x
  2.2sin 2 x  cos 2 x  
2 2  4 D 2  1 12


e x  4sin 2 x  cos 2 x  e  x cos 2 x
 16  1

k /
4
e x  cos 2 x  4sin 2 x 
12
e  x cos 2 x .t

17

12
b e
The General Solution is
y  Ae
 1 2  x
 Be
1 2  x
 10  4 x  x 
e2 x
  x  2 ext u
2

7
s e
e x
  cos 2 x  4sin 2 x  
17
e
12
x
cos 2 x
/ c
Problem 7 Solve  D 2  4  y  x 2 cos 2 x : /
Solution: t p
The A.E is m 2  4  0
 m 2  4 h t
 m  2 i
C.F.: A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x
P.I  2
1
D 4
 x 2 cos 2 x 
1 e2ix
 R.P of 2 x 2ei 2 x  R.P. of x2
D 4  D  2i  4
2

1
P.I.  R.P of e 2ix x2
D  4iD  4  4
2

1 1
 R.P of e2ix 2 x 2  R.P of e2ix x2
D  4iD D  D  4i 

13

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1 1
 R.P of e2ix x2
D  D
4i 1  
 4i 
1
e 2ix 1  D  2
 R.P of 1   x
4i D  4i 
e2ix 1  D D 2  2
 R.P of 1   x
4i D  4i 16 
 ie 2ix  x3 x 2 x 
 R.P of     
 4  3 4i 8 
 ie2ix  x3 ix 2 x 
 R.P of     
 4  3 4 8
 e 2ix   x3i x 2 ix 
 R.P of     
 4  3 4 8
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x    x i  x k /
 R.P of
4

 3
3 2

4

ix 
8

.t

1  x cos 2 x x sin 2 x x sin 2 x 
2
 
3
b e
4  4 3 8 
t u
P.I. 
1  x 2 cos 2 x x3 sin 2 x x sin 2 x 
4 
 
8  s e
4 3

G.S.: y  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x  / c


x 2 cos 2 x x3 sin 2 x x sin 2 x
 
: / 16 12 32
.

Problem 8 Solve  D 2  a 2 y  sec a x .


t p
Solution:
h t
The A.E. is m 2  a 2  0
 m2   a 2
 m   ai
C.F.: A cos ax  B sin a x
1
P.I  sec a x  1
 D  ai  D  ai 
Using partial fractions
1  C C2 
 1 
D a  D  ai D  ai 
2 2

1  C1  D  ai   C2  D  ai 
1 1
C1   , C2 
2ia 2ia

14

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1 1 1 1
P.I.   sec ax  sec a x
2ia  D  ai  2ia  D  ai 
1 1 eaix  aix
2ia 
 sec ax  e sec a x dx
2ia D    ai 
e  aix aix e aix  aix
2ia  2ia 
 e sec a x dx  e sec a x dx

e aix  cos ax  i sin ax  eaix  cos ax  i sin ax 


2ia  2ia 
P.I.   dx  dx
cos ax cos ax
e aix eaix
  1  i tan ax  dx
2ia  2ia 
P.I.   1  i tan ax dx 

e aix  i  e 
aix
i 
  x  log sec ax    x  log sec ax 
2ia  a  2ia  a 
2 x  e  e  2i
aix  aix
e  e 
aix  aix

2 
log sec ax  

2a   2i  
 2ia  2 

k /
x 1
sin ax  2  log sec ax  cos ax 

. t
a
1
a
 2  ax sin ax  cos ax log cos ax  b e
a
G.S. is y  C.F  P.I . t u
s
Problem 9 Solve  D 2  4 D  3 y  e  x sin x  xe3 x .
e
Solution: / c
The A.E is m 2  4m  3  0
: /
 m  1 m  3  0
m  1, 3 t p
h
C.F.: Ae  x  Be 3 x t
1 1
P.I  e  x sin x  xe3 x
 D  3  D  1  D  1 D  3 
e x e3 x
  sin x    x
 D  1  3 D  1  1  D  3  1 D  3  3
1 1
 e x sin x  e3 x x
 D  2 D  D  4  D  6 
D2 1
 e  x cos x  e3 x 2 x
 D  2  D  2  D  10 D  24
1 e3 x 1
 e  x   sin x  2 cos x   x
 D2  4 24
1
10 D D 2

24 24

15

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1
1 e3 x  5 D D 2 
P.I.  e x
    1 
24  12 24 
sin x 2 cos x x
 D2  4
e x  sin x  2 cos x  e3 x  5 D 
  1 x
 1  4  24  12 
e x
 sin x  2 cos x    x  
e3 x  5

5 24  12 
x

 sin x  2 cos x    x   .
e e3 x 5
G.S. is y  Ae  x  Be 3 x 
5 24  12 

Problem 10 Solve the Legendre’s linear equation


 3 x  2 2 D 2  3  3 x  2  D  36  y  3 x 2  4 x  1
 
Solution:
Let  3 x  2   D 2  3  3 x  2  D  36  y  3x 2  4 x  1

2
 k /
Let 3x  2  e or t  log  3 x  2 
t

.t

dt

3
3x  2 b e
dx
3x  e  2
z

t u
1
x  ez 
3
2
3 s e
Let  3x  2  D  3D
/ c
 3x  2 
2
D 2  9 D  D  1
: /
p1 2 1 2
9 D  D  1  3  3D   36  y  3  e z    4  e z    1
t 3 3 3 3

h t 1 4 4  4 8
9 D2  9 D  9 D  36  y  3  e 2 z   e z   e z   1
9 9 9  3 3
1 4 4 4 8
9 D2  36  y  e2 z   e z  e z   1
3 3 3 3 3
1 2z 1
 e 
3 3
A.E is 9m  36  0
2

9m 2  36
m2  4
m 2
C.F  Ae 2 z  Be 2 z
 A  3x  2   B  3x  2 
2 2

16

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

1 e2 z
P.I1 
9 D2  36 3
1 1
 . e2 z
3 36  36
1 1 2z
 z e
3 18D
1 e2 z
 z
54 2
1
 ze2 z
108
1
  log 3x  2  3x  2 
2

108
1 e0 z
P.I 2 
9 D12  36 3
1 1 0z
 . e 
1
k /
3 36
y  C.F  P.I1  PI 2
108
. t
 A  3x  2   B  3 x  2  
2 21
b e
 3x  2  log  3x  2  
2 1

 A  3x  2   B  3x  2  
2 2
108
1 
t u 108
 3x  2  log  3x  2   1 .
2

108 
s e
/ c
Problem 11 Solve  D 2  5D  4  e  x sin 2 x  x 2  1where D 
d
.

:/
dx
Solution:
The A.E m2  5m  4  0
m  4 or m  1 t p
ht
C.F  Ae 4 x  Be  x
P.I  2
1
D  5D  4
 e  x sin 2 x  2 x 2  1

 e3 x
1
sin 2 x 
1
 x 2  1
 D  1  5  D  1  4  D  5D 
2 2
4 1  
 4 
1  5D 5D  2 2

  x  1
1
 e3 x 2 sin 2 x  1  
D  3D 4 4 16 
e  x
 2sin 2 x  3cos 2 x    x 2  x  
1 5 13

26 4 2 8
G.S : y  C.F .  P.I

17

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

e x
 2sin 2 x  3cos 2 x    x2  x   .
1 5 13
y  Ae 4 x  Be  x 
26 4 2 8
2
d y dy
Problem 12 Solve x 2 2  4 x  6 y  sin  log x  .
dx dx
Solution:
d2y dy
Given equation is x 2
 4 x  6 y  sin  log x  .
2

dx dx
 x D  4 xD  6  y  sin  log x   1
2 2

Put x  e z  or  z  log x
xD  D   2 
d
x 2 D 2  D  D  1   3 Where D denotes
dz

Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get


 D  D  1  4D  2  y  sin z k /
 i.e   D2  D  4 D  2  y  sin z . t
 D2  3D  2  y  sin z   4  b e
The A.E is m 2  3m  2  0
t u
 m  1 m  2   0
s e
m  1, 2
C.F.: Ae  z  Be 2 z / c
P.I.= 2
1
sin z
: /
D   3 D  2

1
t p
t
1  3 D   2
1 h
sin z

 sin z
3D  1
3D   1
 sin z
9 D 2  1

 3D  1 sin z  Replace D2 by  1
9  1  1  
3D  sin z   sin z

10
3cos z  sin z

10
 The solution of (4) is
3cos z  sin z
y  Ae  z  Be 2 z 
10

18

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

Sub z  log x or x  e z , we get


3cos  log x   sin  log x 
y  Ae  log x  Be 2log x 
10
y  Ax 1  Bx 2 
3cos  log x   sin  log x 
10
A B
y  2 
3cos  log x   sin  log x 
x x 10
This gives the solution of the given differential equation.

Problem 13 Solve the simultaneous ordinary differential equation


 D  4 x  3 y  t , 2 x   D  5 y  e2t
Solution:
Given  D  4  x  3 y  t  1
2 x   D  5  y  e 2t   2 
2  1   D  4    2  k /
6 y   D  4  D  5  y  2t   D  4  e 2t .t
6  D  9 D  20  y  2t  2e  4e
2 2t zt
b e
 D 2  9D  14  y  6e2t  2t t u
The A.E. is m2  9m  14  0
 m  7  m  2   0 s e
m  2,  7 / c
C.F.: Ae 2t  Be 7 t
: /
P.I.  2
6
e 2t  2
t
2
 D  9 D  14   D  9D  14 
t p
 h
6et2t

2 1
t 
4  18  14 14 9D D2
1 
14 14
1
6e 2t 1  9 D D 2 
  1    t 
36 7  14 14 
e2t 1  9 D  e 2t 1  9
  1   
t   t  
6 7  14  6 7  14 
2t
e t 9
G.S. is y  Ae 2 t  Be 7 t   
6 7 98
To Calculate x
2e 2 t 1
Dy  2 Ae 2t  7 Be 7 t  
6 7

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

5e 2t 5t 45
5 y  5 Ae 2t  5 Be 7 t   
6 7 98
7e2t 5t 1 45
 D  5 y  3 Ae2t  2 Be 7 t    
6 7 7 98
 2  2 x    D  5 y  e 2t

7e2t 5t 31 2t
 3 Ae2t  2 Be7t    e
6 7 98
3 A 2t 7 5t 31
x e  Be 7 t  e 2 t  
2 72 14 196
The General solution is
3 A 2t e2t 5t 31
x e  Be7t   
2 12 14 196
e 2t t 9
y  Ae2t  Be 7 t    .
6 7 98
k /
Problem 14 Solve:
d2y
. t
 y  tan x by method of variation of parameters

Solution:
dx 2
b e
A.E is m 2  1  0
m  i t u
C.F = c1 cos x  c2 sin x
s e
P.I  PI1  PI 2
f1  cos x ; f 2  sin x / c
 
f1   sin x ; f 2  cos x : /
f 2 f1  f1f 2  1
t p
Now, P   
h t f2 X
f f  ff

1 2
dx
1 2

=   sin x tan xdx


s in 2 x (1  co s 2 x )
=  dx   dx
cos x co s x
=   sec xdx   cos xdx
=  log  sec x  tan x   sin x
f1 X
Q dx
f1 f 2  f1 f 2
=  cos x tan xdx
=  cos x
 y = C.F + Pf1 + Qf2

20

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Unit. 1 Ordinary Differential Equations

= c1 cos x  c2 sin x + [ log  sec x  tan x   sin x]cos x  cos x sin x


= c1 cos x  c2 sin x  log(sec x  tan x) cos cos x .

d2y
Problem 15 Solve by the method of variation of parameters  4 y  sec 2 x
dx 2
Solution:
The A.E is m 2  4  0
m  2i
C.F = c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x
P.I = Pf1 + Qf2
f1 = cos 2x; f2 = sin 2x
 
f1  2sin 2 x ; f 2  2 cos 2 x
f f  ff 2
2 1 1 2

Now, P   
f2 X
f1 f 2  f1 f 2

dx
k /
=   sin 2 x sec 2 xdx . t
2
=  1  tan 2 xdx  1 log  cos 2 x  b e
2 4
t u
Q
f1 X
f1 f 2  f1 f 2
dx
s e
= 1  cos 2 x sec 2 xdx  1 x
/ c
2
 y = C.F + Pf1 + Qf2
2

: /
p
= c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  1 log  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  1 x sin 2 x .

tt
4 2

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