he term media, which is the plural of medium, refers to the communication channels

through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages

and other data. It includes physical and online newspapers and magazines, television,
radio, billboards, telephone, the Internet, fax and billboards.

It describes the various ways through which we communicate in society. Because it

refers to all means of communication, everything ranging from a telephone call to the
evening news on television can be called media.

When talking about reaching a very large number of people we say mass media. Local
media refers to, for example, your local newspaper, or local/regional TV/radio channels.

The ‘epicenter’ is the point on the ‘Earth's surface’ directly above

an earthquake's hypocenter.  
The ‘hypocenter’ is the first location where the ‘plate boundary’ rupture
that led to the ‘earthquake’ occurred. The ‘epicenter’ can be pinpointed
with three stations and three distances.
In fact, the epicenter of a hypothetical earthquake is located at the point where
the earthquake begins to break. The epicenter is just above the surface of
‘our planet’. The epicenter is what we call immediately above
the ‘hypocenter’ of the earthquake on the stage that said surface.
Volcanic eruptions occur only in certain places and do not occur randomly. This
is because the Earth’s crust is broken into a series of slabs known as tectonic
plates. These plates are rigid, but they “float” on a hotter, softer layer in the
Earth's interior. As the plates move, they spread apart, collide, or slide past each
other.

Sixty percent of all active volcanoes occur at the boundaries between tectonic
plates. Most volcanoes are found along a belt, called the “Ring of Fire” that
encircles the Pacific Ocean. Some volcanoes, like those that form the Hawaiian
Islands, occur in the interior of plates at areas called “hot spots.”

Although most of the active volcanoes we see on land occur where plates
collide, the greatest number of the Earth's volcanoes are hidden from view,
occurring on the ocean floor along spreading ridges. Type ONE SPACE after a full
stop. Double spaces are for typewriters, with their extra-wide letters. With proportional computer
fonts, double spaces look tacky. Every professional book, journal, and magazine on your shelf
uses one space, and so should you. The quote marks on your keyboard are not REAL QUOTE
MARKS— they’re called straight quotes, or typewriter quotes. Typographers’ or “curly” quotes
are what the real world uses; an apostrophe is a single closing curly quote. Your word processor
probably converts straight quotes to real quotes on the fly (check the Autocorrect > Autoformat
settings) but sometimes it messes up, so learn to type them by hand. Don’t UNDERLINE
anything (particularly not in these web-link days, and even though some old style books say you
should). Use italics instead: ALL CAPS and underlining are both typewriter relics. The key
beside the zero on your keyboard is a hyphen, not a dash. To make a DASH on a typewriter, you
would type two hyphens (and Word will even convert them if you do), but see Insert Symbol to
learn the shortcut for an en dash and an em dash. EN dashes are used in a range (from x to y,
replacing the ‘to’), while longer EM dashes show a break in a sentence—like this (or you can use
an en dash with a space either side – like this.) There are a multitude of SPECIAL
CHARACTERS available in all fonts (Insert > Symbol): curly quotes of course, a degrees
symbol (°), an ellipsis (…), a bullet (•), some math symbols (×, ±, ÷), Spanish punctuation (¡, ¿),
and accented characters (é, à, î, ñ, ö, š, and most importantly the macron: ā). Don’t try and fake
these yourself; for example, by making a degrees sign out of a small superscripted ‘o’. Tabs and
indents If you find yourself typing tab-tab-tab-tab, something’s wrong. You’re probably using
the default TAB STOPS, which are only half an inch apart. Set your own: click the tab stop
button, click in the ruler. Choose left tabs except in special cases (e.g., when setting columns of
numbers, use a decimal tab stop). The goal is a single tab between each item in a table—this will
make editors much happier, as they won’t have to delete hundreds of superfluous tabs. And
never use the space bar to make things line up; this only works on typewriters. INDENTS are
also controlled from the ruler. You don’t need to indent the first line of your very first paragraph;
we can see where it starts. All other paragraphs can have a small indent: a few letters, about a
quarter inch. Don’t use the tab key; drag the first-line indent marker in the ruler (like tabs, these
ruler settings only affect the paragraph you’re in, or those you’ve selected). Leave the left and
right indent markers, unless you want to bring the whole paragraph in from the left and right
margins as a block quote. You should either indent paragraphs, or put space between them (see
below), but not both. Not all citation systems agree with this advice. Check all of these details in
your citation style guide. HANGING INDENTS are used mostly for bibliographies. Select all the
paragraphs you want to format. Set the first-line indent at the margin, and bring the left indent in
a little. You can make lists using hanging indents and a tab stop, or with Word’s “bullets and
numbering” tool. Document management Use PAGE BREAKS or SECTION BREAKS (Next
Page) rather than multiple Enters to begin a new page: choose from the Page Layout ribbon or
click Insert > Break. Section breaks are for when you need to change headers, margins, or page
numbering in the course of your document. Fix Word’s manic AUTOCORRECTING. You can
control these auto corrections by choosing File > Options > Proofing > AutoCorrect Options.
Turn off those functions that are not required. Avoid the mouse; learn SHORTCUTS from the
menu and online Help— a minimum would be Open, New, Save, Copy, Paste, Cut, and Print
(keep good shortcuts on a Post-It near the computer until you’ve memorized them). Double-click
selects a word, triple-click a paragraph. Clicking to the left of a line selects it, and double-
clicking there selects the whole paragraph. Bonus: try shift-clicking and ctrl-dragging… The
WORD COUNT function can tally the whole document or just a selection. The current word
count is found in the status bar at the bottom of the window. Finally, don’t rely on Word’s
SPELLING CHECKER—it won’t tell you if you used the wrong word—and beware its
Grammar checker, which is sometimes unhelpful or actually misleading. You can turn either off
by clicking File > Options > Proofing. Further reading Williams, Robin. The Mac [PC] is Not a
Typewriter. (Peachpit Press, 1995). Short twin books, covering much of this workshop but more
elegantly. Another of hers is The Non-Designer’s Design Book (Peachpit Press again)—she also
has non-designer books on Fonts and the Web. All are highly recommended. or Found within the
View ribbon 3 Outlining Outline view is an enormously powerful way of planning and
structuring your document, but most people don’t know about it. Using outline view Choose
Outline view from the bottom left corner of the window, or choose the View ribbon and click on
the Outline button. When you type in Outline view, you automatically make headings with the
Heading 1 paragraph style applied. Promoting, demoting, and body text Demoting a heading
makes it into Heading 2, Heading 3, etc. Demoting to Body Text converts it to Normal paragraph
style. You can also drag a heading (by the little + or - handle) left and right to promote or demote
it. Hiding, showing, and rearranging Rearrange your text by dragging headings up and down,
using the little handles in front of them (or use the up and down buttons). All your subheadings,
figures, and body text go along for the ride. When you’ve typed quite a bit of body text, you may
need to hide some of it to see the structure of your document. Use the + or - buttons (or double-
click on the + or - handles)to collapse the section you’re currently in, or collapse the whole
document back to higher level headings using the numbered buttons or the Show Level menu.
Show All to cancel. It’s also useful to show the first lines of each paragraph. If you write topic
sentences for your paragraphs, this means you can see the whole structure and logical flow of
your writing on just a page or two. Big advantages  Outline is a thinking tool: It gets you
writing right away, and makes it easy to jot down notes and reorder your argument. Take
advantage of as many levels of subheadings as you need to organise your writing; you can delete
some later.  Outline uses Word’s built-in Heading styles. These are essential for creating
automatic tables of contents, chapter and section numbering, and keeping your formatting
consistent. See Workshop II for more on styles.  Outline makes it easy to navigate through huge
documents. Shortcuts Ctrl-Shift-Left Arrow Promote Ctrl-Shift-Right Arrow Demote Ctrl-Shift-
N Make body text Ctrl-Shift-Up Arrow Move up Ctrl-Shift-Down Arrow Move down Ctrl-Shift-
Plus Expand Ctrl-Shift-Minus Collapse Ctrl-Shift-A Expand/collapse all Ctrl-Shift-L Show first
line/show all Ctrl-Shift-2 etc. Show up to Heading 2 (and so on for other levels) or Found within
the View ribbon 4 Styles Styles are set of predefined formats you can apply to paragraphs (or
just to a few characters). If you change a style definition, all the text using that style changes.
Styles are indispensible for long documents, because they free you from having to format
everything manually. Choosing styles Click or select somewhere in the paragraph (for a
paragraph style) or select some text (for a character style). Choose styles from the Styles section
of the Home ribbon, and use Ctrl-Y (the Redo command) to repeatedly apply them. You can also
use a keyboard shortcut that you’ve previously created for the style. At the very least, all your
text paragraphs should be Normal and your headings Heading 1, 2, or 3. Editing styles To edit a
style, go to Home > Styles and click on the button. You may want to view All Styles rather than
just the ones you’re currently using. Right click on the style you want to change and select
"Modify": changes