MEEN1310 - Lecture 12 - Tolerances
Uploaded by
NguyenHoangDiemMEEN1310 - Lecture 12 - Tolerances
Uploaded by
NguyenHoangDiemMEEN 1310
Engineering Graphics
Lecture 12: Tolerances
Rajashekar Mogiligidda
Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Texas A&M University- Kingsville
Course map
1. Introduction
2. Tools for Engineering drafting
3. Dimensioning
4. Lettering
5. Orthographic projections
6. Isometric drawings (Pictorial)
7. Auxiliary views
8. Sectional views
9. Tolerances
10. Threads & Fasteners
Tolerances in dimensioning
• Due to inaccuracies in manufacturing process, parts cannot be machined
with exact dimensions
• Parts that are manufactured very close to size are expensive
• High amount of manufacturing accuracy may or may not be required
• Parts are allowed to be machined with dimension within two limits
• Difference between these limits is called tolerance
• In an assembly the minimum clearance is called allowance
• Tolerance is specified over the exact/design dimension aka basic or normal
size
Example: A shaft is specified with the following diameter in a drawing
+0.4
25 −0.2
This means shafts manufactured with diameters between 25.4(25+0.4) and 24.8(25-0.2) are acceptable. 25
is the basic dimension, +0.4 is the upper limit and -0.2 is the lower limit
Types of tolerances
• Unilateral:
• One tolerance limit is set to zero
• Total variation is specified using the other
tolerance limit
• Bilateral
• Variation is specified in both direction about
the normal size
• May or may not be equal limits on either
sides
• Limit
• Variation is express in form of dimension
limits rather than tolerance limit
Types of fit in assemblies
• In an assembly two or more component
are interconnected
• The degree of tightness or looseness
between these components is referred as
fit
• Specific combination of allowances &
tolerances for dimensions of mating
parts
• Clearance Fit: Positive allowance
• Interference Fit: Negative allowance
• Transition Fit: May result in clearance or
interference fit
Selection of Fits (English Fits)
• To specify type and extent of the fit, classes of fits are developed
• Interaction between mating parts can classified according one of
the following three functions;
• Running and sliding fits
• Allows easy relative motion between parts
• Designated by symbol RC (RC1-RC9)
eg. Lathe carriage rails
• Locational fits
• Allows locating/orienting a part with respect to other
• Typically does not allow relative motion between parts
• Depending on locational accuracy it is further divided into three more
classes
• Locational Clearance(LC1-LC11)
• Locational Transition(LT1-LT6)
• Locational Interference(LN1-LN3)
eg. Dowel pins used in jigs and fixtures
• Force fits (aka Press fit)
• Does not allow any relative motion between parts
• Designated by symbol FN (FN1-FN4)
eg. Hub bearings of cars
• Higher the class number, greater the tolerance and looser the fit
Size systems
• For assemblies involving cylindrical parts, size of one part is assumed
as basic size
• Hole or shaft in the assembly can be selected as base part
• Allowances and tolerances are calculated using the basic hole or shaft
size
• Allowance(aka Minimum clearance)= Smallest hole – Largest shaft
• Maximum clearance= Largest hole - Smallest shaft
• Tolerance= Largest size – Smallest size (for hole and shaft)
• System selection depends of manufacturing cost
• Two types of systems
• Basic hole size system
• Basic shaft size system
Basic Hole Size System
• Nominal size of the hole is the design size
• Basic hole size is the minimum hole size that can be manufactured by
a tool
• Tolerance and allowance are applied on this smallest hole to get
desired fit with the shaft of largest size
Basic Shaft Size System
• Nominal size of the shaft is the design size
• Basic shaft size is the maximum shaft size that can be manufactured
by a tool
• Tolerance and allowance are applied on this largest size to get desired
fit with the hole of smallest size
Examples: Calculate the tolerance and clearance and conclude what kind of fit it is
Clearance Fit Interference Fit
Hole Tolerance: Largest hole – Smallest hole Hole Tolerance: Largest hole – Smallest hole
0.5007-0.5000=0.0007 10.013-10.000=0.013
Shaft Tolerance: Largest shaft – Smallest shaft Shaft Tolerance: Largest shaft – Smallest shaft
0.4994-0.4990=0.0004 10.037-10.021=0.016
Allowance: Smallest hole – Largest shaft Allowance: Smallest hole – Largest shaft
0.5000-0.4994=(+)0.0006 10.000-10.037=(-)0.037
Maximum Clearance: Largest hole – Smallest shaft Maximum Clearance: Largest hole – Smallest shaft
0.5007-0.4990=(+)0.0017 10.013-10.021=(-)0.008
Geometric characteristic symbols
• Helps reduce number of notes required on drawing
• Symbols are used to convey geometric
characteristics
• Straightness
• Describes how close all elements on an axis or edge are, to
being a straight line
• Specified by width of deviation zone over complete length
of line
• Flatness
• Similar to Straightness except this is for surfaces
• Circularity
• Distance from the axis of a circular feature to all its
elements
• Pertains to edge of surface or features rather than the
complete surface that it represents
• Specified width of a zone defined between two concentric
circles
• Cylindricity
• Similar to Circularity except this is for surfaces
• Specified by the width of a zone defined between two
concentric cylinders
Geometric characteristic symbols
• Angularity
• Describes a specific angle of surface or
axis wrt a datum
• Specified by width of a zone between two
parallel lines at the required angle to the
datum
• Used for any angle except 90o
• Perpendicularity
• Similar to Angularity except this is only
for 90o
• Parallelism
• Describes how close a surface or axis is to
being parallel to a datum
• Specified by width of a zone defined
between two planes parallel to the datum
Geometric characteristic symbols
• Position
• Describes how much variation in the
location of feature is allowable
• Specified by diameter of a circular zone
whose center is at the required location
• Concentricity
• Describes if two circular features share
the same axis of revolution
• Specified by diameter of a cylindrical
zone defined
• Circular runout
• Combines reading of both Cylindricity
and Concentricity into one
• Indicates how much a feature is varying
wrt a datum only at one location or
specific distance
• Total runout
• Similar to Circular runout except check
over complete length of the feature
