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In This Chapter We Will Study How Objects Move Along A Straight Line

The document summarizes key concepts related to motion along a straight line, including: (1) Definitions of displacement, average velocity, average speed, instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. (2) Equations relating these quantities including the relationship between displacement and position, definitions of average and instantaneous quantities, and the kinematic equations for constant acceleration. (3) Discussion of free fall near Earth's surface and the kinematic equations that apply, with the acceleration due to gravity as -9.8 m/s^2.

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30 views

In This Chapter We Will Study How Objects Move Along A Straight Line

The document summarizes key concepts related to motion along a straight line, including: (1) Definitions of displacement, average velocity, average speed, instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. (2) Equations relating these quantities including the relationship between displacement and position, definitions of average and instantaneous quantities, and the kinematic equations for constant acceleration. (3) Discussion of free fall near Earth's surface and the kinematic equations that apply, with the acceleration due to gravity as -9.8 m/s^2.

Uploaded by

Adri versouisse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

In this chapter we will study how


objects move along a straight line
The following parameters will be defined:

(1) Displacement
(2) Average velocity
(3) Average speed
(4) Instantaneous velocity
(5) Average and instantaneous acceleration

For constant acceleration we will


develop the equations that give us
the velocity and position at any
time..
Position vector

• Its magnitude is the distance between the object and the


origin.

• Its direction is positive when the object is in the positive


side of axis, and negative when the object is in the negative
side.
Position and Displacement.

It consists of:

• the origin (or zero point),

• a coordinate axis: the direction along it is positive. The


other direction is negative
Scalars and Vectors
• A scalar quantity can be described by its magnitude only
• A Vector is described with both its magnitude and
direction.

A vector can be represented by an arrow:

direction

magnitude
The velocity is a vector.
Displacement and acceleration are
also vectors.

W E

S
Displacement. If an object moves from position x1 to
position x2 , the change in position is described by the
displacement
x  x2  x1 x2
.Δx x.
O 1
. x-axis
motion

• It is the change of the object’s position


• It points from the initial position to the final position of the object
• Its magnitude equals the distance between the two positions.
• SI Unit of Displacement: meter (m)
Note: The actual distance for a trip is
irrelevant as far as the displacement is
concerned.
13 m
x1 x2 xc
O
. . .
Δx
x-axis
20 m

Consider as an example the motion of an object from


an initial position x1 = 5 m to xc = 25 m and then back
to x2 = 12 m. Even though the total distance covered
is 33 m the displacement then is Δx = +7 m.
O x1 x2
x-axis
. . .
Δx

For example if x1 = 5 m and x2 = 12 m then


Δx = 12 – 5 = +7 m.
The positive sign of Δx indicates that the motion is along the
positive x-direction.
O x2 x1
x-axis
. . .
Δx

If instead the object moves from x1 = 5 m and x2 = 1 m then


Δx = 1 – 5 = - 4 m.
The negative sign of Δx indicates that the motion is along the
negative x-direction.
Displacement is a vector quantity that has both magnitude
and direction. In this restricted one-dimensional motion the
direction is described by the algebraic sign of Δx.

Question What is the magnitude of the displacement in


this case?
Example :

The initial and the final positions of a particle moving along x-axis are X1 = -73 m,
X2 = 97 m, then its displacement ∆x equals:

(A) +24 m
(B) +170 m
(C) -170 m
(D) -340 m
Average Velocity

• x2 and x1 are the position vectors at the final and initial


times

• Angle brackets denotes the average of a quantity.

• SI Unit of Average Velocity: meter per second (m/s)


x1 (t  0)  4x0  2x0 2  0 at t1  0
x 2 (t  4)  4x4  2x4 2  48m at t2  4
x x2  x1 48 - 0
vavg     12 m/s
t t 2  t1 40
Average Speed

speed: the magnitude of velocity

Average speed is always positive


Average velocity could be negative, positive or zero
depending on the direction of the partial velocities
Example

A bike travels12km in 90 mins. Its average


speed is:
(A) 8 km/h
(B) 18 km/h
(C) 28 km/h
(D) 48 km/h
30
t  30 min   0.5 h
60
dis tan ce 15
vavg    30 km/h
t 0.5

v  t2  3  v(t  0)  3 m/s
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

• It is the time derivative of the object's position.

• It is obtained at any instant from the average velocity by


shrinking the time interval t closer and closer to zero

• Instantaneous speed (speed) is the magnitude of the


instantaneous velocity vector
Example :

The position of an object is given by x = 4t3 - 2t2 + 2.5t, where x and t are in SI
units. What is the instantaneous velocity of the object when t = 0.25 s.

(A) 3.75 m/s


(B) 5.45 m/s
(C) 2.25 m/s
(D) 4.55m/s
Example :

The position of a particle moving on an X-


axis is given by x= 4+7t-t² with x in (m) t in
(s). The velocity at 3 s is :

(A) 4 m/s
(B) 2 m/s
(C) 1 m/s
(D) 0.4 m/s
Average Acceleration

We define the average acceleration aavg between


t1 and t2 as:
v2  v1 v
aavg  
t2  t1 t
Units: m/s2

Example :

v1  20m / s at t1  3s
v2  0m / s at t 2  8s
v v2  v1 0  20  20
aavg      4 m/s 2
t t 2  t1 83 5
Instantaneous Acceleration

If we take the limit of aavg as Δt → 0 we get the


instantaneous acceleration a, which describes
how fast the velocity is changing at any time t.

Units: m/s2
Example :

(E)
Motion with Constant Acceleration

a = constant
We will develop the
equations that describe
motion with a constant a
(a special case).
We assume that initially (at
time t =0 ) the particle is at
xo and moves with vo, and
some time t later (final
state) the particle is at x
and move with v.
Motion with Constant Acceleration

We will develop the equations that describe motion with a


constant a ( a special case ).
We assume that initially (at time t=0 ) the particle is at x0 and
moves with v0, and some time t later (final state) the particle is
at x and move with v.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

The first two equations are originals, but all others


are driven from the first two.
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫)‪(3‬‬
‫)‪(4‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬

‫االستنتاج الرياضي لمعادالت الحركة ليس مطلوب من طالب ‪.Phys 101‬‬


1 x  x0  40m
(a) x  x0  (v0  v )t ( 4)
2 v  2.8 m/s
1
40  (v0  2.8)8.5 t  8.5 s
2
v0  6.61m / s v0  ?

(b ) v  v0  at (1)
2.8  6.62  a8.5
a  0.448 m / s 2
v0  4 m/s a  2 m/s 2 t  4s x-x0 (?)
1 2
x  x0  v0t  at (2)
2
1
x  x0  4x4  x2x 4 2  32 m
2
Example

v  v0  at (1)
50  0  a10
a  5m / s 2
Example

v0  70 km / h  m / s
v  20 km / h  m / s
t  6 s x  x0  ?
1 1000 1000
x  x0  (70   20  )6
2 3600 3600
x  x0  75m
Free Fall

Close to the surface of the


Earth all objects move
toward the center of the
Earth with an acceleration
whose magnitude is constant
and equal to 9.8 m/s2. We
use the symbol g to indicate
the acceleration of an object
in free fall.
Free Fall
• its magnitude is g; it is independent of the object's
characteristics, such as mass, density, or shape
• g varies slightly with latitude and with elevation; at the sea
level g=9.8 m/s2 (or 32 ft/s2)
• The equations of motion for constant acceleration also apply
to free fall near Earth's surface either up or down
• The directions of motion are now along a vertical y axis: it is
+ve for upward motion and –ve for downward motion (a = - g)
Free Fall
y
a

gg
Free Fall Equations
Example

v  0.4v0 g  9.8 m/s 2


v0  ? y-y 0  2 m
v 2  v02  2 g  y  y0  (3)
v02  v 2  2 g  y  y0 
v02  0.4v0   2  9.8  2
2

v02  0.16v02  39.2  v02  0.16v02  39.2


0.84v02  39.2
39.2
v02   v0  6.83 m/s
0.84
Example
A stone is released from rest from the edge of a building roof
190 m above the ground. Neglecting air resistance, the speed of
the stone, just before striking the ground, is

(A)120 m/s v0  0 g  9.8 m/s 2


(B)190 m/s
(C) 43 m/s y-y 0  190 m v?
(D) 61 m/s
v 2  v02  2 g  y  y0  (3)
v 2  0  2  9.8  190
v 2  ( ) 2  9.8  190
 v 2  2  9.8  190  3724 why
v 3721  61m / s

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