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Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids PDF

Intermolecular forces are weaker than covalent bonds and determine the physical properties of substances. The main types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding. Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar molecules, dispersion forces between all molecules due to transient dipoles, and strong hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like oxygen. These intermolecular forces influence boiling points and melting points.

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308 views

Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids PDF

Intermolecular forces are weaker than covalent bonds and determine the physical properties of substances. The main types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding. Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar molecules, dispersion forces between all molecules due to transient dipoles, and strong hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like oxygen. These intermolecular forces influence boiling points and melting points.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

SVDPA eCLASSROOM

KINETIC MOLECULAR
MODEL OF LIQUIDS
AND SOLIDS
___

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds


2

 Only 16 kJ/mol of energy is required to overcome the intermolecular attraction


between HCl molecules in the liquid state (i.e. the energy required to vaporize
the sample)
 However, 431 kJ/mol of energy is required to break the covalent bond between
the H and Cl atoms in the HCl molecule

Thus, when a molecular substance changes states the atoms within the molecule are
unchanged

The temperature at which a liquid boils reflects the kinetic energy needed to overcome
the attractive intermolecular forces (likewise, the temperature at which a solid melts).

Thus, the strength of the intermolecular forces determines the physical properties of
the substance

Attractive forces between neutral molecules

 Dipole-dipole forces
 London dispersion forces
 Hydrogen bonding forces

Typically, dipole-dipole and dispersion forces are grouped together and termed van
der Waals forces (sometimes the hydrogen bonding forces are also included with this
group)

Attractive forces between neutral and charged (ionic) molecules

 ion-dipole forces

Note that all of these forces will be electrostatic in nature

Ion-dipole

 Involves an interaction between a charged ion and a polar molecule (i.e. a


molecule with a dipole)
 Cations are attracted to the negative end of a dipole
 Anions are attracted to the positive end of a dipole
 The magnitude of the interaction energy depends upon the charge of the ion
(Q), the dipole moment of the molecule (u) and the distance (d) from the center
of the ion to the midpoint of the dipole
3

 Ion-dipole forces are important in solutions of ionic substances in polar


solvents (e.g. a salt in aqueous solvent)

Dipole-Dipole Forces

A dipole-dipole force exists between neutral polar molecules

 Polar molecules attract one another when the partial positive charge on one
molecule is near the partial negative charge on the other molecule
 The polar molecules must be in close proximity for the dipole-dipole forces to
be significant
 Dipole-dipole forces are characteristically weaker than ion-dipole forces
 Dipole-dipole forces increase with an increase in the polarity of the molecule

Boiling points increase for polar molecules of similar mass, but increasing dipole:
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Substance Molecular Mass (amu) Dipole moment, u (D) Boiling Point (°K)
Propane 44 0.1 231
Dimethyl ether 46 1.3 248
Methyl chloride 50 2.0 249
Acetaldehyde 44 2.7 294
Acetonitrile 41 3.9 355

London Dispersion Forces

Nonpolar molecules would not seem to have any basis for attractive interactions.

 However, gases of nonpolar molecules can be liquefied indicating that if the


kinetic energy is reduced, some type of attractive force can predominate.
 Fritz London (1930) suggested that the motion of electrons within an atom or
non-polar molecule can result in a transient dipole moment

A Model To Explain London Dispersion Forces:

Helium atoms (2 electrons)

 Consider the particle nature of electrons


 The average distribution of electrons around each nucleus is spherically
symmetrical
 The atoms are non-polar and posses no dipole moment
 The distribution of electrons around an individual atom, at a given instant in
time, may not be perfectly symmetrical
o Both electrons may be on one side of the nucleus
o The atom would have an apparent dipole moment at that instant in time
(i.e. a transient dipole)
o A close neighboring atom would be influenced by this apparent dipole -
the electrons of the neighboring atom would move away from the
negative region of the dipole

Due to electron repulsion, a temporary dipole on one atom can induce a similar
dipole on a neighboring atom

 This will cause the neighboring atoms to be attracted to one another


 This is called the London dispersion force (or just dispersion force)
 It is significant only when the atoms are close together
5

The ease with which an external electric field can induce a dipole (alter the electron
distribution) with a molecule is referred to as the "polarizability" of that molecule

 The greater the polarizability of a molecule the easier it is to induce a


momentary dipole and the stronger the dispersion forces
 Larger molecules tend to have greater polarizability
o Their electrons are further away from the nucleus (any asymmetric
distribution produces a larger dipole due to larger charge separation)
o The number of electrons is greater (higher probability of asymmetric
distribution)

thus, dispersion forces tend to increase with increasing molecular mass

 Dispersion forces are also present between polar/non-polar and polar/polar


molecules (i.e. between all molecules)

Hydrogen Bonding

A hydrogen atom in a polar bond (e.g. H-F, H-O or H-N) can experience an attractive
force with a neighboring electronegative molecule or ion which has an unshared pair
of electrons (usually an F, O or N atom on another molecule)

Hydrogen bonds are considered to be dipole-dipole type interactions

 A bond between hydrogen and an electronegative atom such as F, O or N is


quite polar:
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 The hydrogen atom has no inner core of electrons, so the side of the atom
facing away from the bond represents a virtually naked nucleus
 This positive charge is attracted to the negative charge of an electronegative
atom in a nearby molecule
 Because the hydrogen atom in a polar bond is electron-deficient on one side
(i.e. the side opposite from the covalent polar bond) this side of the hydrogen
atom can get quite close to a neighboring electronegative atom (with a partial
negative charge) and interact strongly with it (remember, the closer it can get,
the stronger the electrostatic attraction)
o Hydrogen bonds vary from about 4 kJ/mol to 25 kJ/mol (so they are still
weaker than typical covalent bonds.
o But they are stronger than dipole-dipole and or dispersion forces.
o They are very important in the organization of biological molecules,
especially in influencing the structure of proteins

Water is unusual in its ability to form an extensive hydrogen bonding network


7

 As a liquid the kinetic energy of the molecules prevents an extensive ordered


network of hydrogen bonds
 When cooled to a solid the water molecules organize into an arrangement
which maximizes the attractive interactions of the hydrogen bonds
o This arrangement of molecules has greater volume (is less dense) than
liquid water, thus water expands when frozen
o The arrangement has a hexagonal geometry (involving six molecules in a
ring structure) which is the structural basis of the six-sidedness seen in
snow flakes
o Each water molecule can participate in four hydrogen bonds
 One with each non-bonding pair of electrons
 One with each H atom

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