Luelson Jay C.

Declarador
Chapter 5

Questions

37.) In an automatic starter distinguish between a relay and a contactor; normally open and normally closed
contacts.
Relay is a electromagnetic device that serves as a “switch” of the contactors. The contactors, as the name
suggests, is where the load is usually connected to. Normally open contactors are open when the relay is
off and closed when the relay is on. Normally closed contactors are closed when the relay is off and
open when the relay is on.

38.) What is a timing relay? Explain its operation.

Timing relays are relays that are timed to operate at preset intervals of time by means of devices that
function mechanically, pneumatically or electrically. To help understand, some definitions are important:
(1) Input Voltage-control voltage applied to the input terminals. Depending on the function, input
voltage will either initiate the unit or make it ready to initiate when a trigger is applied. (2)Trigger
Signal-on certain timing functions, a trigger is used to initiate the unit after input voltage has been
applied. As noted above, this trigger can either be a control switch (dry contact switch) or a power
trigger (voltage). (3) Output (Load)-every time delay relay has an output (either mechanical relay or
solid state) that will open & close to control the load. Note that the user must provide the voltage to
power the load being switched by the output contacts of the time delay relay.

39.) In what respects do the counter emf, time limit and current limit automatic types of starter differ from
one another in operation? What advantages are possessed by each?
In counter emf, a number of relays are connected across the armature where the counter emf increases as
the motor accelerates, and the former are adjusted to pick up at predetermined values of voltage. Time
limit is composed of timer relays that operate at a certain interval of time. Current limit, the relays are
designed that they are sensitive to changes in the armature current.

40.) Describe the operation of the counter emf automatic starter

Thus shunt motor is started by pressing the start button. This energizes the main contractor, which
instantly closes the auxiliary contacts. The motor then starts with resistors in series in the armature
circuit. Relays 1AX, 2AX and 3AX are connected across the armature terminals where the voltage drop
changes as the motor accelerates and these relays activate at preset of increasing values of voltage until
all resistors connected in series to the armature are shorted. The motor then runs normally until the stop
button is pressed.

41.) Describe the operation of the time limit automatic starter.

A time-limit acceleration starter is connected to a compound motor. In the design there are a group of
three contactors which each has one pair of instantaneously closing contacts across a block of armature
resistance and another pair of timed contacts that close with a time delay after the coil is energized.
42.) Describe the operation of the current limit automatic starter.

The current-limit acceleration starter functions in still another way, depending for the
motor’s increase in speed upon the current taken by the armature circuit; this permits the motor to start
more slowly when the load is heavy and more rapidly under light-load condition.

43.) In the push button automatic starter, is the start button normally open or closed? Is the stop button
normally open or closed? Are the overload relay contacts normally open or closed?
The start button is normally open, the off button is normally closed and the overload relay contact is
normally closed.

44.) Explain why the armature of a dc motor automatically draws more current from the source when the
load is increased?
When the load is increased, our motor naturally slows down from its speed at no load. This slowing
down of rotation results to a decrease in our back emf. A decrease in back emf results in a lesser voltage
drop in the armature side thus increasing our armature current.

45.) What is meant by normal speed of a motor?

Normal speed is the speed at which a motor operates when it Is driving its rated load.
46.) What general statements can be made with regard to the change in speed with load for shunt motor?
Compound motor? Series motor?
In shunt motors, a change in load results to a little change in speed. For compound motor, a change in
load results to a moderate change in speed. In series motors, a change in load results to a drastic change
in speed.

47.) What is meant by torque? In what units is it usually expressed?

Torque is a tendency of a mechanical body to produce rotation. It is usually expressed in Lb-ft or Nm.

48.)In general, upon what 2 factors doe the torque of a motor depend?
The torque of a motor depends on the flux created by the main poles and the current flowing in the
armature winding.

49.) How much power must a motor develop?

The motor must develop power that is necessary to overcome the motor’s own rotational losses as well
as able to drive the mechanical load.

50.) Why is the torque of the motor directly proportional to the armature current?
Torque is directly proportional to the armature current because when the torque, for instance, is already
increases, it will result to a drop in speed which results to the decrease in counter emf which
subsequently results in an increase in armature current.

51.) Explain how the torque varies with increased load upon a compound motor, series motor and shunt
motor.
In shunt motors, torque will vary linearly with an increase in load since the load only depends on the
armature current. In series motor, an increase in load will tend to produce a exponential increase that
eventually becomes linear. In compound motor, the variation tends to become linear since its
characteristics are a combination of the series and shunt motor.

52.) Under what operating conditions is it desirable to use a shunt motor?? A series motor? A compound
motor?
It is desirable to use shunt motor when the load requires little starting torque. The series motor is
desirable when the load requires a very high starting torque. Lastly, compound motors is desirable when
the load requires moderate starting torque.

53.) Is shunt and compound types of motor more stable at no load?

Shunt and compound motors are more stable at no load because the speed regulates at higher rpm.

54.) What precautions must be taken in operating a series motor, the load on which varies over with?
In operating series motor, great care must be taken not to permit the load to be reduced to such extent
that the speed becomes excessive.

Problem

7.) A 10 - HP 1,750 - RPM 550 - Volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 1.55 ohms. If the armature
takes 14.8 amp at full load: calculate: (a) the counter EMF developed by the motor; (b) the power developed by
the motor in watts, and in horse power. (assume a 5 volt brush drop)
Given:
PL = 10 HP
PL = 7.46 KW
VA = 550 Volts
S = 1750 RPM
RA = 1.55
IA = 14.8 AMP
Vbc = 5 Volts

Required
a.) Calculate the counter EMF developed by the motor.
b.) The power developed by the motor in watts and HP
Solution:

LET Ec = is the counter EMF of the motor

Pm = power developed by the motor

a.) (Va-Vbc) - Ec = IaRa

Ec = (Va-Vbc) - IaRa
Ec = (550-5)-(14.8)(1.55)
Ec = 522 Volts

b.) Pm = Ec x Ia
= (522)(14.8)
Pm = 7726 watts
In terms of horse power
Pm = 7726 watts
In terms of horse power
Pm = 77726 x 1HP/746 watts
Pm = 10.86 HP

8.) when a motor is operating under load, the armature takes 8,280 watts and its current is 36 amp. If the
armature-circuit resistance including brushes is 0.4 ohm what horse power is developed by the motor?

Given:
Pa = 8280 watts
Ia = 36 AMP
Ra+b = 0.4 ohms

Required
Horse power developed by the motor?

Solution;
Since: Pa = VaIa
Va = Pa/Ia
Va = 8200w/36 AMP = 230 Volts

Then:
Ec = Va - Ia (Ra+b) including the brush contact voltage drop
Ec = 230 - 36 (0.4)
Ec = 215.6 Volts, counter EMF
Pm = EcIa x HP/746 watts
= (215.6)(36)/746
Pm = 10.4 HP

9.) A 5-HP 230-volt shunt motor takes 18 AMP when operating at full-load. The shunt-field resistance is 115
ohms and the armature resistance is 0.25 ohms. Calculate the value of the starter resistor if the armature current
is limited to 1.5 times the rated value of the starting instant. (assume a 3-volts brush contact)

Given:
PL = 5 HP, shunt motor
Va = 250 volts
Ia = 18 AMP at full load
Rf = 115 ohms
Ra = 0.25 ohms
Vb.c = 3 volts

Required:
Calculate the value of starting resistor if the armature current is limited to 1.5 times the rated value at the
starting instant.
Solution:
Let: R = is the value of starter resistor connected in series to the armature.
Ir = is the rated armature current.

Thus:
Ia (Ra+R) = (Va-Vb.c)-Ec
But counter EMF “Ec” is Zero at the instant of starting
Ia = 1.5 Ir
But:
Ir = 5 HP x 746 watts/HP/Va
Ir = 5x746/230
Ir = 16.217 AMP

Ia = 1.5 Ir
= (1.5)(16.217)
Ia = 24.32 AMP

Then:
Ra+R = (Va-Vbc)-Ec/24.33
R = (230-3) - 0/24.33 - Ra
R = 9.33 - 0.25
R = 9.08 = 9.1 ohms
The value of starter resistor.