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Reproduction in Animals CLASS VIII NOTES

The document discusses reproduction in animals. It provides definitions of asexual and sexual reproduction, and describes processes such as binary fission in amoeba and budding in hydra. It differentiates between various reproductive terms and describes the male and female human reproductive systems and their functions. Fertilization processes in different animals are explained, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) in humans and fertilization in hens. The importance of reproduction is also highlighted.

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912 views

Reproduction in Animals CLASS VIII NOTES

The document discusses reproduction in animals. It provides definitions of asexual and sexual reproduction, and describes processes such as binary fission in amoeba and budding in hydra. It differentiates between various reproductive terms and describes the male and female human reproductive systems and their functions. Fertilization processes in different animals are explained, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) in humans and fertilization in hens. The importance of reproduction is also highlighted.

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DPS MIS DOHA, QATAR

GRADE- VIII 2020-21


BIOLOGY

Reproduction in Animals
Q.1 What is reproduction? Mention its types.

A.1 The process in which living organism produce offsprings of their own
kind is called as reproduction.

The types of reproduction are-

i)Asexual reproduction- Only 1 parent is involved in this type of


reproduction. This occurs without involving sex organs.

ii) Sexual reproduction- This occurs with the involvement of sex organs
and both parents are required.

Q.2 Explain the process of reproduction in amoeba with the help of


diagram.

A.2 Amoeba reproduces by Binary Fission as follows-

i) The nucleus divides into two.

ii) The cytoplasm divides into 2.

iii) A constriction develop in the body of amoeba in such a way that each
part of the cytoplasm has nucleus.

iv) The constriction gradually depens and the mother cell divides into two
daughter cell.

Q.3 What is budding? Explain the type of reproduction in Hydra.


A.3 The type of reproduction in which new individual develops from a
parent body in the form of a bud is known as budding.

Budding in Hydra occurs as follows-

i) A small outgrowth grows from the parent body.


ii) The nucleus of the parent body divides into two.
iii) One nucleus enters the bud.
iv) The bud grows and finally gets detached from the parent body of
Hydra and live an independent life.
Q.4) Differentiate between:

(i) Unisexual and Bisexual organisms


(ii) Viviparous and Oviparous animals
(iii) External and Internal Fertilization
(iv) Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Ans.(i)

UNISEXUAL BISEXUAL OR
HERMAPHRODITE
Sexes are separate,i.e.,either male Both male and female sex organs
or female sex organs are present in are present in one organism.
an organism.
Each organism produces only one Each organism produces both male
type of gamete,i.e.,either male or and female gametes.
female gametes .
Examples: earthworm, leech, hydra,
Examples: dog, cat, cow,fish, birds, etc.
reptiles, human beings, etc.
(ii)

VIVIPAROUS OVIPAROUS
Animals which give birth to young Animals which lay eggs.
ones.
Examples: lizard, fish, frog, snake,
Examples: dog, cat, cow, rat, human crow, hen, butterfly, etc.
being, etc.
(iii)

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION INTERNAL FERTILIZATION


The fusion of male and female The fusion of male and female
gametes take place outside the gametes take place inside the body
body of the female. of the female.
Examples: frog, fish Examples: cat, dog, human beings, etc.
(iv)

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION


Sex organs are not involved. Sex organs are involved
One parent is required for Two parents, one male and one
multiplication and formation of female is required.
offsprings.

Fusion of gametes doesn’t occur. Fusion of male and female gametes


occur and a zygote is formed.
Occurs in unicellular Occurs in most multicellular and
organisms(e.g. Amoeba, higher organisms,including human
Paramecium) and lower beings.
animals(e.g., Hydra, Strafish,
sponges and worms)

Q.5) Mention the different parts of a male human reproductive system


along with their functions.

Ans. The different parts of the human male reproductive system are:---

(i)Testes:

 They are two in number.


 They lie outside the body.
 Each testis lies in a sac-like structure called scrotum.
 Function:
(a)Each testis produces millions of male gametes called sperms.
(b)Each testis also produces the male sex hormone called
testosterone.

(ii)Vas deferens(Sperm duct):

 They are two in number.


 Each sperm duct connects one testis to the urethra.
 Function:
(a)Connects testes to the urethra
(b)Carries semen(A mixture of sperms and secretions from
male reproductive glands).

(iii)Urethra:

 The vas deferens opens into the urethra.


 It passes through the penis.
 Function:
Passes sperms as well as urine.

(iv)Penis:

 A muscular organ.
 Function:
(a)Delivers semen into the vagina of the female during mating.
(b)Also used to pass urine.

Q.6) Mention the different parts of the female reproductive system along
with their functions.

Ans. The different parts of the female reproductive system and their
functions are as follows:--
(i)Ovaries:

 Ovaries are oval-shaped.


 Ovaries are two in number.
 They are found in the abdominal cavity, on either sides of the uterus.
 Function:
Each ovary produces one egg by a process called ovulation.
Every month either of the ovary releases only one egg(or
ovum).

(ii)Oviduct or Fallopian tube:

 These are narrow tube-like structures.


 They are two in number, each joining one ovary to the uterus.
 Function:
(a)Carries ovum(may be fertilized or unfertilized ovum) from
the ovary towards the uterus.
(b)Fertilization of the ovum with the sperm takes place inside
the fallopian tube.

(iii)Uterus:

 It is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ.


 The lower narrow part of the uterus is known as cervix.
 Function:
Development of the fertilized egg(zygote) into a baby takes
place in the uterus.

(iv)Vagina:

 It is a wide muscular tube.


 Function:
(a) Joins the cervix to the outside of the body.
(b)Recieves the sperms during mating.
Q7. Explain the process IVF.
 It is a method in which ovum collected from a female’s body is
allowed to fuse with sperm collected from a males body in an
external medium or outside the body of the female.
 The zygote so developed is allowed to grow in vitro (i.e.in glass) for
about a week and then implanted in the female’s uterus where it
further develops as a normal embryo.
 A baby born of this technique is often called a test tube baby.

Q.8. Define Metamorphosis.

Ans: A profound change in the form from one stage to another in the life cycle of
an organism is called metamorphosis. The young one does not resemble the
adult of the organism.

Q9. Differentiate between an ovum and a sperm.

Ans:

Sperm Ovum
Male gamete. Female gamete.
Produced in large numbers. Only one ovum is produced every
month.
It has a tail with which it can swim. It is stationary.
Very small in size. Larger than sperm.

Q10.) Explain the development of an embryo in the uterus?

 The zygote implants itself in the uterine walls.


 It divides repeatedly giving rise to an embryo (first 8 weeks).
 The embryo is attached to the uterus by the placenta.
 The embryo grows in the uterus by developing the body parts and is called
the foetus .
 The foetus takes the nourishment from placenta and the umbilical cord.
 The uterus increases in size and is filled with amniotic fluid which protects
the foetus from jerks and changes in temperature.

Q10.) Write importance of the reproduction?

 Reproduction is essential in an organism for the continuation of its own


kind in nature.
 It helps in the continuity of life and results in producing favorable
variations in an organism.
Q.11. Explain the process of fertilization in hen?
The development of chicken’s embryo takes place inside the female body.
This type of fertilisation is known as internal fertilisation. The male and
female gamete fuses inside the female body to form a zygote. The zygote
then divides repeatedly and moves down to fallopian tube to form an
embryo. During development, the embryo forms several protective layers
around it. As a result, a white colour hard shell is formed around the
developing embryo. After this, the hen lays a fertilised egg. The parent hen
then sits and warms the eggs or keeps them safely in the warm place till
they hatch. After three weeks, the chick is completely developed and it
bursts to open the egg shell.
Diagrams to draw in notebook
1. Budding
2. Binary fission
3. Sperm structure

Diagrams to learn for labelling

1. Female reproductive system

2. Male reproductive system

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