DYNAMICS OF MOTION

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

-> cause of motion
-> either a push or a pull
-> interaction of two objects or of an object with its environment
-> vector quantity
-> SI unit (Newton, N)

Spring Balance -> common force-measuring device

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Contact Force -> causing motion by having physical contact
-> normal force, frictional force, tension force

Long-Range Force
-> causing motion without physical contact
-> electric force, magnetic force,
gravitational force (weight)

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“Any number of forces applied at a point on a body have

Ftot
the same effect as a single force equal to the vector
sum of the forces.”
   
Ftot   F  F1  F2  
“Any force can be replaced by its component vectors,
acting at the same point.


F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj

F Fx  Fy
2 2

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Example: F1 = 3N, F2 = 3N , Find the total force (magnitude & direction) on block A.

Solution: 
   Ftot
Ftot  F1  F2 60

F1  F1 x iˆ

F1  3N iˆ

F2  F2 x iˆ  F2 y ˆj

F2 x  F2 cos  F2 y  F2 sin  F2  1.5N iˆ  2.6 N ˆj
 3N cos 60  3N sin 60
F2 x  1 .5 N F2 y  2.6 N

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Ex: F1 = 2N, F2 = 3N , Find the total force (magnitude & direction) on block A.

Solution: 
Ftot
   

Ftot  3N iˆ  1.5N iˆ  2.6 N ˆj 60
30

Ftot  4.5N iˆ  2.6 N ˆj

 magnitude  direction

Ftot  4.5N 2  2.6 N 2   tan 1 2.6N

4.5N
Ftot  5.19 N   30

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-> systems in equilibrium (zero net force on a body)
-> Law of Inertia

“An object at rest, remains at rest and an object in motion,

remains in motion, unless acted upon by a net external force”

-> A body acted on by no net force moves with zero acceleration

(constant or zero velocity) in a straight line.


F  0
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-> non-zero net force on a system

“A net force acting on a body causes the body

to accelerate in the same direction as the net
force.”
 
 F  ma
x and y components

F x  max F y  ma y
equivalence of 1 Newton
m
1N  1 kg 2
s
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Ex: A worker pushes a 40kg cargo box with a force of 20 N on
a smooth level floor. What is the acceleration of the box?

Solution:

Fx  ma x
Fx 20 N m
ax    0.5 2
m 40kg s

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-> Law of Action and Reaction

“For every action, there’s always an

equal and opposite reaction.”

 
FA on B   FB on A

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Mass -> amount of matter in a body
Weight -> force exerted by gravity on a body due to its mass m
w  mg
w  mg
Ex. A 60 kg person will experience a weight equivalent to:

w  mg
 (60kg)(9.8m/s 2 )
w  588N

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-> force exerted by a surface on a body in contact with it
-> directed perpendicular to the surface




m m m


w w w

 0 w   w cos 
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-> force exerted by a rope, cable or cord on a body 


F  
f T1
m1

T 
  T2
T w1
 m2
T


 w2
F   
F T1  T2

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-> force experienced by a body due to friction  
f F
-> always directed opposite to the direction of motion
-> directly proportional to normal force
 
f  
coefficient of friction

Static frictional force -> force that acts on a body at rest

-> minimum force needed to move a body from rest
-> coefficient of static friction μs

f s   s
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Kinetic frictional force -> force that acts on a moving body
-> coefficient of kinetic friction μk

f k   k
Rolling frictional force -> force that acts on a rolling body
-> coefficient of rolling friction μr

f r   r

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η
Example: How much pushing force must be given to the
980 N cargo box, in order for it to start to move if the fs F
coefficient of static friction between the box & the floor 980N
is 0.4?
Solution:
w
f s   s
f s   s (maximum static friction)
w
f s  s w
 (0.4)(980 N)
f s  392 N In order to move the box, one must apply a force of at least 392 N.

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Example: A constant force of 370 N is required to move
a 980 N cargo box on a level floor at a constant velocity. fk F
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 980N
box and the floor?
Solution:

 F 0 k 
F

fk  F
370N
 k  F 
980N
 k  0.38

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1. Superman throws a 2400-N boulder a
t an adversary. What horizontal force Fx= ?
2400N
must Superman apply to the boulder
12m/s
2

to give it horizontal acceleration of

12.0m/s2?

2. At the surface of Jupiter’s moon Io, the acceleration due to gravity is

gIo = 1.81m/s2. A watermelon weighs 44.0 N at the surface of the earth.
(a) What is the watermelon’s mass on the earth’s surface? (b) What are its
mass and weight on the surface of Io?

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-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body 
-> treat the body as a single point at the origin
f T
y
FBD for m1 : 
m1

T
f T1 w1
x m2

w1 w2

If this system is in equilibrium, then If this system is accelerating to the right, then

F T  f  0
x 1 F T  f  m a
x 1 1 x

F   w  0
y F   w  0
y

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-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body 
-> treat the body as a single point at the origin
f T1
y
FBD for m2 : m1
T2
T2
w1
x m2

w2 w2

If this system is in equilibrium, then If this system is accelerating downward, then

F x 0 F x 0

F y  T2  w  0 F y  T2  w  ma y

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APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS
->systems in equilibrium (∑F = 0)
-> zero acceleration

Example: A 1kg mass is hanged on a rope and tied

on the ceiling. Find the tension in the rope. y

Solution:

F x 0 T
x
F y T w 0
1 kg
T w
T  mg
w
 (1kg)(9.8m/s 2 )
T  9.8N

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Example: Find the tension in each rope.
Solution: Rope 1

FBD for A: FBD for B:

y y
mB=2kg
T2 T1
Rope 2
x x

mA=3kg
wA  m A g T2 wB  m B g

F y  T2-m A g  0 F y  T1  T2-m B g  0
T2  m A g T1  T2  m B g
 (3kg)(9.8m/s )2  29.4N  (2kg)(9.8m/s 2 )
T2  29.4 N T1  49 N

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Problem 1: What must be the mass of A in order
for the system to be in equilibrium? What is the B
tension in the rope?
A

30o

Problem 2: A 1-kg mass is hanged on the ceiling 45o 45o

using 3 ropes (see Figure). Find the tension in
each rope. 1 2

1kg

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->systems with non-zero acceleration (∑F = ma)
a
Example: Find the acceleration of the system and Rope 1 Rope 2
the tension in each rope. mC=2kg

Solution: a a
mA=1kg mB=3kg

FBD for A: FBD for B: FBD for C:

y y y
a
C
a T1 T2 a
T1 T2
T1  m A g  m A a (1)
x
T2  m B g  m B a
x x
(2)
wA  m A g wB  m B g wC  m C g T2  T1  m C a (3)

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a
Example: Find the acceleration of the system and Rope 2
Rope 1
the tension in each rope. mC=2kg

Solution:
a a
T1  m A g  m A a (1)
mA=1kg mB=3kg
T2  m B g  m B a (2)
T2  T1  m C a (3)

Eliminate T1 in (1) & (3) Eliminate T2 in (4) & (2)

a
m B  m A  g
T1  m A g  m A a T2  m A g  m A a  m C a m A  m B  m C 
T2  T1  m C a T2  m B g  m B a

3kg  1kg  (9.8m/s 2 )
1kg  2kg  3kg 
T2  m A g  m A a  m C a (4)  m A g  m B g  m A a  mCa  m Ba
m
m B  m A g  m A  m B  m C a a  3.27 2
s

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a
Example: Find the acceleration of the system and Rope 2
Rope 1
the tension in each rope. mC=2kg

Solution:
a a
To solve for T1 we use (1)
mA=1kg mB=3kg
T1  m A g  m A a
T1  m A g  m A a
 (1kg)(9.8m/s 2 )  (1kg)(3.27m/s 2 )
T1  13.07 N

To solve for T2 we use (2)

T2  m B g  m B a
T2  m B g  m B a
 (3kg)(9.8m/s 2 )  (3kg)(3.27m/s 2 ) T2  19.59 N

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Problem 1: Find the acceleration of the system (magnitude & direction) and the tension in
the rope.

60kg
B
3.86m/s2
A
600N
5kg

30o 60kg

Problem 2: Black Spider-Man tries to save Red

Spider-Man by pulling his spider web with a horizontal 3.86m/s2
force of 600N but Venom suddenly pulled them down
(using his weight) and they all move with an acceleration
of 3.86m/s2. What must be the mass of Venom in order
for him to do that?

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a
Example: Find the acceleration of the system. The Rope 2
Rope 1
coefficient of kinetic friction between block C and mC=2kg
the table is 0.30.
a a
Solution: mA=1kg mB=3kg

FBD for A: FBD for B: FBD for C:

y y y
a
a T1 T2 a C f k   k C
T2
x x
T2
x f k   k wC
f f k  k mC g
wA  m A g wB  m B g wC  m C g

T1  m A g  m A a T2  m B g  m B a T2  T1  f k  m C a T2  T1   k m C g  m C a
(1) (2) (3)
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a
Example: Find the acceleration of the system. The Rope 2
Rope 1
coefficient of kinetic friction between block C and mC=2kg
the table is 0.30.
a a
Solution: mA=1kg mB=3kg

T1  m A g  m A a (1)
T2  m B g  m B a (2)
T2  T1   k m C g  m C a (3)

a
m B  m A -  k m C  g
m A  m B  m C 
m
a  2.29 2 The previous answer (frictionless surface) is 3.27 m/s2.
s

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Problem 1: What must be the coefficient of static friction s in order for the system to
remain at rest (in equilibrium)?

2.5kg

30o

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A
Problem 2: Find the acceleration of the
system if all blocks rub against the
surfaces of the table. (The coefficient 5kg
60kg
of kinetic friction between the blocks
and the table surface is 0.40)

C
1kg B
10kg

60o 45o

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Uniform Circular Motion
2
v
arad  radial or centripetal acceleration
R
Lateral acceleration -> maximum centripetal acceleration a body can
attain without skidding on its circular path

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velocity in uniform circular motion

4 R
distance travelled (circumference)
2R 2
v
T arad  2
period (time for one cycle)
T

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Ex. An Aston Martin V8 Vantage sports car has a lateral acceleration of 0.96g=9.4m/s2. If the car is
travelling at a constant speed of 40m/s, what is the radius of curve it can negotiate?

Solution:

Ex. In a carnival ride, the passengers travel at a constant speed in a circle of radius 5.0m. They make
one complete circle in 4.0s. What is their acceleration?

Solution 1: Solution 2:

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Tangential acceleration (atan)

atot  atan  arad

2 2

Radial acceleration (arad)

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Centripetal (radial) acceleration

v2
arad 
R
Centripetal force
2
v
Fnet m
R

Beware misconception with centrifugal force (does not exist)

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QUIZ!
1. Ferris wheel with radius 14.0 m is turning about a horizontal axis
through its center. The linear speed of a passenger on the rim is constant
and equal to 7.00 m/s. What are the magnitude and direction of the
passenger's acceleration as she passes through (a) the lowest point in
her circular motion? (b) The highest point in her circular motion?
(c) How much time does it take the Ferris wheel to make one revolution?
2. Two forces, 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 , act at a point. The magnitude of 𝐹1 , is 9.00 N,
and its direction is 60.00° above the x-axis in the second quadrant. The
magnitude of 𝐹2 is 6.00 N, and its direction is 53.10° below the x-axis in
the third quadrant. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of the total
force?
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